媒体称中国将对特朗普的贸易要求采取强硬立场（上） [美国媒体]

China Is Set to Take a Hard Line on Trump’s Trade Demands

中国将对特朗普的贸易要求采取强硬立场


  
A container port in China’s eastern province of Shandong. The Trump administration wants Beijing to curb its $300 billion plan to bankroll China’s push into advanced technologies.

中国东部省份山东的一个集装箱港口。特朗普政府希望中国控制其为推动先进技术进步而提供3000亿美元资金的计划。

BEIJING — Staking an assertive negotiating stance, China says it will refuse to discuss President Trump’s two toughest trade demands when American officials arrive in Beijing this week, potentially derailing the high-level talks.

北京：当美国官员本周抵达北京时，采取强硬谈判立场的中国宣称它将拒绝讨论特朗普总统提出的两项最强硬的贸易要求，这可能会使会谈陷入混乱之中。

The Chinese government is publicly calling for flexibility on both sides. But senior Beijing officials do not plan to discuss the two biggest requests that the Trump administration has made over the past several months, according to people involved in Chinese policymaking. Those include a mandatory $100 billion cut in America’s $375 billion annual trade deficit with China and curbs on Beijing’s $300 billion plan to bankroll the country’s industrial upgrade into advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, semiconductors, electric cars and commercial aircraft.

中国公开呼吁双方都保持灵活性。北京不打算讨论特朗普政府在过去几个月里提出的两项最为重大的要求。其中包括美国每年3750亿美元的对华贸易逆差，以及对北京方面为中国的工业升级——比如人工智能、半导体、电动汽车和商用飞机等先进技术——提供资金的3000亿美元的计划加以遏制。

The reason: Beijing feels its economy has become big enough and resilient enough to stand up to the United States.

其原因是：北京觉得自己的经济实力已经足够强大，已经有足够的韧性来对抗美国。
    
A half-dozen senior Chinese officials and two dozen influential advisers laid out the Chinese government’s position in detail during a three-day seminar that ended here late Monday morning. The officials and most of the advisers at the seminar gave an overview of China’s economic policies, including an in-depth review of the country’s trade policy, to make sure China’s stance would be known overseas. All of the officials and most of the advisers at the seminar insisted on anonymity because of diplomatic sensitivities.

在周一晚些时候结束的为期三天的研讨会上，中国和24名有影响力的顾问详细阐述了中国的立场。大多数顾问对中国的经济政策进行了概述，包括对中国的贸易政策进行深入审视，以确保中国的立场在海外为人所了解。由于外交上的敏感性，所有的官员和大多数顾问都坚持要求匿名。

It is not clear what will happen when the two sides sit down this week or whether either will find a reason to waver. Still, the Chinese and American positions are so far apart that China’s leaders are skeptical the two sides can find common ground by the end of this week. They are already raising the possibility that Chinese officials may fly to Washington a month from now for further talks.

目前尚不清楚当双方本周坐下来的时候会发生什么，或者是否能够找到让立场动摇的理由。尽管如此，中美两国的立场分歧已经非常之大，以至于北京对双方能否在本周末找到共同立场持怀疑态度。他们已经提出了一种可能性，即中国可能会在一个月后飞往华盛顿进行进一步的会谈。

“I don’t expect a comprehensive deal whatsoever,” said Ruan Zongze, the executive vice president of the China Institute of International Studies, which is the policy research arm of China’s Foreign Ministry. “I think there is a lot of game playing here.”

中国国际问题研究所——中国外交部的政策研究机构——的执行副总裁阮宗泽说：“我不认为会产生全面的协议。我认为还有很多的较量”。

Beijing is frustrated with Mr. Trump’s threats to impose tariffs on $150 billion in Chinese goods and dismayed by suggestions in the West that China has a weak bargaining position. Chinese officials think the country’s one-party political system mean that China can outlast the United States and Mr. Trump in any trade quarrel.

中国对特朗普威胁要对1500亿美元的中国商品征收关税感到失望，并对西方所认为的中国在谈判中处于弱势地位的看法感到失望。中国制度意味着中国在任何贸易争端中都能比美国和特朗普更持久。

The Chinese government believes Mr. Trump’s background as a businessman means that at some point he will agree to a deal. Seminar participants also reaffirmed previous Chinese trade policy offers to further open the country’s financial and automotive sectors, though not in ways that would impact China’s industrial modernization program, called Made in China 2025. They also suggested that China would be willing to tighten its intellectual property rules so as to foster innovation within China as well as protect foreign technologies from counterfeiting and other illegal copying.

