美版知乎：为什么全世界有一半的商品是中国制造

Why is half of everything made in China?

为什么全世界有一半的商品都是中国制造？

以下是Quora读者的评论：

Momen Gola, lifelong learner

First let me correct an assumption in the question, China does not produce half of everything in the world. According to data published by the United Nations Statistics Division, about 28% of global manufacturing output is in China.

That puts the country more than 10 percentage points ahead of the US, which used to have the world’s largest manufacturing sector until China overtook it a decade ago in 2010. Overall, China, US, and Japan combined comprise about 52% of the world's manufacturing output..

Now, why is that?

The reason is that China’s manufacturing accounted for nearly 30% of the country’s total economic output, with a total value added by its manufacturing sector amounting to almost $4 trillion in 2018.

On the other hand, the US economy is much less reliant on manufacturing these days, for example in 2018, the manufacturing sector in the US accounted for just 11% of its GDP.

首先让我纠正这个问题中的一个假设，中国并没有生产全世界一半的商品。根据联合国统计司公布的数据，全球的制造业产出中有28%左右在中国。

这使该国领先美国10个百分点以上。在2010年中国超过美国之前，美国的制造业规模一直是世界上最大的。总体而言，中国、美国和日本的制造业总产值约占全球的52%。

为什么呢？

原因是，中国制造业占全国经济总产值的近30%，2018年制造业增加值近4万亿美元。

另一方面，如今美国经济对制造业的依赖性大大降低，例如在2018年，美国制造业仅占其GDP的11%。

 

Boon Kuan Chung, Professor at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (2008-present)

Chinese are able, willing and ready to make almost everything. They are hungry. China has 1.4 billion people. There are almost no hard-core poor due to aggressive efforts in eradication of poverty. However, most people are still poor in the sense that they earn above $2 a day but not much. Fortunately, the government provides subsidies for housing, school, healthcare and other basic needs.

Because they are poor, they are very willing to do almost any work and they work very hard, partly due to the sense of responsibility and partly because they fear losing their jobs. They work 9 am to 6 pm every day and 6 days a week (they call it “966"). They will grab any available opportunity and willing to deliver exceedingly good quality at lower prices. It's hard for multinational corporations not to give them the business. If you are not ultra-nationalistic, and these Chinese subcontractors are your friends, and they are really hungry for your business, why wouldn't you give it to them?

Hungry for business alone is not enough. Chinese are ready to deliver. Imagine if you have a small factory and you have the necessary skills to manufacture parts and components for a multinational corporation. However, the infrastructure and supply chain don't work for you. You will have problems delivering.

If you are willing and ready, but you don't have the knowledge and skills to do the work, you will not be able to make the things which your customers want. China has produced so many high-quality STEM graduates. There's a famous saying among the graduates which goes like this: getting out of university means going out of job (毕业既失业). Many can't find jobs. That means there is a big pool of high-quality STEM graduates for companies to select.

中国人有能力、有意愿并愿意制造几乎所有的东西。他们挨过饿。中国有14亿人口。由于在消除贫穷方面的积极努力，几乎没有核心贫困人口。然而，大多数人仍然贫穷，虽然他们每天的收入超过2美元，但并不够用。幸运的是，政府为住房、学校、医疗和其他基本需求提供了补贴。

因为他们很穷，所以什么工作都愿意做，而且他们工作非常努力，一部分是因为他们有责任感，一部分是因为他们害怕失去工作。他们每天从上午9点工作到下午6点，每周6天（他们称之为“966”）。他们会抓住一切机会，愿意以更低的价格提供非常好的质量。跨国公司很难拒绝把生意交给他们。如果你不是极端民族主义者，这些中国分包商就是你的朋友，他们真的很渴望你的生意，你为什么不给他们呢？

仅仅渴望生意是不够的。中国人已经做好了运输的准备。想象一下，如果你有一个小工厂，也有必要的技术为跨国公司制造零部件。但基础设施和供应链不能匹配。你就会面临运输的困难。

如果你愿意并且准备好了，但是你没有做这项工作的知识和技能，你就不能制造客户想要的东西。中国培养了这么多高素质的STEM毕业生。毕业生中有句名言是这样说的：毕业即失业。很多人找不到工作。这意味着有一大批高素质的STEM毕业生供公司挑选。

Many SEA countries will have difficulty to compete with China. Like in my country, it's hard to find good STEM graduates; the complacent culture can't produce many graduates who are better than the average-quality Chinese STEM graduates. Furthermore, the really good graduates would find better jobs in China or other developed countries.

