中国商用电动车独占全球市场 [美国媒体]

译文简介：华尔街日报详细介绍了中国电动车产业的优势，包括取得的成绩和存在的不足，网友的点评也时有亮点，令人印象深刻。

China ‘Is the Only One in the Race’ to Make Electric Buses, Taxis and Trucks

在电动公交车、出租车和卡车生产领域，中国是赛道上的的唯一领跑者

Chinese makers produced 99% of electric buses deployed globally from 2014 to 2017

从2014年到2017年，中国制造商生产了99% 的电动公交车



作者: Trefor Moss
Dec. 3, 2018

SHANGHAI—A national project to replace millions of gasoline-fueled taxis, buses and trucks with new electric models is boosting China’s ambitions to lead the global shift to battery-powered transportation.

上海—一个旨在用新型电动车取代数以百万计的汽油燃料出租车、公共汽车和卡车的国家项目，正在提升中国引领全球向电动交通运输转变的雄心。

Signs of progress can already be found on American—and Chinese—roads in the form of electric buses and vans built by Chinese makers.

在美国和中国的道路上已经可以看到进步的迹象，比如中国制造商生产的电动公交车和面包车。

When it comes to the commercial electric-vehicle market, “China is the only one in the race; it’s all Chinese manufacturers,” said Sandra Retzer, the Beijing-based head of sustainable mobility at the German Agency for International Cooperation, which is working with the Chinese government to develop green transportation.

在商用电动车市场上,"中国是唯一参与竞争的国家，它们都是中国制造商。"德国国际合作署(German Agency for International Cooperation)驻北京的可持续性交通负责人桑德拉 · 雷泽(Sandra Retzer)说，该机构正与中国合作，发展绿色交通。

Electric vehicles are at the heart of Beijing’s Made in China 2025 industrial strategy, which calls for manufacturers to achieve dominance at home and success abroad in critical future technologies. Some Chinese auto makers have emphasized development of commercial electric vehicles because they hope an early lead in the segment could eventually translate into success in the larger passenger market—and having almost no foreign competition at home on the commercial side has helped them build early momentum.

电动汽车是北京中国制造2025产业战略的核心，这一战略要求在未来关键技术上，制造商要在国内占据主导地位，并在海外取得成功。 一些中国汽车制造商一直强调发展商用电动车，因为他们希望该领域的早期领先地位能够最终转化为在规模更大的乘用车市场上的成功-在国内商用车领域几乎没有外国汽车制造商的竞争，这帮助他们形成了早期的发展势头。（译者注：乘用车主要指包括驾驶员座位在内最多不超过9个座位的车，商用车则包含了所有的载货汽车和9座以上的客车）

China also is forging ahead in its adoption of electric passenger cars: 746,000 were sold in the country in the January-to-October period, compared with 114,000 commercial electric vehicles. But while adoption of passenger electric vehicles largely depends on consumer demand, in the commercial space, Chinese authorities and state-run transportation firms can drive uptake.

中国在电动乘用车方面也取得了进展: 1月至10月期间，中国售出74.6万辆电动乘用车，而商用电动车售出11.4万辆。 尽管乘用电动车的使用在很大程度上取决于消费者需求，但在商用车领域，中国和国营运输公司可以推动消费者的增长。

In China’s southern tech hub of Shenzhen, for example, all buses and taxis will be electric by the end of this year, with generous subsidies helping drive the switch. An e-bus manufacturer receives up to $25,900 in incentives per vehicle sold. China spent more than $48 billion subsidizing electric vehicles from 2009 to 2017, according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a U.S. think tank, though subsidies are set to end in 2020.

例如在中国南方的科技中心深圳，到今年年底，所有的公交车和出租车都将变为电力驱动，政府还将提供丰厚的补贴，帮助推动这一转变。 一家电动公交车制造商每售出一辆车可以获得最高25900美元的补贴。 根据美国智库战略与国际研究中心的数据，从2009年到2017年，中国在补贴电动汽车上花费了超过480亿美元，尽管补贴将在2020年结束。

In November, the northeast city of Dalian became the latest to try to move away from gasoline: By 2020, only electric buses and e-taxis will run in central boroughs, with the restrictions spreading to suburban areas later. Dalian followed other cities already implementing a central-government plan for China’s major cities to switch their public fleets to electrics by 2020.

去年11月，东北的大连成为最新一个试图远离汽油的城市: 到2020年，将只有电动公交车和电动出租车在市中心运行，限制措施稍后将扩展到郊区。 其他城市也纷纷效仿大连，中央政府计划在中国主要城市实施一项计划，到2020年将公共汽车改为电动汽车。

To meet the government-created demand, Chinese makers produced 358,000 e-buses from 2014 to 2017, according to Shanghai research consulting firm Automotive Foresight, equivalent to half the country’s urban bus fleet—and 99% of all electric buses deployed globally. Big urban transit contracts are providing a windfall for local manufacturers which, in contrast with the passenger-car market, face almost no foreign competition. In July, for example, Guangzhou ordered 4,810 electric buses worth $795 million, mostly from BYD Co.

