美国2019年国防预算节选之一：战略环境 [美国媒体]

U.S. Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2019 Defense Budget 

美国2019年国防预算节选之一：战略环境



STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT
The National Defense Strategy acknowledges an increasingly complex global security environment, characterized by overt challenges to the free and open international order and the re-emergence of long-term, strategic competition between nations. These changes require a clear-eyed appraisal of the threats the United States faces, acknowledgement of the changing character of warfare, and a transformation of how the Department conducts business.

由于自由和开放的国际秩序受到公然挑战，以及各个国家间重新出现长期的战略性竞争，《国防战略报告》需要承认全球安全环境日益复杂化。这些变化需要我们对美国所面临的威胁有清晰的评估，了解战争特点的变化，并转变国防部处理事务的方式。

The central challenge to the United States prosperity and security is the reemergence of long-term,strategic competition by what the National Security Strategy classifies as revisionist powers. It is increasingly clear that China and Russia want to shape a world consistent with their authoritarian model—gaining veto authority over other nations’ economic, diplomatic, and security decisions.
美国的繁荣和安全面临的主要挑战是《国防战略报告》中定义的“重新出现长期的战略性竞争”，是修正主义势力。中国和俄罗斯都越来越明显地想要塑造一个符合他们威权模式的世界，在这个世界中他们对其他国家的经济、外交和安全决策拥有否决权。

China is leveraging military modernization, influence operations, and predatory economics to coerce neighboring countries to reorder the Indo-Pacific region to their advantage. As China continues its economic and military ascendance, asserting power through an all-of-nation long-term strategy, it will continue to pursue a military modernization program that seeks Indo-Pacific regional hegemony in the near-term and displacement of the United States to achieve global preeminence in the future. The most far-reaching objective of this defense strategy is to set the military relationship between the United States and China on a path of transparency and non-aggression.

中国正在利用其军事现代化、影响力和掠夺性的经济行为迫使邻国、让印度太平洋地区的局势朝着有利于他们的方向发展。中国继续在经济和军事上保持优势并通过全国性的长期战略宣扬武力，所以中国将继续进行军事现代化，以寻求印度太平洋地区的霸权为近期目标，以取代美国的全球主导地位为长期目标。本次国防战略报告最重要的目的是要让美国和中国之间的军事关系走上透明、非侵略性的道路。

Russia seeks veto authority over nations on its periphery in terms of its governmental, economic,
and diplomatic decisions, to shatter the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and to change European and Middle East security and economic structures to its favor. The use of emerging technologies to discredit and subvert democratic processes in Georgia, Crimea, and eastern Ukraine is concern enough, but when coupled with its expanding and modernizing nuclear arsenal the challenge is clear.

俄罗斯利用其政治上、经济和外交上的决定欲寻求对其周边国家的否决权，破坏北大西洋公约组织，改变欧洲和中东的安全及经济结构以符合自身利益。俄罗斯使用新兴技术在格鲁吉亚、克里米亚和乌克兰东部抹黑和颠覆民主进程，这足以让人担忧。但是当俄罗斯核武库的不断扩大和现代化时，我们面临的挑战是显而易见的。

Rogue regimes such as North Korea and Iran are destabilizing their regions by pursuing nuclear weapons or sponsoring terrorism. North Korea seeks to guarantee regime survival and increased leverage through a mixture of nuclear, biological, chemical, conventional, and unconventional weapons and a growing ballistic missile capability to gain coercive influence over South Korea, Japan, and the United States. In the Middle East, Iran is competing with its neighbors, asserting an arc of influence and instability while vying for regional hegemony, using state-sponsored terrorist activities, a growing network of proxies, and its missile program to achieve its objectives.

像朝鲜和伊朗这样的流氓政权正在通过研发核武器，或者资助恐怖主义来破坏他们所在地区的稳定。朝鲜通过核能、生物、化学、常规及非常规混合的武器以及日益增长的导弹实力来保证政权的生存和自身实力的增长，并对韩国、日本和美国产生强制性影响。在中东，伊朗正与邻国竞争以维持自身的实力和该地区动荡的状态，同时，争夺区域霸权、通过资助恐怖主义活动和导弹计划来实现其目标。

注释：Rogue regimes流氓政权、流氓国家、无赖政权（政治用语），用来指违背其他国家的愿望，试图获得其他国家设法控制的武器、对内或对外挑起其他国家憎恶的战争、进行反人类的罪行、窝藏恐怖份子、容许其他国家缉拿的犯罪活动、或者寻求颠覆或损害其他国家的政治实体。

The DoD faces an ever more lethal and disruptive battlefield, combined across domains, and conducted at increasing speed and reach—from close combat, throughout overseas theaters, and reaching to the U.S. homeland. Some competitors and adversaries seek to target U.S. battle networks and operational concepts, while also using other areas of competition short of open warfare.

国防部面临着一个更具杀伤力和破坏性的战场，战争跨区域结合、速度更快、范围更广，从近距离战斗、到海外战斗、再延伸到美国本土。一些竞争对手试图以美国战争的网络和运筹理念为目标，与此同时除了公开的战争，他们也运用了其他领域上的竞争。

The security environment is also affected by rapid technological advancements and the changing character of war. The drive to develop new technologies is relentless, expanding to more actors with lower barriers of entry, and moving at accelerating speed. New technologies include advanced computing, “big data” analytics, artificial intelligence, autonomy, robotics, directedenergy, hypersonics, and biotechnology—the very technologies that ensure the United States will be able to fight and win the wars of the future.

安全环境也受到快速发展的技术和战争特点变化的影响。开发新技术的动力是源源不断的，参与者更多，准入门槛更低，发展速度更快。新技术包括高级计算、大数据分析、人工智能、机器人、定向能、高超音速以及生物技术等，这些技术确保美国能够打赢未来的战争。

注释：directedenergy定向能武器，又叫“束能武器”，是利用各种束能（激光束、粒子束、微波束、等离子束、声波束）产生的强大杀伤力（高温、电离、辐射、声波等）的武器，根据载体不同，可分为激光武器、粒子束武器、微波武器。

States are the principal actors on the global stage, but non-state actors also threaten the security environment with increasingly sophisticated capabilities. Terrorists, trans-national criminal organizations, cyber hackers and other malicious non-state actors have transformed global affairs with increased capabilities of mass disruption. Terrorism remains a persistent condition driven by ideology and unstable political and economic structures, despite the defeat of ISIS’s physical caliphate.

世界各国是全球舞台上的主要行动者，但非国家行动者也以其日益复杂的能力威胁着安全环境。恐怖分子、跨国犯罪组织、网络黑客和其他恶意非国家行动者凭借他们日益增长的大规模破坏能力改变了全球事务。尽管ISIS伊斯兰国实际是已经被剿灭，但是恐怖主义仍然是受意识形态和不稳定的政治经济结构所驱使的一个持续状态。