欧盟面临的最大问题是什么？ [美国媒体]

What are the biggest problems facing the European Union?

欧盟面临的最大问题是什么？



回答1：Thomas L. Johnson
I think that the biggest problem facing Europe is the simple clash of cultures that already exists between the Protestant north and the largely Catholic Mediterranean south. And I am not talking about religion as religion here but religion as social institution. This clash relates to how the nations approach work, how they relate to government, and how they relate to each other.  In the Nordic countries, Britain, Netherlands and Germany, you have a consistency of systems, a population that generally opposes official corruption, that generally pays taxes, [especially now that Switzerland is no longer a haven], and that has a social safety net that seems to be functional.
While language is also a problem of Europe, the interesting split seems to be that between the nations that speak languages with Greco-Roman roots and those that speak some sort of Germanic-based language.  Again, this is more cultural than linguistic but undoubtedly relates to all of those things that Max Weber isolated decades before anyone thought of a united Europe and that he called The Protestant Work Ethic.

我认为，欧洲面临的最大问题是北方新教和南方地中海沿岸大部分天主教之间已经存在的简单的文化冲突。我说的“宗教”不是作为宗教的问题，而是宗教作为社会制度的问题。这种冲突涉及国家的运行，与政府的关系以及它们如何相互关联。在北欧国家，英国、荷兰和德国，他们的制度是一致的，人们普遍反对腐败，正常纳税，(特别是瑞士，现在已经不再是一个避税天堂)，而且有一个看起来运行良好的社会安全网。虽然语言也是欧洲的一个问题，但是有趣的分裂现象似乎是古希腊罗马语系国家和那些日耳曼语系国家之间的分裂。而且，比起语言的分裂，更像是文化的分裂，但这无疑涉及到马克斯·韦伯在任何人想到一个统一的欧洲之前所提出的所有这些东西，他称之为“新教工作伦理”。

With the addition of former Warsaw Pact nations to Europe, the cultural hodge-podge gets more complex, particularly as it includes both a new linguistic group and a new religious culture. One can envision the day when it will be impossible to keep Turkey out of Europe.  Having as part of Europe a Muslim country where people actually practice their traditional religion will expose further the difficulty in creating unity where very little actually exists.  You cannot add cultures where religious intolerance is the norm to a continent that is based on both secularism and general tolerance without creating new conflicts. That is the challenge of culture: it persists and separates.  That is a strength in a world of sovereign states but a liability in a world of planned unification.

随着前华沙条约组织的成员加入欧洲，文化大杂烩变得更加复杂，特别是因为它包括一个新的语言群体和一个新的宗教文化。人们可以设想有一天可能没法把土耳其赶出欧洲。作为欧洲的一部分，穆斯林国家的人们实际上也在实践他们的传统宗教，这将进一步暴露出建立统一欧洲的困难，因为这里绝对的少数群体实际上是存在的。你不能在增加文化的影响力同时避免新的冲突，因为对宗教的不容忍是这个基于世俗主义和常规容忍度的大陆的规范。这就是对文化的挑战：它一直存在并不断割裂。这是主权国家世界的一种力量，但又是一个有计划的统一世界的责任。

回答2：Yvan Testu
The first point is what is the ultimate goal of the European Union? from my point of view Europe will grow up to the point it englobes the hinterland of the mediterranean, north sea, baltic sea system. 



Just have a look to what Europe looks with the mediterranean Union that France managed ( at least before France shelled Libya and Syria ).



The European Union should organize this space in order to integrate it into the Liberal order, for that it wants to create a totally modern space, with good infrastructure, state of the art technology, mobile people, nice cities compatible with the generation Millenium ( development of a new concept of urbanism Congress of Local and Regional Authorities ), common currency and norms, competitive market for everything, energy, agriculture …

首先，欧盟的最终目标是什么？我认为，欧洲将成长为地中海，北海，波罗的海系统的腹地。 看看欧洲和法国管理的地中海联盟的对比（至少在法国炮击利比亚和叙利亚之前）。欧洲联盟应该是为了组织整个欧洲大陆，以便把它全部纳入自由秩序，因为它希望创造一个完全现代化的空间，拥有良好的基础设施、最先进的技术，流动的人口、与千年王国相适应的发达的城市(地方和区域当局城市化代表大会的新概念的发展)、共同的货币和规范、一切商品的竞争市场：能源，农业等等。

