老外如数家珍：中国历史上侵略过多少国家？ [美国媒体]

How many countries has China invaded in itshistory?

中国历史上侵略过多少国家？

I read an interesting article that madethe following argument:
Looking back through history,” says Neil George, “Chinais one of the countries that’s never invaded anybody.

我读到一个有趣的文章有如下一个论点：
尼尔乔治说“回顾历史，中国是从未侵略过其他人的国家之一”



Derek Harkness,Armchair historian.
It should beplainly obvious that Neil George doesn't know his history very well. You don'tcreate an empire the size of China without invading and conquering yourneighbours. I have not made a fully comprehensive list. Just what I couldeasily find using Wikipedia. Also I have only listed those wars where it isclear that China was the aggressor. I know I've missed a few dynasties out butthe list serves its purpose without being complete. Let's pick out a fewexamples:

这个乔治明摆着不太了解中国的历史。如果没有侵略和征服你无法建立一个中国这么大的帝国。我并没有列出所有的名录仅仅列出了我在维基百科中轻易找到的内容。我列出的这些战争也就清楚的表明中国是一个侵略者。我知道我忽略了其中的几个朝代但是这个不完整的列表也能表明其目的。让我们挑出几个例子说明。

Modern period
Sino-VietnameseWar: the Chinese entered northern Vietnam and captured some of the borderingcities. On March 6, 1979, China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open andthat their punitive mission had been achieved. Chinese forces retreated backacross the Vietnamese border, into China. Both China and Vietnam claimedvictory
Sino-Soviet borderconflict: on March 2, 1969, a group of Chinese troops ambushed Soviet borderguards on Zhenbao Island.
Sino-Indian War:unable to reach political accommodation on disputed territory along the3,225-kilometer-long Himalayan border, the Chinese launched simultaneousoffensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line on 20 October 1962.
Korean War: aftersecretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Grouplaunched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing U.N.forces near the Sino-Korean border. Though the Chinese clame that the UN forcescrossed the border into China, this is denied by the US.

现代：
1.    中越战争：中国人开进了越南北部并占领了其中一些边境城市。在1979年3月6日，中国宣布通向河内的大门已经被打开，他们对越南的惩罚性目的已经达到。中国军队从越南边境撤回了中国，中国和越南都声称他们获胜了。
2.    中苏边境冲突：在1969年3月2日，一伙中国军队在珍宝岛伏击了苏联的边境守卫。
3.    中印战争：由于对于沿着喜马拉雅山脉的3225公里长的争议边界无法达成政治和解，中国人于1962年10月20日越过麦克马洪线悍然侵入了达拉克地区。
4.    朝鲜战争：在10月19日偷偷渡过鸭绿江之后，志愿军第十三集团军在10月25日到达并发起了第一轮攻势，攻击了在中朝边界的联合国先遣军。尽管中国声称联合国军跨过了鸭绿江进入了中国，但美国矢口否认了。

Qing Dynasty
Sino-Burmese War(1765–1769): China under the Qianlong Emperor launched four invasions of Burmabetween 1765 and 1769, which were considered as one of Qianlong's Ten GreatCampaigns. The war ended with Burmese independence.
Ming Dynasty
Ming–Kotte War:leading 2000 marines, Chinese Adm. Zheng He took the capital of Kotte andcaptured Minister Alakeshwara. The king, along with the queen and others of thearistocracy, were taken captive and sent to China.
Ming–Hồ War: amilitary campaign by the Chinese Ming empire to invade and conquer Vietnam.
Ming–Turpanconflict: the MingDynasty annexed Hami in 1404 and turned it into Hami Prefecture.

清朝
中缅战争(1765–1769)：乾隆皇帝统治下的中国在1765年到1769年间四度入侵缅甸，被尊为是乾隆的十大伟业之一。战争在缅甸独立后结束。（长安月译注：所谓十大武功按照乾隆自己的说法是：十功者，平准噶尔二，定回部一，打金川为二，靖台湾为一，降缅甸、安南各一，即今之受廓尔喀降，合为十）

明朝：
1.    明锡兰山国战争：中国指挥官郑和率领2000名士兵占领了锡兰山国的首都并俘虏了国王，王后，大臣及其他贵族，并作为囚徒送回了中国。（长安月译注：据史料记载，是因为锡兰山国国王认为郑和船队威胁其国并觊觎船上的宝物，诱骗攻击郑和船队在前）
2.    明朝侵越战争：中国明帝国发动了一次军事行动意图侵略占领越南。
3.    明朝哈密争夺战：明朝于1404年强占了哈密并把这里变成了哈密卫。

