中国法家的复兴 [美国媒体]

-------------译者：布拉格鸽子蛋-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------



HOW DOES culture shape politics? In her classic book Strategic Intelligence and Statecraft, Adda B. Bozeman argues that “American citizens must be fully aware of non-American approaches to statecraft if they are to render informed judgments on the merits or demerits of their own government’s foreign policies . . . ” Her study amounts to a cogent call for cultural realism, a realism that entails an effort to understand the political cultures of our allies and adversaries and how those cultures might influence their internal and external behavior. This is a vital enterprise now as Western political ideas have been largely discredited, or at least are in significant decline, in much of Asia, the Middle East and Africa. The response has been a resurgence of ancient, indigenous political ideas and movements now redefined in modern terms. The cataclysmic rise of political Islam in the Middle East is clear to all. Equally consequential over the long term are an emerging national Hinduism in India and the reassertion of Great Russian power in Moscow and Eastern Europe.

文化如何塑造政治？在阿达·波兹曼所着的《战略情报和治国之道》经典一书中，她认为“如果想对本国政府的外交政策进行优缺点的判断，那么美国公民必须充分了解其他国家的治国方法。”她的研究有力地号召文化现实主义，该主义需要我们努力去理解盟友和敌人的政治文化，以及这些文化如何影响他们的内部和外部行为。由于西方政治思想在大部分的亚洲国家、中东和非洲已然名誉扫地，或至少明显下降，因此文化现实主义成为一项重要的事业。文化现实主义是用现代术语对古代本土政治思想和运动的复兴进行的重新定义。中东地区伊斯兰政治的灾难性崛起有目共睹，长期来看，同样重要的是印度的国家印度教以及大俄罗斯势力在莫斯科和东欧的形成。

 -------------译者：布拉格鸽子蛋-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

In East Asia, the major question is China. There are many factions in the Chinese political debate: New Left intellectuals, neo-Maoists, Westernized reformist liberals, nationalists and militarists. There is also a great deal of talk of a “New Confucianism” promoted in Chinese official discourse as a form of soft authoritarianism that emphasizes harmony, stability, benevolence and avoidance of conflict.

东亚的主要问题是中国。在中国的政治辩论中存在着很多派系：新左派知识分子、新毛派、西化的改革自由派、民族主义者和军国主义者。除此之外，中国的官方话语中还有大量的“新儒学主义”，这是一种软权威主义，强调和谐，稳定，仁爱和避免冲突。
 -------------译者：Juventus-审核者：Juventus------------

Recent trends in Chinese politics, however, argue for a new look at an ancient political philosophy that has never been far from the center of Chinese political thought and practice—Legalism. Indeed, we are now seeing a resurgence of Legalist discourse and methods in the presidency of Xi Jinping. Journalists have reported on Xi’s fondness for the Chinese classics, including the Legalist writers. But much more significant signs of a move toward a modernized Legalism are clearly evident in recent CCP Central Committee communiqués, internal CCP documents leaked or discussed in the press, and in the speeches of Xi Jinping collected in his book The Governance of China.

然而，最近中国政治中出现了一种趋势，即要求人们重新审视法家这种从未远离中国政治思想和实践中心的古代政治哲学。确实，在习大大上任期间，我们看到了法家思想和方法的复兴。记者们报道说习大大对中国经典的爱好，包括法家作者。但是更加重要的迹象是从中共发表的中央委员会公报和习大大的《中国的治理》一书中我们看到中国在向现代化法家学说靠近。


-------------译者：Juventus-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Thomas Fung
The article does a good job of introducing Legalism. However, rather than saying that it is being revived, it would be better to say that it never went away. Confucianism has been and still is the basis for behavior in Chinese society. Legalism is and always has been the basis for Chinese governance.
Indeed, with their emphasis on concentration of power and intolerance of dissent, Leninism and Legalism constitute a 《天作之合》(i.e. a marriage made in heaven).

这篇文章非常棒的介绍了法家。但是与其说法家正在复兴还不如说法家本来就没有远离。儒家思想一直是中国社会行为的基础，而法家一直都是中国治理的基础。
他们强调权力的集中和对异见者的不宽容，这确实让列宁主义和法家形成了天作之合。

-------------译者：Juventus-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Bankotsu
But the writer did not mention the basic premise of Legalism, which is that the nature of man is evil and thus cannot be reformed. Man can only be controlled under rules and laws, otherwise man will revert to evil.
This point of view has always been a minority view in chinese thinking.
The mainstream view is confucianism which says that man if trained and educated under proper confucianist thought and ethnics, can be a moral man. This is still the core of chinese thought.
There is no revival of legalism.

但是，作者没有提到法家思想的基本前提，那就是人性本恶，而且无法改变。人只能约束在规则和法律下，否则人将变得邪恶。
这一观点一直是中国思想中少部分人的观点。
主流观点是儒家学说，认为一个人如果接受儒家思想和道德的训练和教育，那么就可以成为有道德的人，这仍然是中国思想的核心，法家并没有复兴

-------------译者：Juventus-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Liars N. Fools
See my discussion on Xunzi. He would have preached an admixture of ritual and law to govern. 礼法合治.

去看看我对荀子的论述。荀子会认为应该同时使用礼制和法律来管理国家。礼法合治

ScientistB
Legalism with Confucian clothing, that is always been the case. Confucianism is the sugarcoat, like liberalism. In the end, everybody practices realism. Realism with liberal clothing.

法家一直披上儒家的外衣。儒家是糖衣，就像自由主义那样。最后大家实践的都是现实主义。披上自由主义外衣的现实主义。

Missile
I would hope the CPC can practice Legalism. After 300,000 CPC officials being arrested for graft in 2015, it is currently a practicing Kleptocracy.