So since all these people used to have their own system there will be several problems. clash of civilisation ( we think of the muslim world but we must remember that Russia stopped his democratic transition due to bad reaction of people towards liberalism ).Economic and social laws are so different that the Euro is not an “Optimum Currency Area”, the so called “club med group” have obviousy some problem to integrate the orthodoxy required by the Audit companies. Unstable sectors in Libya, Syria/Iraq, Ukraine ( it seems that the Balkans are fixed ).Schism Protestant and Catholic with different ethics toward work and money.Integrate different banking system and fight financial and political corruption. Define a common military industry/policy, secure a new border…Some countries will need to reduce bureaucracy and to privatize large part of their industry leading to social unrest.

因为所有这些人都曾有自己的运行系统，所以会有几个问题。
1) 文明冲突--可能我们想到的是穆斯林世界，但我们必须记住，由于人们对自由主义的不良反应，俄罗斯停止了向民主过渡
2) 经济和社会的法律是如此不同，造成欧元区并不是一个“最优货币区”，所谓的“地中海俱乐部集团”在整合审计公司所要求的正统性方面显然存在一些问题
3) 利比亚、叙利亚/伊拉克、乌克兰等不稳定区域（看起来巴尔干半岛问题似乎被解决了）
4) 分裂的新教和天主教对工作和金钱的不同伦理
5) 整合不同的银行体系，打击金融和政治腐败
6) 定义一个共同的军事工业/政策，建立一个新的边界
7) 一些国家将需要减少官僚主义，并且对大部分行业的私有化将导致社会动荡

回答3：Andrew Tourigny
The main issue I see with the Euro-zone is the fact that you have a multitude of countries which all pursued differing individual fiscal polices while being bound together with a common monetary one.  This currently puts those countries with under-performing economies at the mercy of those with robust economic performance.  I feel any issues with immigration are secondary to the region's financial troubles, which have the real possibility of forcing nations from the EU fold.  

我认为欧元区的主要问题是，许多国家都奉行不同的财政政策，同时又与欧盟共同的货币政策结合在一起。 这使得那些经济表现不佳的国家受到那些经济表现强劲的国家的摆布。我觉得与移民有关的任何问题都是不如本地区财政问题重要的次要问题，财政问题有迫使国家脱离欧盟的现实可能性。

In a country with sovereign control over their currency, a situation like what is being seen in the periphery EU nations can be avoided, or at least mitigated.  When it becomes difficult to service government debt during a recession/depression (due to spiraling government costs, lowered revenue, what have you...) the government can due their currency, thus lowering the real debt burden of the bonds denominated in the domestic currency. Of course, while you can't do this all the time (investors normally do not take kindly to a large policy driven FX hit on their government bond portfolios), it is a nice escape door for a government to have in the case of a fiscal emergency.

在一个对本国货币拥有主权控制的国家，现在欧元区外围国家的情况是可以避免的，或者至少可以减轻。在经济衰退/萧条时期，政府债务变得难以偿还(由于政府成本不断上升，收入下降等等)，政府可以让他们的货币贬值，从而降低以本国货币计价的债券的实际债务负担。当然，虽然你不能一直这样做(投资者通常不会接受对他们的政府债券投资组合有重大影响的政策)，但对于政府来说，在财政紧急情况下，这是一个很好的逃生门。

The small, economically unstable EU countries facing crushing debt loads now have no such "get out of jail free" card. In exchange for a common currency, previously enabling lower-cost government financing as they were in-essence co-signed with much stronger nations, and open doors into the lucrative markets of the more developed European nations - these countries gave up this monetary policy of last resort.  In the current economic climate, it looks like it may have been a bum deal.