Tang Dynasty
Silla–Tang War:after the fall of Goguryeo in 668 AD, the Tang Emperor created the office ofProtectorate General to Pacify the East and attempted to place the entireKorean Peninsula, including its erstwhile independent ally Silla, under itsrule. The Silla-Tang alliance subsequently fell apart as the Tang triedto establish dominion over the Korean Peninsula through this new office and itsformer ally Silla resisted these efforts.
Goguryeo–Tang War:the Goguryeo–Tang War occurred from 645 to 668 and was initially fought betweenthe Goguryeo kingdom and the Tang empire. During the course of the war the twosides allied with various other states. Exhausted from numerous attacks,Goguryeo and Baekje succumbed to a two front attack by Tang and Silla.
Emperor Taizong'scampaign against Xiyu states: in the year 640, Emperor Taizong sent themilitary commander Hou Junji to defeat and annex Gaochang.
Emperor Taizong's campaignagainst Eastern Tujue: early in Emperor Taizong's reign, he placated theEastern Turkic Khaganate's Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi, but, preparing for severalyears for a major offensive against the Eastern Turkic, he launched it in winter629, with the major general Li Jing in command, and in 630, after Li Jingcaptured Ashina Duobi, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was destroyed.

唐朝：
1.唐朝新罗战争：在公元668年高句丽灭亡后，唐朝皇帝设立安东都护府意图吞并整个朝鲜半岛，在其统治下包括唐朝昔日的独立盟友新罗。在唐朝试图通过建立新的都护府来统治半岛后唐新罗联盟破裂了，从前的盟友新罗奋起抵抗。
2.唐高句丽战争：唐高句丽战争发生在公元645-668年之间，一开始战争双方是高句丽王国和唐帝国。战争过程中双方分别与其他各小国结盟，高句丽百济联军在多次战斗后疲惫不堪最终被唐朝新罗联军打垮。（长安月译注：这段时间发生了着名的中日白江口之战）
3.唐太宗对西域诸国的战争：在公元640年唐太宗派侯君集率军击败并征服了高昌。
4.唐朝突厥战争：在唐太宗统治早期，他对东突厥可汗采取怀柔和解政策。但是在为对抗主要威胁突厥准备了数年之后，在公元629年他发动了战争，李靖将军为主要指挥官，随后630年，在李靖俘虏了颉利可汗后东突厥灭亡了。

Han Dynasty
Han–Nanyue War: amilitary conflict between the Han empire and Nanyue kingdom.
War of theHeavenly Horses: in 102 BC the Emperor Wu of Han received reports of the talland powerful horses ("heavenly horses") in the possession of theDayuan. The refusal of the Dayuan to offer them enough horses along with aseries of conflicts and mutual disrespect resulted in the death of the Chineseambassador and the confiscation of the gold sent as payment for the horses. Inresponse, the Emperor sent out Li Guangli, the brother of his favoriteconcubine, he was given 6,000 horsemen and 20,000 infantry soldiers. Li's armyhad to cross the Taklamakan Desert and his supplies soon ran out. After agruesome march of over 1,000 miles he finally arrived to the country of Dayuan,but what remained of his army was exhausted and starving. After a severe defeat,Li concluded that he was not strong enough to take the enemy capital andreturned to Dunhuang. Emperor Wudi responded by giving Li Guangli a much largerarmy along with a huge number of oxen, donkeys and camels to carry supplies. Helost half his army during the march, but after a 40 day siege the Chinese hadbroken through the outer wall and cut off the water supply. The nobles of Ershikilled their king and sent his head to Li Guangli, offering the Chinese all thehorses they wanted.
Gojoseon–Han War:The Gojoseon–Han War was a campaign launched by the Han empire against WimanJoseon of the Gojoseon kingdom between 109 and 108 BC. It resulted in the fallof Gojoseon.
First Chinesedomination of Vietnam: In 111 B.C. Chinese armies reconquered Vietnam andincorporated it into the expanding Han Empire. The Viet resisted the Chinesegovernment's efforts to introduce Chinese literature, arts and agriculturaltechniques. They not only guarded their national identity but also foughtfiercely to preserve it. This finally ended in 39 AD when the most famous ofseveral early Vietnamese revolts was led by the Trung Sisters, both widows oflocal aristocrats.