上海研究咨询公司 Automotive Foresight 的数据显示，为了满足政府创造的需求，中国制造商从2014年到2017年生产了35.8万辆电动公交车，相当于中国城市公交车队的一半，占全球所有电动公交车的99% ，大型城市交通合同为当地制造商提供了一笔意外之财。与乘用车市场形成对比的是，当地制造商在商用车领域几乎没有外国竞争者。 例如，今年7月，广州订购了4810辆电动公交车，价值7.95亿美元，其中大部分来自比亚迪公司。

Companies that operate vehicle fleets are making similar purchases. In May, state-owned China Post Group said it would stop procuring gasoline vehicles for its vast urban delivery network and buy only electrics from 2020.

经营车队的公司也在进行类似的采购。 今年5月，国有企业中国邮政集团表示，将停止为其庞大的城市配送网络采购汽油车辆，从2020年起只购买电动车。

The prospect of huge contracts has encouraged some local passenger-car makers to diversify, among them Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., which launched commercial-electric-vehicle subsidiary Yuan Cheng in 2016. It has sold 6,000 electric trucks and buses over the past year, a company spokesman said.

巨额合同的前景促使一些当地乘用车制造商进行多样化经营，其中包括浙江吉利汽车公司，该公司于2016年推出了商用电动车子公司远成。 一位公司发言人说，在过去的一年里，公司已经售出了6000辆电动卡车和公交车。

Foreign orders are giving Chinese electric-vehicle makers a critical foothold in international markets, arguably vindicating Beijing’s costly efforts to support them. London’s famous black taxicab is now built by another Geely subsidiary, London EV Co., while the city’s newest red double-decker buses are electric models supplied by BYD.

国外订单使中国电动车制造商在国际市场上获得了关键的立足点，这可以说证明了中国所取得的成效，（虽然）支持它们代价高昂。 伦敦着名的黑色出租车目前由吉利的另一家子公司伦敦电动车公司(London EV co.)制造，而伦敦最新的红色双层公交车则由比亚迪(BYD)提供。

BYD has sold electric buses and taxis in roughly 50 countries. It has an e-bus plant in Lancaster, Calif., and has sold 750 buses to U.S. customers.

比亚迪在大约50个国家销售电动公共汽车和出租车。 该公司在加利福尼亚州兰开斯特有一家电动公交车工厂，已经向美国客户销售了750辆公交车。

Chiefly a maker of passenger cars, BYD views commercial sales as a steppingstone to future sales of passenger electric vehicles. Unlike the cutthroat passenger-car business, “the competition in commercial vehicles in the overseas market is not so strong,” said a company spokeswoman.

作为一家主要的乘用车制造商，比亚迪将商用车销售视为未来乘用电动车销售的跳板。 与竞争激烈的乘用车业务不同,"海外市场的商用车竞争没有那么激烈,"该公司发言人表示。

U.S. companies are also buying Chinese electric vehicles. In November, FedEx Corp. said it would add 1,000 electric delivery trucks built by Hangzhou-based manufacturer FDG Electric Vehicles Ltd. to its fleet in California.

美国公司也在购买中国的电动汽车。 去年11月，联邦快递(FedEx)表示，将在加利福尼亚州的车队中增加1000辆电动货车，这些电动货车由总部位于杭州的制造商FDG电动车公司生产。

The Chinese makers’ early lead might not last, however. Foreign commercial-vehicle brands, such as Volkswagen AG’s Scania AB and Volvo AB, dominate high-value sales of gas-powered trucks and vans in China, and most are developing electric models for sale in the country. Nissan Motor Co. already produces electric trucks with its local partner Dongfeng Motor, while a new joint venture between Renault SA and local auto maker Brilliance China Automotive Holdings Ltd. aims to launch three light commercial-electric-vehicle models by 2020.

然而，中国制造商的早期领先优势可能不会持续太久。 大众(Volkswagen AG)旗下的斯堪尼亚(Scania AB)和沃尔沃(Volvo)等外国商用车品牌，在中国的高价值汽油动力卡车和货车销售市场占据主导地位，而且多数品牌都在开发待售的电动车型。 日产汽车公司(Nissan Motor co.)已经与当地合作伙伴东风汽车公司共同生产电动卡车，而雷诺(Renault SA)与当地汽车制造商华晨中国汽车控股有限公司(brilliancechina Automotive Holdings ltd.)组建的一家新合资公司，计划在2020年前推出3款轻型商用电动车。

Meanwhile, both foreign and local auto makers are lining up to develop next-generation electric taxis for China’s massive ride-sharing sector. Earlier this year, the country’s dominant ride-sharing player Didi Chuxing Technology Co. announced it had signed up 31 partners, including the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance, Toyota Motor Corp. and Volkswagen to produce purpose-built electric vehicles for its platform.

