【美版知乎】新中国如何帮助曼德拉和非国大？ [美国媒体]

How did the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Communist Party help Nelson Mandela and the ANC (African National Congress) from 1950 till now?

新中国如何帮助曼德拉和非国大？




【答案一】Paul Denlinger（现居香港，曾为福布斯工作，毕业于圣安德鲁斯大学，美版知乎首席作者）
This is a very interesting question, because if it was handled differently, the outcome for Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress (ANC) may have been very different.

这是一个非常有趣的问题，因为，假如处理方式不同，纳尔逊·曼德拉和非洲人国民大会的结果可能会大不相同。

In China, the Chinese Communist Party came to power in October 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China in all of China except in Taiwan, to which the Nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-shek had withdrawn. In June 1950, war broke out on the Korean peninsula, and in October 1950, Chinese volunteers (actually NOT volunteers) intervened on the North Korean (DPRK) side to beat back the UN forces.

在中国，中国大陆于1949年10月夺取政权，在除台湾以外的中国地区建立了中华人民共和国，蒋介石领导的国民党军队撤退到了台湾。在1950年6月，朝鲜战争爆发，在1950年10月，中国志愿军（实际上不是志愿者）干预支持北朝鲜（朝鲜民主主义人民共和国）击退联合国部队。

Mao had gone so far as to send his oldest son, Mao Anying, to fight in Korea. He was sent to a safe position, at the general headquarters of Marshal Peng Dehuai, who was in charge of the Chinese forces in Korea. On November 25, 1950, he was killed outside the headquarters by napalm delivered by a South African Air Force bomber. (South Africa's military was fighting on the side of the UN forces in Korea.)

毛泽东甚至派他的长子毛岸英去朝鲜战斗。他被派到一个安全的地方，在彭德怀元帅的总部（彭负责朝鲜的中国军队）。1950年11月25日，在指挥部外面，他被一架南非的轰炸机投下的汽油弹炸死。（在朝鲜战争中，南非军队在联合国部队一边战斗。）

Meanwhile, in South Africa, apartheid was introduced in 1948. Nelson Mandela was then in his 30s, and sought to fight the policy. At this time he was a leftist, since the only support for anti-apartheid forces came from the socialist/communist block of nations. In eastern Europe and Asia, socialism was on the march, and the US believed that it was on the defensive.

与此同时，南非在1948年实行种族隔离制度【译注：1948-1991年种族隔离的法律以四种人为分类：白人、有色人种、印度人与黑人。后来日本人、华人、韩国人相继获得“荣誉白人”地位】。纳尔逊·曼德拉当时30多岁，他试图反对这项政策。当时他是一个左翼分子，因为反种族隔离的力量的唯一支持来自于社会主义/共产主义阵营。在东欧和亚洲，社会主义在发展，而美国则认为它自己处于守势。

For this reason, Nelson Mandela and his childhood friend Walter Sisulu viewed the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949 as a victory for progressive forces. They hoped that Mao's victory, and its willingness to confront the US in Korea meant that China would be willing to help.

因此，纳尔逊·曼德拉和他儿时的朋友沃尔特·西苏鲁把1949年建立的中华人民共和国当做是进步力量的一场胜利。他们希望毛泽东胜利，而且它愿意在朝鲜战争中与美国对抗，这意味着中国也将愿意（为南非）提供帮助。

In 1953, Walter SIsulu traveled to China to ask the PRC to provide military aid to the African National Congress (ANC) in its struggle to fight apartheid. At this time, Mao was determined to support socialist struggles throughout the world. At the same time, he and Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai supported the Non-Aligned Movement of African and Asian nations.

1953年，沃尔特·西苏鲁前往中国，请求中国为进行种族隔离斗争的非国大提供军事援助。当时，毛泽东决心支持世界各地的社会主义斗争。与此同时，他和外交部长周恩来支持非洲和亚洲国家的不结盟运动。

At this time, China had a two-pronged foreign policy: the Chinese Communist Party supported armed socialist struggle and movements, while the state supported the principle of non-interference in other countries' internal affairs. (In China, the party was and is above the state, but this is a structure which most non-Chinese are not aware of.)

这个时候的中国实行了双管齐下的外交政策：中国支持社会主义武装斗争和运动，而国家（政府）则支持不干涉他国内政的原则。【在中国，GCD过去是、现在也是处于国家（政府）之上，但这是中国以外的大多数人所不知道的结构。】

Because the Korean armistice had just taken hold in the Korean peninsula, Beijing needed to decide if the ANC had a good chance of success in its armed struggle, and was worthy of Chinese arms deliveries. A fairly junior diplomat at the Chinese Foreign Ministry was given the task of performing due diligence on Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela and the ANC. When he came back, he gave the ANC the thumbs-down. In his opinion, the apartheid government was simply too strong militarily, and controlled all the resources of the South African government. South Africa was not yet ready for armed struggle.

因为朝鲜停火协议刚刚在朝鲜半岛签订，北京需要决定，非国大是否有很好的机会在武装斗争中获胜，是否值得中国运送武器。中国外交部一名相当初级的外交官被赋予了对沃尔特·西苏鲁、纳尔逊·曼德拉和非国大进行尽职调查的任务。他回来后，他给出了对非国大的反对意见。在他看来，种族隔离政府在军事上过于强大，控制了南非政府的所有资源。南非还没有准备好进行武装斗争。

For this reason, until the Rivonia Trial in 1963-64, the ANC was unable to fight effectively against the apartheid government; none of the socialist countries, including China and the Soviet Union saw South Africa as a major theater for confrontation with the capitalist nations.