My people are as poor as Chinese, but are not so willing to work; partly due to the complacent culture and partly because of government welfare. They don't like 3D jobs: dangerous, dirty and difficult.

Some people are able and willing to work. However, they are not ready. A lot of essential supports are lacking. Nobody are ready to take the risk and start investing, except in low-risk businesses.

Able, willing and ready are three essential elements for success. In Sun Zi Arts of War, it is known as: Dao, Heaven, Earth, Leader, and System. You need to have the right Culture, Time, Place, People and Management to win in any competition. We only have ourselves to blame for losing the game.

许多东南亚国家难以与中国竞争。跟在我的国家一样，优秀的STEM毕业生很难找；盲目自大的文化无法培养出比中国STEM毕业生平均质量更好的毕业生。此外，真正优秀的毕业生会在中国或其他发达国家找到更好的工作。

我的同胞和中国人一样穷，但他们不愿意工作；一部分是因为自满的文化，一部分是因为政府的福利。他们不喜欢的工作有3种：危险的、肮脏的和困难的。

有些人有才能也愿意工作。但是，他们还没有做好准备。缺乏许多必要的支持。除了低风险的生意，没有人愿意承担风险，进行投资。

有能力、有意愿和有准备是成功的三个基本要素。在孙子兵法中，它被称为：道、天、地、主、制。你需要有正确的文化、时间、地点、人员和管理才能在任何竞争中获胜。我们输掉比赛只能怪自己。

 

David Miller, former Entrepreneur and Company Co-founder

False assertion.

“Half” of everything is a made-up claim with no basis in fact, but China is indeed a manufacturing giant, and that is driven primarily by price. If your manufacturing cost for an umbrella is $18 in the US and $1.04 in China, it’s easy to see why. There are few reasons to manufacture umbrellas in the US since in order to make a profit, they’d have to sell at several times more than the cost of those manufactured in China.

But price isn’t everything. For some items, quality is more important than price. For other items such as food, “freshness” matters, and that can’t easily be done if these items must spend a month on a ship before arriving in the US.

Other items are simply too big to produce and ship from China. You don’t see SpaceX’s rockets being shipped from China for instance, nor Boeing’s planes.

这是错误的断言。

这个“一半”的比例是捏造出来的，没有事实根据，但中国确实是一个制造业巨头，而这主要是由价格推动的。如果你的伞在美国的制造成本是18美元，在中国只需1.04美元，这就很容易理解为什么了。人们没有理由在美国生产雨伞，因为为了盈利，雨伞的售价必须比在中国生产的雨伞高出几倍。

但价格并非一切。对某些商品来说，质量比价格更重要。对于食品等其他物品，“新鲜度”很重要，如果这些物品在抵达美国前必须在船上呆上一个月，应该没多少人愿意选择吧。

其他的东西实在太大了，无法从中国生产和运输。例如，SpaceX的火箭就不可能在中国制造，波音的飞机也是如此。

 

Rudrabha Mukherjee, A SEO Engineer, Vocalist, Mathematical Soul & ML enthusiast

Because that is how they are planning for a unique kind of World War (IMHO).

I know Quora “may” delete this answer because I am going to be brutal honest in this answer (in brief).

Want more insights?

Let's understand this in short.

You can refer the book called - Art Of War by Sun Tzu. 

In this book you will get rough idea about how does China lay their strategy to conquer their enemies without any actual war. Then you can clearly understand that - Why is half of everything (as you said) made in China?

China is just after to create a global monopoly in every segment of the global market. Hence they are investing on other country's companies and startups too. I guess you are already getting the idea.