汉朝：
1.  汉平南越之战：这是汉帝国和南越国的一次军事冲突。（长安月译注：南越国是秦朝末年由秦朝官员赵佗建立，越南称之为赵朝）
2.  汉攻大宛之战：在公元前102年汉武帝得到了一份关于汗血宝马报告，为大宛所有。在一系列冲突及不平等的礼遇的情况下大宛拒绝提供充足的马匹。作为回应，皇帝派出了李广利，他最喜爱的妃子的哥哥。他率领了6000骑兵和20000步兵。李广利的军队不得不横穿塔克拉玛干沙漠然后他的粮草供给不上了。在3个月超过1000英里的可怕行军后他终于抵达了大宛国，但是此时他的军队只剩下了饥饿和疲惫。，在一次大败之后李广利推断出他没有足够的力量攻下敌人的首都随后撤回了敦煌。汉武帝又给了李广利多很多的军队以及大量的运送物资的牛驴骆驼。李广利在行军中损失了一半的部队，但经过中国军队四十天的围城大宛的外城被攻破并被切断了水源，贰师城的贵族割下了国王的头并把它献给了李广利，并提供了所有中国人索要的马匹。
3.  汉灭朝鲜之战：汉灭朝鲜之战发生在公元前109至108年之间，由卫满朝鲜古王国对抗汉帝国。结果导致了卫满朝鲜的灭亡。（长安月译注：卫满朝鲜和之前的箕子朝鲜一样，严格来说不算朝鲜人自己的政权）
4.  汉朝占领越南：公元前111年汉朝军队征服越南并把越南并入汉朝扩大的版图中。越南人抵制中央政权向越南推行中国文化艺术和农艺的努力。越南人不仅捍卫着自己的民族独立性而且为了保存它前赴后继的战斗。这一切终于在公元39年结束，越南早期最着名的几次反抗由两个贵族寡妇征侧、征贰姐妹领导。（长安月译注：对于这段历史感兴趣的朋友可以搜索伏波将军）

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BalajiViswanathan, History buff.
I think it is acombination of poor understanding of history and propaganda. Both India andChina have had their own invasions (both inbound and outbound). One of the mostimperialistic tendencies came under the Qings, when China attacked most of Asiathrough the Ten Great Campaigns. Chinese were also very aggressive under KublaiKhan.

我觉得这是对历史和宣传的理解都差强人意的组合。中国和印度都有过他们自己的侵略史（同样境内及境外），其中最有帝国主义倾向之一的时期是清朝，中国通过所谓十大伟业攻击了大部分亚洲。中国在忽必烈统治下也是咄咄逼人的。

Vietnameseinvasions - Bắc thuộc and Chinese invasions of Vietnam
For a big chunk ofits history, China always dabbled with Vietnam. For China, Vietnam is thegateway to Southeast Asia and Chinese emperors often invaded Vietnam. Only in1428 after the Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động didthe Vietnamese get some respite from China.The last of the wars was in 1979,when Chinese army captured border towns of Vietnam before forced to retreat.Sino-Vietnamese War. The war was started when Vietnam started to expand (bycapturing Cambodia).

对越南的侵略：
中国侵略越南占据了它历史的大块时间。中国总是插手越南。对中国来说越南是通往东南亚的大门因此中国皇帝经常侵略越南。只有在1428年明朝越南战争后黎利才让越南人和中国的关系有所缓解。最后一次战争是在1979年，中国在被迫撤军前占领了越南边境的几个城市。中越战争正值越南开始扩张的时候（通过夺取柬埔寨）

Burmese invasions- Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769)
China has launchedfour invasions on Burma in the 18th century. The Mings first invaded parts ofBurma in the 14th century. Eventually, China was forced to retreat back.
Even before that,the Yuan dynasty of China invaded & captured Burma. Eventually Temur Khan(son of Kublai Khan) stopped the campaign as the Burmese king was almost on hisfeet.

对缅甸的侵略：
中缅战争（1765-1769）中国在18世纪已经四度入侵缅甸，明朝首先在14世纪率先侵略了缅甸的一部分，最终，中国被武力驱逐回去。甚至在那之前，中国元朝侵占了缅甸，最后，元成宗（忽必烈之子）在缅甸王几乎已经屈服的时候停止了战争。

Korean Invasions -First Manchu invasion of Korea
Korean peninsulawas often invaded by Chinese dynasties. Under various Chinese dynasties,including Ming, Manchu and Yuan, Korea was invaded by the Chinese. The Handynasty had started the invasions as far back as 200 BC.  Four Commanderies of Han. It took over 400years for the Koreans to throw the Han influence. See more: History of Korea