中国认为，特朗普的商人背景意味着，在某种程度上，他会同意达成一项协议。研讨会的参与者还重申了中国之前的贸易政策，即进一步开放中国的金融行业和汽车行业，尽管不是以会对中国的工业现代化计划——即所谓的中国制造2025造成影响的方式进行的。他们还表示，中国愿意收紧知识产权规则的管控，以促进中国国内的创新，并保护外国技术不受伪造和其他非法盗取版权行为的影响。

China is insisting that the parameters of any negotiations be limited, and that the tariff threat be removed before a final deal can be struck.

中国坚持认为，任何谈判的参数都是有限的，在达成最终协议之前，关税威胁将被消除。

Chinese officials have reached out to Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, who has reacted positively to China’s overtures in the auto and financial sectors. Mr. Mnuchin, a former Goldman Sachs executive who will be on the Trump administration’s team in Beijing later this week, has sought to calm investors worried that the rhetoric between Washington and Beijing could break out into a full-blown trade war.

中国已经联系了美国财政部长史蒂芬·姆努钦，他对中国在汽车和金融领域的提议做出了积极的回应。本周晚些时候将作为特朗普政府团队一员前往北京的前高盛高管姆努钦，试图安抚投资者，后者担心华盛顿和北京之间的言语交锋可能会导致一场全面的贸易战的爆发。

China’s position is that the bilateral trade imbalance arises from differences in savings rates. Households in China save roughly two-fifths of their income. Americans, on average, save almost nothing. So money from China tends to flow to the United States, buying factories, technology companies, real estate and more, and Americans in turn spend much of that money to buy goods from China. Many economists in the United States, including some at the Treasury, share that view.

中国的立场是，双边贸易不平衡源于储蓄率的差异。中国家庭的储蓄金额大约是他们收入的二分之一。而普通美国人几乎没有什么存款。因此，来自中国的资金往往会流向美国，购买工厂、科技公司、房地产等，而美国人则把大部分钱花在购买中国商品上。美国的许多经济学家，包括财政部的一些经济学家，都认同这一观点。



A worker making carbon fiber on a production line in Lianyungang, in China’s Jiangsu province. The material is used in aerospace and other applications. The Chinese government is frustrated with Mr. Trump’s threats to impose tariffs on $150 billion in Chinese goods.

在中国江苏省连云港的生产线上生产碳纤维的工人。该材料被用于航空航天和其他应用。中国对特朗普要对1500亿美元的中国商品征收关税感到失望。

By contrast, many trade lawyers, lawmakers on both sides of the aisle and Mr. Trump contend that the trade deficit stems to a large extent from unfair practices, including cheap loans by state-controlled banks to exporters.

与此形成反差的是，许多贸易律师、两党议员和特朗普认为，贸易逆差在很大程度上源于不公平的做法，包括中国的国有银行向出口商提供低息贷款。

China is ready to discuss shrinking the $375 billion annual trade deficit. But it wants to do so by buying more high-tech American goods. Washington has long blocked such deals because of concerns that they may have military value. China is also willing to buy more oil, natural gas, coal and other goods from the United States, and to help finance the extra pipelines and other infrastructure that would be needed to move them to China.

中国已经准备好对如何缩小每年3750亿美元的贸易赤字展开磋商。但它希望通过购买更多的美国高科技产品来实现这一目标。长期以来，华盛顿一直阻止此类交易的进行，因为它担心它们可能具有军事价值。中国还愿意从美国购买更多的石油、天然气、煤炭和其他商品，并为管道和其他基础设施的建造提供资金，以便将它们运输到中国。

A senior Chinese government official said that Beijing is unwilling to negotiate with the United States on any curbs on Made in China 2025, which includes large-scale government assistance to favored industries in advanced-technology manufacturing. China perceives the American demands as an attempt to stop China’s economic development and technological progress, the senior Chinese official said.

中国不愿就限制“中国制造2025”与美国展开任何谈判，这些限制措施中就包括向受青睐的先进技术制造业提供大规模的政府援助。中国认为美国的要求是为了阻止中国的经济发展和技术进步。

Germany and other countries also have industrial policies, and the United States has not obxted to them, he added. American and European officials have argued that those policies elsewhere are much narrower and less ambitious.

德国和其他国家也有相应的产业政策，而美国并没有表示反对。美国和欧洲官员认为，其他地方的政策的适用范围要狭窄得多，也没有那么野心勃勃。

Other advisers and officials said that the United States had misunderstood the Made in China 2025 industrial policy. They expressed hope that it might be possible to resolve differences by explaining the program better and making very small tweaks to it — a stance that still may not appease the Trump administration.

