美版知乎：抗衡GPS，中国完成了北斗导航系统的组网，这意味着什么

What are the implications of China successfully completing its own navigation system to rival the GPS?

中国成功地完成了自己的导航系统来与GPS抗衡，这意味着什么？

以下是Quora读者的评论：

Richard Kenneth Eng,

At the very least, it demonstrates China’s technological sophistication. In many respects, it matches that of the United States. On this basis, I fully expect China to modernize her military to the point that America cannot expect an easy “win” in any military encounter, not like America had against Iraq in 2003.

I think China will also challenge the US for space dominance…

Chung Kuo. The words mean "Middle Kingdom," and since 221 B.C., when the first emperor, Ch'in Shih Huang Ti, unified the seven Warring States, it is what the "black-haired people," the Han, or Chinese, have called their great country. The Middle Kingdom — for them it was the whole world; a world bounded by great mountain chains to the north and west, by the sea to the east and south. Beyond was only desert and barbarism. So it was for two thousand years and through sixteen great dynasties. Chung Kuo was the Middle Kingdom, the very center of the human world, and its emperor the "Son of Heaven," the "One Man." But in the eighteenth century that world was invaded by the young and aggressive Western powers with their superior weaponry and their unshakable belief in progress. It was, to the surprise of the Han, an unequal contest and China's myth of supreme strength and self-sufficiency was shattered. By the early twentieth century, China — Chung Kuo — was the sick old man of the East: "a carefully preserved mummy in a hermetically sealed coffin," as Karl Marx called it. But from the disastrous ravages of that century grew a giant of a nation, capable of competing with the West and with its own Eastern rivals, Japan and Korea, from a position of incomparable strength. The twenty-first century, "the Pacific Century," as it was known before it began, saw China become once more a world unto itself, but this time its only boundary was space.

至少，它展示了中国科技的先进性。在许多方面，它已经跟美国不相上下了。在此基础上，我认为中国绝对可以进行军队现代化，让美国无法在任何军事交锋中轻易“取胜”，就像2003年美国对伊拉克那样。

我认为中国还将挑战美国的太空霸主地位…

中国这个词的意思是“中央王国”，从公元前221年开始，当秦始皇统一战国七雄时，这就是“黑头发”汉人对他们伟大国家的称呼。对他们来说，中央王国就是整个世界；这个世界的北部和西部被巨大的山脉所包围，东部和南部被大海包围。远处只有沙漠和野蛮。这种情况持续了两千年，经历了16个伟大的朝代。中国是中央王国，人类世界的中心，它的皇帝是“天子”“独尊”。但在18世纪，中国被年轻好斗的西方列强入侵，他们拥有优越的武器和对发展的不可动摇的信念。让汉人吃惊的是，这是一场不平等的竞争，中国的超级力量和自给自足的神话被粉碎了。到了二十世纪早期，中国——成了东方枯朽的老者:“一具被精心保存在密封棺材里的木乃伊，”卡尔·马克思这样称呼它。但是，在历经了那个世纪的灾难性破坏中，一个大国重新崛起了，有能力与西方国家以及东方的对手日本和韩国竞争，并拥有无可比拟的实力。21世纪，也就是之前被称为“太平洋世纪”的世纪，见证了中国再次成长为一个独立的世界，但这一次，它唯一的边界是太空。

 

George Hsia,

That is a sure sign that the US is no longer indispensable to the positioning of human activities (military and commercial) from the space.

The American Empire is based on the dollar, the US military, the GPS, the ideology of liberal democracy, American pop culture (“culture industry”), and the American media. The dominance of the dollar, due to the abuse of the dollar by the US (economic sanctions, quantitative easing, etc.), has already started to collapse, the US military becomes living proof of human stupidity (wastefulness and barbarianism), the GPS is no longer the only option for nations around the globe in earth-space communication, the ideology of liberal democracy does not sell well in developing countries and even in the US itself, American pop culture is not the only thing in town now — as a result of the flourish of local cultures in recent years/decades, and the American media are often, as Trump pointed out, associated with “fake news”.

Interestingly, Trump or the American media in general have been silent about China’s “IP theft” lately. Perhaps he now understands that China does not and cannot compete with the US in technology by stealing, and that China is in fact even more advanced than the US in many areas of technological innovations. Or perhaps he has found something else (such as the “Kong Flue” or the “Chinese virus”) to label, defame, demonize, and scapegoat China, and to fool his audience.