因为这就是他们为一场独特的世界大战（依我愚见）所做的计划。

我知道Quora“可能”会删除这个答案，因为我会在这个答案（简而言之）中实话实说。

想多了解一些？

简而言之，让我们理解这一点。

你可以参考《孙子兵法》一书。

在这本书中，你将大致了解中国如何制定战略，在没有挑起实际战争的情况下战胜敌人。那你就明白了——为什么所有商品的一半（如你所说）都是中国制造的？

中国正试图在全球市场的每一个环节建立全球垄断。因此，他们也在投资其他国家的公司和初创企业。我想你已经明白了。

 

Patrick Chong, former Medical Devices Executive

The short answer is China is super efficient, has the manpower to switch and make changes in no time and has the supporting industry that any manufacturer needs to be successful. That is why the talk about bringing back manufacturers is so difficult. The biggest and most important factor of all is simple this hard truth: China is a market worth between US$600 billion to US$800 billion a year to all the US corporations. Do you think they will abandon the goose that lay those golden eggs?

简而言之，中国是一个超高效的国家，有足够的劳动力随时进行转换和改变，并且任何制造商都需要成功的支撑产业。这就是为什么让制造商回归的讨论如此困难的原因。最大、最重要的因素很简单，这是一个硬道理：对所有美国公司来说，中国是一个每年价值6000亿至8000亿美元的市场。你认为他们会抛弃下金蛋的鹅吗？

 

Majed Jammal, Seeker of knowledge.

 “Why is half of everything made in China?”

More like a third.

It is due to their willingness to compromise on standards if it can result in a cheaper product that attracts the poorer markets. Chinese manufacturers are also notorious for their 'fake' knock offs, which they dump on developing countries with poor regulatory oversight…predominantly Africa.

“为什么一半的商品都是中国制造的？”

说三分之一可能更准确一些。

这是因为如果能降低商品价格，吸引低端市场的话，他们愿意在标准上妥协。中国制造商也因其“造假”而臭名昭著，他们把仿冒品倾销到监管不力的发展中国家……主要是非洲。

 

Christopher Stanton, former Ph.D Graduate From the School of Hard Knocks

Western nations have foolishly exported their manufacturing bases and helped fuel the economic rise of china

西方国家愚蠢地将他们的制造业基地搬到了海外，推动了中国的经济崛起。

 

Roberto Santocho, Working with manufacturers in China since the 1980s

Q: Why is half of everything made in China?

A: Its Simple!

Q： 为什么所有东西一半是中国制造的？

A： 很简单！

1.Labor rates in China are extremely low

2.The Chinese labor rate is so super low that its almost for free when compared to the rest of the price of the products being assembled in China

3.That super low labor rate makes it profitable so send raw materials or sub assemblies to China, to have them sewn together or assembled together and then shipped back to your country, than it is to use the high cost labor in your own country

4.Thats it. That is the only real reason that products are assembled in China at such a high rate

1.中国的工资极低

2.中国的工资太低了，跟在中国组装的产品价格相比几乎是免费的

3.超低的工资使它有利可图，所以把原材料或零部件送到中国，把它们装配或组装在一起，然后运回你的国家，而不在自己的国家使用高成本的劳动力

4.就这样。这是产品在中国组装速度如此之快的唯一真正原因

 

David Wand, lives in China

China is more competitive. They work hard and compete with themselves and the rest of the world. It is capitalism at it’s finest. You have an issue and message a chinese supplier at 10 pm on Sunday they answer and solve the problem.

中国更具竞争力。他们努力工作，与自己和世界其他地方竞争。这是最好的资本主义。当你遇到问题时，即便在周日晚上10点通知某个中国供应商，他们也会迅速回答并解决你的问题。

 

Peter Kvint

80% everything made in China, because it is cheap to get things done in China

80%的东西都是中国制造的，因为在中国做东西很便宜。

 

Samuel Chukwudi Ogbonna, Structural Engineer at SCE (2002-present)

Cheap labor.

因为廉价劳动力。

 

Anonymous

A: Bloody idiotic globalization.

我的回答是：该死的全球化。

 

Aishwariya Ramachandran

I have been traveling a lot to China for the production of IoT products. This falls on the Engineering triangle. China can produce Quality, Fast, Cheap.