与此同时，国内外汽车制造商都在争相开发下一代电动出租车，以满足中国庞大的共享出行行业的需求。 今年早些时候，中国共享出行行业的主导者滴滴出行技术有限公司宣布与31家合作伙伴签约，包括雷诺-日产-三菱联盟、丰田汽车公司和大众汽车公司，为其平台生产专用电动汽车。

The foreigners playing catch-up have reputation on their side, said Qian Xu, head of consulting firm AlixPartners’ automotive practice in China. Chinese makers of commercial electric vehicles have been beset with customer complaints about reliability, Mr. Xu said, giving foreign auto makers a chance to overhaul China’s early lead.

咨询公司艾睿铂(AlixPartners)中国汽车业务负责人许谦(音译)表示，这些追赶中国市场的外国公司有自己的口碑。 许先生说，中国的商用电动车制造商一直被消费者对可靠性的抱怨所困扰，这给了外国汽车制造商一个改变中国领先地位的机会。


Eddie Bustamante
While in the US, Trump is pushing for his new invention, a coal-powered automobile with no seat belts, and a HUGE chimney so that he can drive on his golf courses.

然而在美国，特朗普正推动他的新发明，一种没有安全带的煤炭动力汽车，还有一个巨大的烟囱，这样他就可以在高尔夫球场上开车了。

Also in the US, we have half of WSJ commenters trying to short the greatest example of American enterprise ingenuity, Tesla and all the haters are really mad that Tesla keeps making great cars.

同样在美国，有一半的《华尔街日报》评论家试图指摘美国企业创造力的伟大典范-特斯拉，所有憎恨特斯拉的人都疯了，因为特斯拉一直在制造伟大的汽车。

Frank Dickof
Eddie, when the electricity for charging these batteries comes from renewable sources then we can talk, until then these vehicles are overwhelmingly powered by coal and natural gas......THEY ARE NOT GREEN AND NOT EMISSION FREE. The fact of the matter is we are decades, if ever, from the point that renewables can power a modern society like the US. That's a fact.

Eddie，到充电电力来自可再生能源的时候，那么我们可以谈谈，在这之前，这些车辆还不可避免由煤炭和天然气驱动... 它们不是绿色的，也不是无排放的。 事实上，像美国这样的现代社会要想全靠可再生能源提供运转，即使能实现的话，我们距离这个目标也还有几十年的时间。 这是事实。

Kevin Coates
Actually, electric vehicles represent the energy storage solution for wind and solar electricity generation. Contrary to your belief system, this is happening now in real time and will happen faster than you can imagine. As it is, wind and solar electricity generation are now economically viable and are increasingly displacing fossil fuel electricity generation in the U.S. And, this is a fact! I know, because this is my sandbox.

实际上，电动汽车代表解决了风能和太阳能发电的储能方案。 与你想的相反，这正在实时发生，而且会比你想象的发生得更快。 实际上，风能和太阳能发电在经济上是可行的，并且正在逐渐取代美国的化石燃料发电。这是一个事实！ 我知道，因为这是我验证过的。

ALAN LANCTOT
Tell us more Kevin..

Kevin,跟我们多说说..

Susan Kraemer
True, solar is contracted to utilities for under 3 cents per kWh now. You can see why.

对的，现在太阳能以低于3美分每千瓦时的价格被承包给公用事业。 你可以看出为什么。

It is a lot cheaper to just mount thousands of simple identical panels on open land than to build a huge thermal power plant with its gigantic machinery (steam generators alone can be the size of 747s!) and all of these parts can need repairs and truck trainloads of coal in every day.

在平地上安装几千块简单的相同的太阳能板，要比建造一座拥有庞大机械装置的大型火力发电厂便宜得多(仅蒸汽发电机就可以达到747飞机的尺寸!) 所有这些零件都需要维修，每天卡车运送大量的煤炭。

All that complexity costs far more to build, this is why no new coal plants have been built, and utility-scale PV is now cheaper than gas plants as well.

所有这些复杂设备的建设成本要高得多，这就是为什么没有新的燃煤电厂建成，而公用事业规模的光伏电厂现在比天然气电厂更便宜。

Google "LAZARD 2018 LCOE" to see costs of various energy options now - after solar's first decade.

搜索"LAZARD 2018 LCOE"就能看到太阳能第一个十年后各种能源选择的成本。

ALAN LANCTOT
Frankie....my Tesla is charged by a solar panel on my garage roof that charges a solar battery in my garage which allows for my Tesla to be charged day or night.....you need to come out of the Dark Ages....