美国误解了中国制造2025的产业政策。他们表示，希望通过更好地解释这个项目，并对其进行细微的调整来解决分歧，这一立场可能无法安抚特朗普政府。

The Chinese government is not simply throwing money, land and other resources to favored industries like robotics, artificial intelligence, semiconductors and aircraft manufacturing, they said. China is engaged instead, they contended, in a carefully thought-out program that measures potential profits for each dollar of investment. So China’s program bears some resemblance, they said, to private sector investment programs in the West.

他们表示，中国并不是简单地把钱、土地和其他资源投向像机器人、人工智能、半导体和飞机制造业这样的行业。他们认为，中国正在进行一项深思熟虑的计划，该计划衡量每一美元投资的潜在利润。因此，他们说，中国的这一项目与西方私营部门的投资项目有一些相似之处。

Tsinghua University’s new Academic Center for Chinese Economic Practice and Thinking organized the seminar, which was held at Tsinghua and two other venues in western Beijing.

清华大学的中国经济实践与思维新学术中心组织了这次研讨会，研讨会在清华和北京西部的另外两个场馆举行。

In some respects, the hard stance struck by Chinese officials reflects a hardening of public attitudes in China.

在某些方面，中国的强硬立场反映出中国公众的强硬态度。

In mid-April, the United States barred American companies from selling their wares to a Chinese telecom equipment maker, ZTE. The move is seen as potentially crippling to the Chinese company, which needs American chips and software to power the smartphones and equipment it sells around the world.

4月中旬，美国禁止美国公司向中国电信设备制造商中兴通讯出售产品。此举被视为可能将对这家中国公司造成严重影响。这家中国公司需要美国的芯片和软件来为其在全球销售的智能手机和设备提供支撑。

Washington officials cited ZTE’s repeated violations of sanctions against Iran and North Korea, but many in China saw it as a reminder by the United States that sizable sectors of the Chinese economy still rely on American-made goods. Much of the Made in China 2025 policy is aimed at reducing that dependence.

华盛顿方面的官员表示，中兴一再违反美国对伊朗和朝鲜实施制裁的规定，但许多中国人认为，这只是美国做出的一个提醒，即中国经济的相当大一部分仍依赖于美国制造的商品。中国制造2025的大部分目标是减少这种依赖。

The ZTE case “has changed a lot of Chinese people’s opinion,” said Mr. Ruan, of the China Institute of International Studies. “In the past, people saw us as interdependent.”

中国国际问题研究所的阮先生指出，中兴一案“改变了很多中国人的观点。在过去，人们认为我们是相互依存的”。

Kevin
Americans are addicted to cheap consumer goods that are mostly made in China...that’s why we have a large trade deficit.

美国人对廉价消费品上瘾了，而这些消费品大多是在中国制造的。这就是为什么我们有巨大的贸易逆差。

It’s really no more complicated than that.

原因真的没有那么复杂。

phil
It's more because Chinese are savers, they only spend 3/5 of what they earn. Americans are spenders; most save nothing.

更重要的是中国人是储蓄者，他们只会花掉五分之三的钱。美国人则是挥霍者；大部分人省不下什么钱。

Vik
China is a trade monster we created. This should have been dealt with earlier, probably in the 90s, 2000s or in the Obama years. All the past presidents are to blame, Clinton most of all, as he had no long term vision. Bush was too busy with 911 and the ensuing wars. Obama did nothing. We cannot, however, take the approach today that it’s too late so we should do nothing. I applaud Trump for having brought this issue to the forefront. It will only get worse if we don’t fight back now and then we truly will be able to do nothing. This is the same thing as nuclear proliferation by Iran and North Korea. If you keep kicking the can, as past presidents have, we end up on the brink of nuclear war. These are not Trump’s creations but Clinton’s Bush’s and Obama’s. Thank goodness we have a president with the strength to take these issues on with courage.

中国是我们创造的贸易怪物。应该早一些实施这些行动，可能是在20世纪90年代，2000年，或者奥巴马执政时期。所有的前任总统都应该遭受职责，尤其是克林顿，因为他不具备长远的眼光。布什忙于应付911事件和随后的战争。奥巴马也没有采取任何行动。然而，我们今天却不能采取这样的做法，因为现在已经为时过晚了，所以我们什么也不应该做。我赞赏特朗普把这个问题放到台面上来。如果我们现在不反击，情况只会变得更糟，我们真的什么也做不了。这和伊朗和朝鲜的核扩散问题是一样的。如果你继续像过去的总统那样虚与委蛇，我们就会陷入核战争的边缘。这些不是特朗普的杰作，而是克林顿、布什和奥巴马的杰作。谢天谢地，我们现在有了一位拥有足够的勇气来解决这些问题的总统。

China sells us 3-4 times the amount of goods as they buy from us. We have to use whatever leverage we have over them NOW. It is stupid to hide behind this pacifist shield of “trade war is bad.”