对朝鲜的侵略：
丁卯战争。朝鲜半岛经常被中原王朝侵略，在各个中国时期，包括明朝，后金和元朝，朝鲜人被中国人侵略。汉朝早在公元前200年就开始入侵朝鲜。汉朝四郡，朝鲜人花费了超过400年时间来摆脱汉朝的影响。你可以从韩国史中看到更多。（长安月译注：关于乐浪等四郡，玩过骑砍汉匈战争MOD的小伙伴一定不会陌生）

Japanese Invasions- Mongol invasions of Japan
For big chunk oftheir ancient history, Japanese rulers were paying tributes to the powerfulChinese rulers. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Japanese Shikken (Shoguns) cameunder attack from China. Korea had already fallen and Japan was quite weak.But, eventually the Samurais won and repulsed Chinese invasion.

对日本的侵略：
蒙元侵略日本。在他们大量的古代历史中，日本统治者给强大的中国统治者进贡。在十三和十四世纪，日本的幕府政权受到了来自中国的攻击，朝鲜已经投降而日本也岌岌可危。但是最终日本武士获胜并击退了中国侵略者。（长安月译注：二战中日本人神风战斗机相关典故）

Tibet Invasions -Mongol invasions of Tibet
This one isprobably the most controversial. For a good chunk of history, Tibet remained asa separate kingdom with connections to China. However, the Yuan, Ming and Qingdynasties have extended great control eventually and by Qing dynasty Tibetalmost became a part of China. In 1949 Tanks of Mao once again rolled and thistime Tibet would become permanently a part of China.

对西藏的侵略：
这个可能有非常多的争议，对于西藏的大部分历史来说，他同中国的交流中保持着独立王国的身份。然而，元朝，明朝和清朝已经扩大了他们的控制，最终在清朝，西藏几乎成了中国的一部分。1949年XXX的XXX再次碾过，而这次西藏将永久的变为中国的一部分。


 
Invasions were apart of most ancient civilizations. China like many other civilizations didinvade other territories. Not all the invasions were bad. Invasions also spreadand enriched various cultures.

侵略是所有古文明的一部分，中国和其他许多文明一样侵略了其他地方，不是所有的侵略都是不好的。侵略也传播和丰富了各种文化。

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Joseph Boyle
Here's earlierdiscussion for starters:
When did Yunnanbecome a part of China?
War crimescommitted by permanent members of UN Security Council?

这有些以前的讨论作为开胃菜：
何时云南成了中国的一部分？
犯下战争罪行的联合国安理会常任理事国？



TheSino-Vietnamese War in 1979 was China's only invasion of undisputed territoryof another modern nation. It lasted 17 days and went 15-20 km into Vietnam.
 
1979年的中越战争是中国唯一一次无可争议的侵略了另一个现代国家。战争持续了17天并深入越南15-20公里。

Actuallyall of the major geographically separated civilizations have traditionally notseen a need to go beyond their immediate neighborhood, and long-distance invasions have insteadcome from the nomadic peoples of Central Asia, until the European developmentof far ocean navigation. For ancient Euro-Mediterranean civilization the onlymajor exception was Alexander the Great.

实际上所有的被地理隔开的主要文明传统上没有看到一个超过他们的近邻，威胁被来自中亚的游牧民族长途奔袭所替代，一直到欧洲人开始大航海时代。对于地中海文明来说唯一的主要例外是亚历山大大帝。

Many of the otheranswers list wars of Chinese states for thousands of years back, and expansionof Chinese-speaking territory. So Italy invaded Gaul over 2000 years ago andRomanized it. What does this say about the present? That Italy is aggressive?That Europe as a whole is aggressive? That the French areoppressed and should start speaking Celtic again? Youcan see how little sense this makes.

许多其他的答案列举了中国几千前的战争并阐述了中国的领土扩张。那么意大利2000年前入侵高卢并使之罗马化，这又怎么说？意大利富有侵略性吗？欧洲作为一个整体争强好斗吗？法国人是被压迫的所以应该再次讲凯尔特语？你可以看到这多么没有道理。（长安月译注：高卢在今天的法国一带，在罗马征服高卢之前，那里主要生活着凯尔特人，玩过帝国时代2的朋友应该记得这个民族吧？）

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Paul Denlinger,US_2016 = Germany_1933
Yes, China hasinvaded other countries. But most Chinese would say that a certain Chinesedynasty has invaded another country.
You see, in theChinese mind, there is no such thing as "China". There is ageographical territory called China which has been ruled over time by differentdynasties. Certain dynasties have killed off certain groups of people, invadedand occupied other countries, etc. but that is not what "China" hasdone.