经济不稳定的欧盟小国面临沉重的债务负担，现在却没有这样的“出狱自由”卡。为了换取一种以前能够降低政府的成本的共同货币，这些国家实质上与比他们强大得多的国家共同签署了协议，并打开了通往较发达欧洲国家利润丰厚市场的大门，但这些国家放弃了本国的货币政策。在目前的经济环境下，看起来这可能是一桩残酷的交易。

回答4：Roberto Vilar
Europe remains one of the safest and more confortable places to live. Main reasons are:Nice climatic conditions,Modern infrastructures,Medium human-sized cities,Proximity with nature,
Robust Industry and servicies,Diversity,Cultural and intellectual attractivity.



To keep and emprove its status, European Union is working to Re-orient the agriculture on more sustainable bases, Develop green energy sources and policies, Improve financial structures, Compensate through immigration, for the aging population. Now Europe has to deal with conflicts at the borders, in middle east, and a destabilized north Africa, those being results of wrong post-colonial policies. Finaly, other geographical blocks tend to use their influence to destabilized the most democratic area of the planet, so a certain military weakness, could turn to be a major problem. It seems Europe was working on it, but Brexit may turn it a bit tricky.



欧洲仍然是最安全和更舒适的居住地之一。主要原因是：好的气候条件，现代化的基础设施，中等人口城市，亲近自然，强大的工业和服务业，多样化，文化和知识的吸引力。保持和提高其地位，欧盟正在以下方面努力：在更可持续的基础上调整农业方向、发展绿色能源与政策、改善财务结构、通过移民补偿老龄人口。现在欧洲已经在处理中东边界冲突以及北非动荡等那些被错误的后殖民政策造成的后果。最后，其他地理区域往往利用他们的影响力来破坏地球上最民主区域的政府稳定，所以一定的军事弱点，可能会是个大问题。欧洲似乎正在为此努力，但英国脱欧可能让这个问题有点棘手。

回答5：Denis Havlik
I think the main issue with the EU is that Europeans just do not understand how much weight EU has as a block. We still think in terms of the nation states and complain how small we are compared to heavy-weights like USA or China and how much more powerful we were 100 years ago. Except maybe the Germans.Seen as a block, EU is on par with these two heavyweights, and there is no reason why we could not compete on equal terms with them in all types of economic activities, R&D, political weight or even in terms of the military power (not that this is something i want, but big country, strong military and political weight go hand in hand). Not today, not tomorrow, not in the foreseeable future. Lack of understanding for this reality has lead to a defeatist culture where Europeans do not follow “big dreams” anymore and try to “keep what we have” instead. I believe the last “big thing” from Europe was Nokia. That’s sad. We need to change this mindset. Then we will finally see some big european companies challenging the likes of Facebook, Salesforce or Amazon in terms of the economic growth again.

我认为欧盟的主要问题是，欧洲人不明白欧盟作为一个整体来说有多少分量。我们仍然在以民族国家的角度来思考问题，并抱怨我们与重量级选手如美国或中国相比是多么渺小，以及100年前的我们是多么的强大。可能除了德国人。作为一个整体，欧盟与这两个重量级选手不相上下，我们完全可以在经济活动、研发、政治权重甚至是军事力量等所有方面与他们平等地竞争。（这不是我想要的，但是对大国来说，强大的军事力量和政治力量是齐头并进的）自古以来皆是如此。对这一现实的缺乏了解导致了失败的文化，即欧洲人不再追求“大国梦”了，而是以“知足常乐”代替。我相信来自欧盟的最后一个“大项目”是诺基亚。悲哀啊。我们需要改变这种心态，然后我们才会再一次看到一些大的欧洲公司在经济增长方面能够挑战一些像是脸谱网，赛富时和亚马逊这样的公司的地位。

回答6：Aadya Sharma
The major problem which the European Union is facing is because of the Eurozone. At present, 28 member states are part of EU, out of which, 19 member states have adopted Euro as its legal tender money. The monetary policy for all the nations is the same, but every nation has its own fiscal policy. This is one of the biggest issues with the European Union. Until and unless this issue is sorted, its very difficult for members of EU to come out of the depression (which people now compare with the great depression of 1930s). It is leading to inflation as low as negative, and high level of unemployment. What else can be worse, coz u don't have control to the monetary policy. All that can be done is with fiscal policy, but it would lead to stagflation and nothing else.