I feel all the answers about cheaper labor is missing the point of the question. Since the majority of the third world countries have cheaper labor. From most of Africa, South America, India, and so on... Cheap labor has already been pointed out. Here are a few more:

Mostly because it has a billion people, about the same as the rest of the developed world combined, but isn't yet developed enough to be heavy in service industries.

China has invested a lot in infrastructure. Factories have reliable power, good highway and rail system to port, and large modern ports.

Educated, young and reliable labor force. People that can read and a good primary school science education.

我为了物联网产品的生产，经常去中国。中国可以快速生产质量好、价格便宜的产品。

我觉得所有关于廉价劳动力的答案都没有抓住问题的关键。因为大多数第三世界国家的劳动力都比较便宜。非洲、南美、印度等地也是如此。。。除了廉价劳动力，还有一些原因：

主要是因为中国有10亿人口，与其他发达国家的人口总和差不多，但还没有发展到足以成为服务业的重镇。

中国在基础设施方面投入了大量资金。工厂有可靠的电力，良好的公路和铁路系统，港口和大型现代化港口。

受过教育，年轻可靠的劳动力。人们识字率高，小学科学教育良好。

Stable government policies

Good neighbors. The majority of the Chinese factories are owned by Japanese, Taiwanese, Singaporeans and South Korean.

The economy of scale. If you are making shirts, you want to be near button factories, zipper factories, and so on.

About the Quality, time, Cost. You can only pick 2.

If it is Time and Cost:

A bulk of Chinese products are designed to be available fast and cheap. Therefore the "Good" suffers. And it's because of the fast and cheap, those items generally fail quicker than their other counterparts.

If you pick Quality and Time:

China has the capacity for quality items too, the bulk of electronics like Lenovo, Apple products come from China. They are generally high quality and available immediately. But those products are not always "Cheap." Let me ask you this? Do Apple products have this reputation?

China only makes whatever quality someone is willing to pay for. iPhones are made in China but you don't see people complaining about the build quality on them.

Lastly, when you see a product with "made in China" sticker, it's not all made in China. China usually is the assembly point for most products, the parts come from a wider range of places.

稳定的政策。

好邻居。中国的工厂大部分为日本、台湾地区、新加坡和韩国所有。

规模经济。如果你生产衬衫，你想靠近纽扣厂，拉链厂，等等。

关于质量，时间，成本。你只能选2个。

如果选择时间和成本：

大部分中国产品的设计都是为了快速而廉价地提供。因此，“品质”必须让步。而且，由于速度快、价格便宜，这些产品通常比其他同类产品损坏得更快。

如果选择质量和时间：

中国也有生产高质量产品的能力，联想、苹果等电子产品大部分来自中国。它们通常都是高质量的，能马上获得。但这些产品并不一定“便宜”。我来问问你？苹果产品有这样的声誉吗？

只要有人愿意买单，中国就能生产。iphone是中国制造的，但你没看到谁抱怨iphone的质量吧。

最后，当你看到一个贴有“中国制造”标签的产品时，它并不全是中国制造的。中国通常是大多数产品的组装点，零部件来自许多地方。

 

Case Engelen, titoma.com Electronic Design For Asian Manufacturing

Well,not everything is made and assemble in China,but definitely there are many thins that have that made in China label on.

Why?

Because China has the most complete and cost-effective ecosystem of component manufacturers in the world.

A lot of different parts are needed to build a product such as a smartphone: batteries, touch screens, camera modules, circuit boards, and plastic housings. Many of these are custom made in China, and unfortunately, for many of these parts there are simply no suppliers left in the US

嗯，并不是所有的东西都是在中国制造和组装的，但肯定有很多东西都有中国制造的标签。

为什么？

因为中国拥有世界上最完整、最具成本效益的零部件制造商生态系统。

制造智能手机等产品需要很多不同的部件：电池、触摸屏、摄像头模块、电路板和塑料外壳。其中许多都是在中国定制的，不幸的是，这些零件中的许多在美国已经找不到供应商了。