是的，中国侵略了其他国家，但是大多数中国人会说是某个王朝侵略了其他国家。你看到，在中国人的观念里，没有所谓的“中国”，而是有个叫做中国的地理范围随着时间的推移被不同王朝统治。某些王朝杀死了某些群体，侵略征服了其他国家等等。但这些并不是“中国”干的。

The idea of Chinaas a nation-state is a western construct.
Having said that,various Chinese dynasties have invaded Korea (Sui dynasty), and Vietnam.(Vietnam was occupied by Chinese dynasties for nearly 1,000 years. ManyVietnamese have adopted features of Chinese culture to the point that manyChinese have difficulty telling that they are not Chinese.)

中国作为一个单一民族国家概念是西方构想的。
话虽如此，各种中国王朝曾侵略朝鲜（隋朝）和越南（越南被中原王朝占领将近千年，许多越南人已经被中国文化同化，很多所谓的中国人很难说他们不是中国人了）

In the lateMing/early Qing dynasty, the Chinese briefly occupied parts of Myanmar, mainlyto capture and kill remnants of the Ming family which had fled to Myanmar.

在明末清初，中国人一度占领了缅甸部分地区，主要是为了抓到并杀死逃亡缅甸的明朝皇室。（长安月译注：南明永历帝曾逃亡缅甸，有兴趣的朋友可以搜索咒水之难）

If you look atChinese history, it ismarked by periods of peace punctuated by extreme violence in which millions ofChinese get killed.
A cynic might saythat the Chinese have been too busy killing each other to invade othercountries.

如果你看中国历史，它的特点是和平时期和百万中国被杀的极端暴力时期交替。愤世嫉俗的人也许会说中国人已经忙于自相残杀和侵略其他国家。

Beijing hastraditionally viewed SE Asia as its own backyard. To this extent, Chineseforeign policy seeks to create and support local governments which supportChinese economic and political domination of the region, and which do notsupport outside powers (such as Japan and the US) extending their influence inthe region.

北京传统上认为东南亚是自家后院，在此之上，中国外交政策旨在创造和支持接受中国在该地区经济和政治控制的当地政府，以及不支持外部势力（如日本美国）在这个地图扩大影响力。

If they acceptthose parameters, they are pretty much free to do whatever they like.

如果他们接受这些条件，他们几乎可以做他们喜欢的任何事情。

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Gwydion MadawcWilliams, A lot of background reading
The Chinese Empirewas fairly expansionist, and the Emperor was viewed as lawful ruler of theentire world.  But for most of history,the Empire concentrated on absorbing what is now South China.

中华帝国极具扩张性，并且皇帝被认为是整个世界的合法统治者。但在历史的大部分时间里,帝国专注于开发吸收现在的中国南部。

What's now Sichuanonce contained the distinct kingdoms of Shu and Ba, and there are otherremnants in what's now wholly Han territory. Plus Vietnam, with the Red River Valley having been a province in Hantimes and then forming a distinct identity that resisted several invasions.

现在的四川曾经包含了巴蜀两个独特的王国，并且在现在整个汉族地盘上还有其他残存。外加越南，红河谷在曾变成了汉朝的一个省然后在几次侵略反抗中发展成一个独特的身份。

Each of the majordynasties ruled more than the dynasty before, with the exception of the Sung.

每个主要王朝都比之前的朝代统治的地方更多，除了宋朝之外。

As for the ChineseRepublic and then the Chinese People's Republic, they basically ruledwhat was recognised as Chinese under international law.  This included Tibet and Xinjiang. Territories given away by treaty were mostlyaccepted as lost forever.

至于中华民国和之后的共和国，他们基本统治着被国际法认可的中国区域。包括西藏和新疆。而被条约割让的领土基本被接受为永久失去。

Taiwan was oneexception, the USA chose to award it to China,then ruled by the Kuomintang. Also the Kuomintang recognised the former OuterMongolia as an independent Mongolian Republic after World War Two.

台湾是个例外，美国选择把它赏给中国，然后由国民党统治。二战后国民党也承认之前的外蒙古作为独立的蒙古共和国存在。

China invadedterritory it had a claim to after India got agressive on the border.  It went into Korea as the ally of NorthKorea.  It invaded Vietnam after Vietnamhad invaded Cambodia.

当印度在边境变的激进之后中国侵入了他已经宣称的领土。中国进入韩国是因为他的朝鲜盟友。中国是在越南入侵柬埔寨后侵略的越南。