中国向我们出售的商品数量是我们出售给他们的3到4倍。我们现在必须利用我们对他们的任何影响力。隐藏在“贸易战是糟糕的”这一和平主义的庇护所之后是愚蠢的。

Kagetora
What on earth makes Trump think that the Unites States has any right whatsoever to tell China how t should manage its own economy? If China wants to invest in advanced technologies, is their own internal decision. If the US doesn't like it, then we should make sure that our own policies ensure our technological edge. The Chinese have for decades been pursuing a strategy of increasing education, directly investing in technology, building up of infrastructure, and have a tax system that ensures that their government never runs out of money. China is one of the most heavily taxed nations on earth, but contrary to Republican dogma their economy is exploding, much like ours did when Bill Clinton raised taxes. Our government, on the other hand, rejects science, invests in nothing but military hardware, is focused on coal and steel, does everything in its power to destroy our education system (culminating with the appointment of Betsy Devos), and has a tax system that is designed ensure long term bankruptcy by barely taxing corporations and the ultra rich, and constantly borrowing money to make up the shortfall. The way to deal with China is by upping our game and competing at their level. Instead, we elect presidents who are mentally incompetent, double down on the same failed policies, and now have the nerve to tell China to stop developing because we are afraid they are doing too well. To use Trump's limited vocabulary, its a disgrace.

到底是什么让特朗普认为美国有任何权利告诉中国应该如何治理自己的经济？如果中国想要投资于先进技术，那就是他们自己的内部决定。如果美国不喜欢它，那么我们应该确保我们自己的政策能够保持我们的技术优势。几十年来，中国人一直在推行一种发展教育、直接投资于技术领域、建设基础设施、建立税收制度的战略，以确保他们的政府永远不会耗尽资金。中国是世界上税收最沉重的国家之一，但与共和党的无端观念所认为的相反，中国的经济正在经历爆炸式的增长，就像我们在比尔·克林顿提高税收时期所经历的那样。另一方面，我们的政府却拒绝投资科学，它只将资金投入到军事装备中去，重点还有煤炭和钢铁行业，并用尽一切的力量来摧毁我们的教育系统(最终以任命贝特西·德沃斯为教育部长而达到高潮)，并且它的税收系统的目的是不对企业和超级富豪征税，而是通过不断拆借资金弥补差额来确保政府在长时间内的破产状态。对付中国的方法是提高我们的玩游戏水平，并在他们的层次上展开竞争。相反，我们选举出来的那些精神上无能的总统却在同样失败的政策上加倍下注，现在他却有勇气告诉中国你得停止发展，因为我们担心你做得太好了。套用特朗普贫乏的词汇来说，这是一种耻辱。

David
And which country holds the the most treasury bonds and thus America's debt ?

哪个国家持有最多的美国财务部债券和债务？

CHINA ! (from the information I received - correct me if I'm wrong)

是中国！（根据我所获知的信息，是这样的——如果我错了，请纠正我）

Robert
Some things do tell all of us how we may or may not manage our economies. WTO rules, for instance, or the trade pacts. They also tell all of us how we may respond should we believe that another country is not playing by the rules. The funny thing is, Trump wants to leave the trade organizations and trade pacts. Without them, he really does have no right or mechanism for telling them what to do. Moreover, our trade agreements with countries other than China give us considerable leverage vis-a-vis China, but Trump wants to leave those, also.

有些事情确实能够教会我们，我们应该如何或不应该如何去管理我们的经济。例如，世贸组织的规则，或者贸易协定。它们还教会我们，如果我们相信另一个国家没有遵守规则，我们应该如何应对。有趣的是，特朗普想要摆脱贸易组织和贸易协定。没有它们，他真的没有权利或机制来告诉他们该做什么了。此外，我们与中国以外的国家之间的贸易协定给了我们面对中国时的巨大影响力，但特朗普却也想摆脱这些国家。

Kagetora
You are correct. And the reason is that they have the cash to do it. China is focused on developing its 21st century economy. The way they do it is by making sure that they collect enough taxes to fund what they need to do and investing it where they need to to continue their expansion. We on the other hand are focused time travel back to the 1950's.

你是对的。原因是他们有足够的现金来做这件事。中国正专注于发展它的21世纪经济。他们达成这一目的的方式是确保他们征集到足够的税收来为他们需要做的事情提供资金，并将其投资到他们需要的地方，继续扩张。另一方面，我们的注意力却集中回到1950年代这件事上。