因此，在1963年至1964年的瑞佛尼亚审判之前【译注：曼德拉在这场审判中被判处终身监禁】，非国大一直无法有效地对抗种族隔离政府。包括中国和苏联在内的社会主义国家都没有将南非视为对抗资本主义国家的重要舞台。

As a result, the ANC's struggle went nowhere, and Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and other senior members of the ANC were sentenced to prison at Robben Island in 1964.

结果，非国大的斗争毫无进展。1964年，纳尔逊·曼德拉、沃尔特·西苏鲁和非国大其他高级成员被判处在罗本岛的监狱服刑。

However, even though Beijing denied them weapons for armed struggle, Nelson Mandela and the ANC continued to see Beijing as an important ally as it confronted the apartheid government. Mandela read "Red Star Over China" by American journalist Edgar Snow, and was committed to establishing diplomatic relations with Beijing after coming to power. He also mentioned that they would celebrate every October 1 (China's national day) in prison. In the meantime, Taipei, the home of the Nationalists,  was committed to supporting the apartheid government, not because of the apartheid policy, but because both were deeply anti-communist.

然而，尽管北京方面拒绝了提供武器给他们进行武装斗争，但纳尔逊·曼德拉和非国大仍继续将北京视为对抗种族隔离政府的重要盟友。曼德拉读过美国记者埃德加·斯诺写的《红星照耀中国》一书，而且在他上台后就致力于与北京建立外交关系。他也提到过，他们在监狱时，每年的10月1日（中国国庆）都要庆祝。与此同时，国民党所在的台北，则投身支持种族隔离政府，不是因为他们赞同种族隔离政策，而是因为双方都极为反对共产主义。

After Mandela was released from prison in 1990, he traveled to Beijing in 1992 at the invitation of the Chinese government. In 1993, he traveled to Taipei. On January 1, 1998 President Mandela formally established diplomatic relations with Beijing and broke diplomatic ties with Taipei. That same  year, he visited Beijing.

1990年曼德拉出狱后，应中国政府邀请，于1992年前往北京。1993年，他前往台北。在1998年1月1日，曼德拉总统正式与北京建交，断绝了与台北的外交关系。同年，他访问了北京。

South Africa's last apartheid-era president, FW de Klerk continued to be good friends with Taipei, and traveled there frequently for conferences.

南非种族隔离时期的最后一位总统，弗雷德里克·威廉·德克勒克则继续与台北的友谊，并经常在那里参加会议。

Although this is a little-known part of history, I find it fascinating. If a junior officer in China's Foreign Ministry had not turned down the ANC's appeal for armed aid, Nelson Mandela may very likely have died fighting the apartheid government. Or, if he had dared the judge to sentence him to death at the Rivonia Trial, the judge could have very easily done so because he had become a terrorist who took up arms. Without arms, the ANC was forced to resort into a policy of non-violent confrontation with the apartheid government.

虽然这是历史上鲜为人知的一部分，但我觉得它很吸引人。如果中国外交部的那名初级官员没有回绝非国大对武装援助的请求，也许纳尔逊·曼德拉很可能已经在种族隔离的战斗中死去。又或者，他（的行为）会促使法官在瑞佛尼亚审判中判处他死刑（法官可以很容易地做到这一点，因为他已经成为了一个拿起武器的恐怖分子）。由于没有武器，非国大被迫采取非暴力政策来与种族隔离政府对抗。

If Beijing had delivered arms to the ANC beginning in the 1950s, most of us would never have known or heard of Nelson Mandela.

如果在上世纪五十年代北京向非国大提供武器，那么我们大多数人都不会知道或听说纳尔逊·曼德拉。

But Beijing didn't provide arms to the ANC, and history took a different turn. Nelson Mandela was able to think through his political philosophy and turn to non-violence, and he became the father of the new multiracial post-apartheid South Africa.

但北京没有向非国大提供武器，历史也发生了不同转向。纳尔逊·曼德拉能够考虑清楚他的政治哲学并且转向了非暴力，他成为了新的多种族的后种族隔离时代的南非国父。

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【答案二】Gwydion Madawc Williams（现居于英国考文垂）

China had few ties, mostly with the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania.  And even these did not last.  The ANC looked much more towards Moscow for support.

中国（与南非）的联系很少，主要的联系是与阿扎尼亚【译注：南非是官方国号，阿扎尼亚是当地人的称呼，意思就是“黑人之国”】的泛非洲主义大会。甚至这些都没有持续。非国大更倾向于向莫斯科寻求支持。

This is in contrast to Zimbabwe, where China had continuous strong ties with Mugabe and his followers.

这与津巴布韦的情况形成了鲜明对比。在津巴布韦，中国与穆加贝及其追随者有着紧密的联系。

You could argue that the end of white rule in South Africa was helped by the success of Mugabe and ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union), which made white-ruled Rhodesia unsustainable.

你可能会争辩说，南非白人统治的终结得益于穆加贝和津巴布韦非洲民族联盟的成功，这使得白人统治的罗得西亚【译注：1980年津巴布韦共和国建国，在此之前称为罗得西亚】变得不可持续。

China nowadays has close ties to South Africa, especially through BRICS since 2010.

目前，中国与南非关系密切，特别是2010年以来的金砖五国【译注：南非于2010年加入金砖国家机制】。