我希望GCD能实践法家。2015年中国有30万官员因为腐败而被逮捕，所以中国目前实践的是盗贼统治。

​-------------译者：z8975623-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

doLALAr Land
As opposed to USA where we are a practicing legalized Corruptocracy. Politicians dont go to jail for insider trading. Bribery is legal via speaking fees, etc.
Wall St Fat cats pay a measly fine and walk around free. TARP bailouts are passed without accounting measures etc.

作为对比，咱美国却把腐败合法化。政客们不必因为内部交易而坐牢。通过“演讲费”来贿赂是合法的，等等诸如此类。
华尔街的那些大资本家只需给一点罚款就能够免于坐牢。不良资产救助计划的援助往往不经过审核就能够通过，等等诸如此类。

Missile
300,000?

30万？

doLALAr Land
que?

什么？

Missile
300,000 Chinese arrested for corruption in 2015.

2015年有30万中国人因腐败被逮捕。

doLALAr Land
Freeee John Corzine. Nobody gets arrested for corruption in the USA yet the money is sloshing from pension funds to Wall St pockets or from the Fed to Wall St pockets etc

放了John Corzine！在美国没有人会因腐败而被逮捕！不过联邦储备局和养老基金的钱似乎一不小心就自己跑到了华尔街的口袋里，等等诸如此类。

-------------译者：z8975623-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Timur
Basically there are a few forces at play in China: Confucianism of the heart and moderation. Legalism of the execution on rules. Capitalism in terms of generating wealth. There is some convergence of dialectics and legalism in terms of generating the rules. Except dialectics deals with classification and abstraction and legalism deals with practicality. May be eventually there will be some kind of hybrid system including all of the above.

在中国，大致上有几股思想在展现：主张和谐克制的儒家；主张执行严律的法家；以及以创造财富为主的资本主义思想。辩证法和法家思想在创造秩序方面是有共同点的，不过辩证法在对待分类和抽象化方面以及法家在对待实践方面都各自不一样。或许某天最终会有一个包含以上所有思想的综合思想系统出现吧。

Malaysian Expat
There is also the Zhao family who is above confucianism, legalism and capitalism.
They are the deities.

在中国还有一个凌驾于儒家、法家和资本主义的赵氏家族。
他们是神。

Malaysian Expat
PRC can't differentiate the concept of rule by law vs rule of law. Rule by law is not much different from rule by people.
Without an independent judiciary and legislative mechanism (impossibility with CCP), there will never be rule of law in PRC.

中国区分不了法制和法治。法制和人治并没有什么太大的区别。
没有独立的司法机构和立法机制（有中共在就不可能），中国将永远都不会出现法治。

-------------译者：z8975623-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Bankotsu
But U.S. politics is under oligarchic manipulation.

（回LS）但美国是寡头政治窝。

Malaysian Expat
That's PRC lies.
US politics is under the control of her people, her media, her judiciary, the lobbyists and whistle blowers. A wonderful system of check and balance.
I tell you, it is way better than a few old men meeting once in a while in total secrecy like the mafioso.

（回LS）那是土共说的谎言。
美国政治是由其人民、媒体、司法机构、游说集团以及内部揭秘者共同管治的，这是一个具有自我核查和各方平衡的多么美好的体制制度啊。
瓦嘎你共（闽南语），这个体制制度比几个老头隔一段时间举行一次完全不公开的秘密会谈（就像黑手党一样）好多了。

Bankotsu
Then how come U.S. people despise U.S. political class?

（回LS）哦，照你这么说，那为什么美国民众会如此鄙视美国的统治阶层？

Malaysian Expat
Rightly so and that should be the way.
Only in North Korea and PRC that they idolize their political classes.

（回LS）因为这样才是正确的做法，而且也应该鄙视。
只有在北韩和土共，民众才会如此极端的崇拜统治阶层。（这种辩论思维，本译者已经阵亡）

-------------译者：z8975623-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Bankotsu
It shows that U.S. political class has degenerated and become corrupt and divorced from masses.
U.S. political class is completely corrupt.

（回LS）美国民众如此鄙视他们的统治阶层，这表明美国的统治阶层已经有些倒退了，变得腐败而且脱离群众。
美国的统治阶层是腐败不堪的。

Timur
Who says your definition of rule of law is the best. In the US, the Congress who made the laws have approval ratings around 12%. Nothing gets done. President can say whatever it wants but Congress can disapprove. Paralysis.

谁跟你说的法治就是最好的？在美国，负责立法的国会只有大约12%的民众支持率。这么点支持率有什么卵用。总统虽能畅所欲言，但是国会却能够否决总统的提案，最后政府瘫痪。

-------------译者：龙腾翻译总管-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Malaysian Expat
Then you should start a petition or campaign to change the law.
Independent doesn't mean populist, you moron.

那你应该发起请愿或者运动来改变法律。
不受约束并不意味着民粹主义，你这个傻瓜。

doLALAr Land
Well the USA certainly hasnt had a Constitutional revival in decades perhaps not since the Constitution was signed. Legalism based on the USA Constitution is dead in the USA. Its all about corruption and theft.
Its more like ILLEGALISM in the USA, everyday its lets make something else illegal, or outlaw this drug etc. Anything to box the USA citizen in a corner.

美国已经好几十年都没有过宪法复兴了，可能自宪法签署依赖就没有复兴过。以美国宪法为基础的守法主义已经在美国死去。一切都关乎腐败和盗窃。
在美国更像是非法主义，每天都把某个东西定性为非法，比如毒品非法等等。将美国公众逼入死角。