Frankie....我的特斯拉汽车是通过我车库顶上的太阳能电池板充电的，车库里的太阳能电池可以让我的特斯拉汽车不分昼夜地充电... ... 你需要走出黑暗时代... ..。

Sanvordenker
So you spent $100K to save $1000 in fuel annually. What a bargain.

所以你花了10万美元来节省每年1000美元的燃料费。 真划算。

Susan Kraemer
Then it's time to talk, Frank. Only 5 states now run mostly coal.

是时候谈谈了，Frank。 现在只有5个州主要靠煤炭供能。

California runs the world's fifth-largest economy on 40% renewables ahead of the 33% by 2020 RES requirement, 2 years early.

加利福尼亚是世界第五大经济体，40% 来源于可再生能源，提前两年达到了2020年的可再生能源比例33%的目标。

(Another 30% comes from hydro and nuclear that are also zero emissions, though not counted in the RPS, in real life this = 70% zero emissions)

(另外30% 来自水能和核能，也是零排放，虽然没有计入 RPS，但在现实生活中这70% 是零排放)

States just need to ratchet up the renewable requirements again. These started in around 2008, and that got us this far in 10 years.

各州只需再次提高可再生能源的目标。 这些工作开始于2008年左右，我们在10年内走了这么远。

Result, with that more deployment, solar and wind are now the cheapest and fastest new energy to build, so NO new coal is getting built, and solar and wind are the #1 and #2 new power coming online. Gas is #3.

结果就是，随着更多的部署，新建太阳能和风能现在是最便宜和最快的，所以没有建设新的煤炭产能，太阳能和风能是排第一和第二位的新建能源。 汽油排第三。

even if you run EVs with coal, thats less CO2 than gas powered cars, as it's only the power station emitting, not the EV.

即使你用煤来驱动电动汽车，二氧化碳的排放量也比汽油驱动的汽车要少，因为电动汽车把排放放在发电站环节，而不是电动汽车（行驶的时候）。
With gasoline, you emit twice, once to make it, once to burn it

但汽油，你有两次排放，一次是制造汽油的时候，一次是燃烧汽油的时候

Thomas Thackeray
This comment is so stupid it is impressive. No one prefers coal as the best option, but coal plants and the coal business shouldn't be artificially destroyed by environmental regulations.

这个评论是如此愚蠢，令人印象深刻。 没有人认为煤炭是最好的选择，但是煤电厂和煤炭企业不应该被环境法规人为地破坏。

Michael Lubes
I have an idea. The U.S. should put huge tariffs on Chinese EVs, and then force them to 'partner' with a U.S. company to produce EVs in the U.S. Then the U.S. company could rip off the Chinese EV technology and start selling the EVs on their own.

我有个主意。 美国应该对中国的电动汽车征收高额关税，然后迫使他们与一家美国公司合作在美国生产电动汽车。 然后，美国公司可以抄袭中国的电动汽车技术，开始销售自己的电动汽车。

Sound terrible? That's the Chinese model!

听起来很糟糕？ 这就是中国模式！

Thomas Overton
China is doing this for one reason and one reason only. And it makes complete sense from their point of view. Energy Security. They have plenty of coal, nuclear resources, etc. But their Achilles heel at the moment is oil - imported oil from the Middle East that could be stopped with a simple blockade in either the Straits of Hormuz or the Singapore Straits.

中国这样做只有一个原因。 从他们的角度来看，这是完全有道理的。 能源安全。 他们有大量的煤、核资源等。 但他们目前的致命弱点是，只要对霍尔木兹海峡或新加坡海峡实施简单的封锁，就可以阻止来自中东的石油进口。

It is not about the environment (although a nice byproduct), but about national security. I don't blame them, I'd be advocating the same.

这不是环境问题(尽管是一个不错的副产品) ，而是国家安全问题。 我不怪他们，我也会这么做的。

Susan Kraemer
What really great news. China does it right on renewables. Always been the world leader in hydropower, in the last 5 years it has also taken world leadership in solar and wind investment and deployment and of course has been the world leader in solar manufacturing since 2006.

多好的消息啊。 中国在可再生能源方面做得很对。 一直是世界水电领域的领头羊，在过去5年中，它还在太阳能和风能的投资和部署方面取得了世界领先地位，当然，自2006年以来，它也一直是世界太阳能制造业的领头羊。

If only the US would adopt a comparable ban on fossil fueled energy combinedwith funding to manufacturers to switch to replacements like EVs and hydrogen fuel cells -- only if the H2 is not dirty hydrogen made from fossil fuels but is a new technology; split from H2O via wind or solar energy.

如果美国能够采取一项针对化石燃料能源的相应禁令，同时为制造商提供资金，转而采用电动汽车和氢燃料电池来替代（传统能源），当然氢不能用传统化石燃料生产，得通过太阳能或者风能电解水来获取，那该多好。
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