这是一个明确的迹象，表明美国在从太空定位人类活动(军事和商业)方面已不再不可或缺。

美利坚帝国建立在美元、美国军队、GPS、自由意识形态、美国流行文化(“文化产业”)和美国媒体的基础之上。美元的主导地位，由于美国对美元的滥发滥用(经济制裁、量化宽松政策等等)，已经开始崩溃；美国军方成了活生生的人类愚蠢的证明(挥霍野蛮)；GPS不再是各国在全球进行地球-太空通信的唯一选择；自由的意识形态在发展中国家，甚至在美国都行不通；由于近年/几十年来本土文化的蓬勃发展，美国流行文化也不再一枝独秀；正如特朗普指出的那样，美国媒体经常与“假新闻”联系在一起。

有趣的是，特朗普和美国媒体最近对中国的“知识产权盗窃”一直保持沉默。也许他现在明白了，中国没有也不可能通过窃取技术来与美国竞争，事实上，中国在许多科技创新领域甚至比美国更为先进。或者他发现了其他的东西(比如“金刚流感”或者“中国病毒”)来给中国贴标签，诽谤、妖魔化中国，并让中国成为替罪羊，愚弄他的听众。

 

Roberto Santocho,

Q: What are the implications of China successfully completing its own navigation system to rival the GPS?

A: There is no implication to anyone outside of China because everyone outside of China cannot even use the Chinese navigation system.

问：中国成功地完成自己的导航系统以与全球定位系统(GPS)匹敌，这意味着什么?

答：这对中国以外的人没有任何影响，因为中国以外的人压根无法使用中国的导航系统。

1. The Chinese navigation system, if it ever gets completed and if it stays operational for any length of time is extremely limited, it can only cover China.
2. The GPS system, (Global Positioning System) owned by the United States, has delivered accurate Free location service for the world for many decades now.
3. Anyone can use the GPS signals because they are sent out to everyone for free, you can simply build your own GPS receiver and a navigations system with your own maps for free
4. The Chinese will obviously be used only for Chinese electronics and can be turned off at any time if the Chinese government so chooses, they can also demand that all Chinese electronics that use their system to pay fees for having the ability to use it
5. Ultimately the only implication is that Chinese residents might find themselves cut off from the GPS system if the Chinese Government requires Chinese products to only support the Chinese navigation system, which is not as accurate in the real world as the US based GPS system.

1.中国的导航系统，如果能够完成，但运行时间非常有限，那么只能覆盖中国。

2.美国拥有的GPS系统(全球定位系统)几十年来一直在向全世界提供精确的免费定位服务。

3.任何人都可以使用GPS信号，因为它们是免费提供给每个人的。你可以简单地建立自己的GPS接收器和导航系统，免费使用自己的地图。

4.中国的导航系统显然只会用于中国的电子产品，中国可以随心所欲地关闭这个系统，他们也可以要求所有使用该系统的中国电子产品为使用该系统付费。

5.最终唯一的意义在于，如果中国要求中国产品只能使用中国的导航系统，那么中国居民可能会发现自己与GPS系统的联系被切断了。在现实世界中，中国的导航系统不如美国的GPS系统精确。

 

Lance Chambers,

China now has a GPS system that they control. This increases security for China and guarantees their access to highly accurate positioning.

The technology is useful for transportation and navigation on land, sea and in the air it can also be used to pinpoint static locations with very high levels of accuracy.

The US, UK, and Russia have had their own systems and today China has joined their ranks. I expect that these satellites can track moving objects on land, water, and in the air as well.

Sending 35 satellites into orbit (30 for the GPS system and 5 experimental) is no simple undertaking and proves that China is very much a member of a very small group of nations that are capable of feats of this nature. To achieve this level of technical sophistication so quickly from China starting to test its technical skills just 30 years ago says a lot about Chinas competence and determination to be a leader and to help shape the world we will live in the not too distant future.