欧盟面临的主要问题是欧元区。目前，欧盟有28个成员国，其中有19个成员国使用欧元作为法定货币。所有国家的货币政策都是一样的，但是每个国家都有自己的财政政策。这是欧盟面临的最大问题之一。除非这个问题被解决，不然欧盟成员国很难走出经济萧条（人们已经把现在和1930年代的大萧条时期相比了）。这个问题正在导致通货膨胀为负，使失业水平变高。还有什么比这更糟糕的，因为你对货币政策没有控制权，只能通过财政政策来解决问题，但这只会导致停滞性通货膨胀。

回答7：Dave Peterson
I think that the main EU problem is the languages. 500 millions of people, 28 regions, and 24 different languages. That is the main obstacle to EU integration. The best solution? Each country should define a 2nd official language, and all the citizens should study it at school.

我认为欧盟的主要问题是语言。5亿人口，28个地区，24种不同的语言。这是欧盟一体化的主要障碍。最好的解决方案？每个国家都应该规定一个第二官方语言，然后要求所有公民在学校里必须学习该语言。

回答8：Chris Bast
I think the most fundamental problem is that Europeans just don't like each other enough to ever form a real lasting union.
我认为最根本的问题是，欧洲人只是不够喜欢彼此，才永远无法形成真正持久的联盟。

回答9：Oluyimika Akinyemi
I think one major problem is the legislative process which is extremely complex; to make it worst, there is the difficulty of getting access to information. In my honest way, those are fundamental challenges to tackle.

我认为一个主要问题是立法程序极其复杂，而获取信息的难度大使这个情况更糟糕。老实说，这才是要解决的根本挑战。

回答10：Rainer Salosensaari
The demographic future of Europe is a challenge. The EU currently has to cope with demographic decline, low natural growth and the ageing of part of its population. The EU population will become much older. The working-age population (15 to 64) in EU-25 will fall by 48 million between 2006 and 2050. This demographic change will also be accompanied by profound social changes. Ageing will lead to considerable pressures on public spending.

欧洲的人口前景是一个挑战。欧盟目前必须应对人口下降、低自然增长和部分人口老龄化问题。欧盟人口将变得更老龄化。欧盟25国的劳动适龄人口(15至64岁)将在2006至2050年间减少四千八百万。这一人口变化也将伴随着深刻的社会变革。老龄化将给公共开支带来相当大的压力。

回答11：
Anthony Yang
Islamophobia and currency.Islamophobia is becoming such a large issue in EU politics because Turkey's membership process is constantly being delayed. I know they've never explicitly said this, but actions do speak louder than words. Turkey has gone through many steps to get admitted into the EU. They've maintained a secular government, they've abolished the death penalty, and enacted reforms for women and minority groups. The main arguments I've heard were "It'll bring many Muslim migrant workers." The only question I have is "Why are you fine with the idea of Spanish, Dutch, German, Belgian, and French migrants working together, but not Turkish Muslims?" Also, each EU member is too autonomous to have a super currency like the Euro. It's nice for travel, however each country has many diverse economic policies. A country's bad investment and budget spending policies could send that country into a financial crash and that currency could be taken down with them (cough cough Greece.).

伊斯兰恐惧症和货币问题。伊斯兰恐惧症正在成为一个大问题，因为土耳其加入欧盟的政治进程不断被推迟。我知道他们从未明确说过这一点，但行动胜于雄辩。土耳其为了进入欧盟已经采取了许多措施。他们维持了一个世俗的政府，废除了死刑，颁布了针对妇女和少数群体的改革措施。我听到的主要观点是“这会带来许多穆斯林移民工人”。我唯一的问题是：“你为什么对西班牙、荷兰、德国、比利时和法国的移民工人没有意见，只是针对土耳其穆斯林呢？”此外，每个欧盟成员国都过于自治，不太可能接受像欧元这样的超级货币。这对旅游来说是件好事，但是每个国家都有许多不同的经济政策。一个国家糟糕的投资和预算支出政策可能会使该国陷入金融崩溃，而他们的货币可能会随之贬值。（咳咳，希腊...）