中国现在拥有了一个自己控制的GPS系统。这增加了中国的安全，并确保他们获得高度精确的定位。

该技术对陆上、海上和空中的运输和导航很有用，它还可以用来以非常高的准确度查明静止位置。

美国、英国和俄罗斯都有自己的系统，今天中国也加入了他们的行列。我希望这些卫星能够追踪陆地、水面和空中的移动物体。

将35颗卫星送入轨道(30颗用于GPS系统，5颗用于实验)不是一件简单的事情，这也证明了中国是少数有能力实现这一壮举的国家之一。30年前，中国开始测试自己的技术水平，如此迅速地达到这一水平，充分说明了中国有能力和决心成为领导者，并帮助塑造我们在不久的将来生活的世界。

 

Masao Miwa, Political and History gadfly

It means the US has even more competition. Google maps needs GPS. China’s Huawei has been cut off from Google so it has contracted with TomTom using Galileo.

Looks to me like China is getting more independent by the day. BeiDou is said to be accurate to within 0.5 meters. Will Tom Tom switch for Huawei’s application? Is this the forerunner to autonomous vehicles with 5G?

这意味着美国面临着更大的竞争。谷歌地图需要GPS。中国的华为被切断了与谷歌的联系，因此它与使用Galileo的TomTom签订了合同。

在我看来，中国越来越独立了。据称，北斗系统的精确度在0.5米以内。Tom Tom会换用华为的应用吗？这会是5G自动驾驶汽车的先驱吗?

 

Robin Daverman, World traveler

What are the implications of China successfully completing its own navigation system to rival the GPS?

So the story was that the US was the first in the world to develop a satellite-navigation system, the GPS, and it was completed in 1993. It turned out to be a great success, and the only problem is - it’s owned by the Pentagon! So what if the Pentagon doesn’t like you anymore? And even if the Pentagon likes you well enough, how much is it going to charge you for the service?

So that was what drove all these other countries to develop their own satellite-navigation systems. No need to be global. At least over the little square of space over your own heads. Military only. The only one who was also thinking global at that time was Russia. Russia completed its Glonass System in 1995, two years after the Americans. 

中国成功地完成了自己的导航系统来与GPS抗衡，这意味着什么?

故事是这样的，美国是世界上首个开发卫星导航系统的国家，它在1993年就完成了。结果非常成功，唯一的问题是，它归五角大楼所有！如果五角大楼不喜欢你了怎么办？即便五角大楼非常喜欢你，它会向你收取多少费用呢?

这就是驱使其他国家研发自己的卫星导航系统的原因。不需要覆盖全球。至少覆盖在你头上那一小块地方就行。只用于军事。当时，只有俄罗斯也曾考虑全球覆盖问题。俄罗斯在1995年完成了Glonass系统，比美国晚了两年。

China was just starting then. In 2000 China put two navigation satellites up there to cover China only, military only-applications. Then it went looking around to see if it could buy a ticket on someone else’s ride, because, well, the commercial revenue is uncertain, and the cost is high, and the technology involved was a bit beyond what they had at the time… So they went to the Europeans.

What happened after was this tragi-comedy in epic proportions!  They were pretty clueless. The European Commission and the European Space Agency started funding the Galileo Project in 2002, with a starting budget of €1.1 billion. China went to them in 2003, cash in hand, asking, can I be a part of your project? OK sure! So China paid €200 million euros and bought herself a seat at the table. So she thought.

First, the Europeans were fighting for the project euros like cats and dogs. So there must be two control sites. The Germans get one and the Italians get one. The Chinese are of course only on the paying end and not a bit on the receiving end. Then the Chinese got shut out from any decision-making and any technology.

那时中国才刚刚起步。2000年，中国发射了两颗导航卫星，仅用于中国境内的军事用途。后来它也曾尝试跟别人合作，因为，商业收入并无保证，成本又很高，涉及的技术有点超出他们当时所拥有的能力，所以他们找到了欧洲。

之后发生的事就犹如史诗般的悲喜剧！欧洲委员会和欧洲航天局于2002年开始资助伽利略计划，启动预算为11亿欧元。2003年，中国捧着现金去找他们，问能否加入这个项目？好的，没问题！因此，中国支付了2亿欧元，为自己买到了一席之位。

首先，欧洲人为项目资金争得不可开交。所以必须有两个控制点。德国和意大利各有一个。而中国人只负责付钱，所以中国被排除在所有决策和技术之外。

“…some of the more security-minded elements in the European Union felt that China was getting too much access to this major strategic type of utility, so they shut them out.”

Then the Europeans wanted the Chinese to give up on a band of frequency they already claimed for their own satellites. Then the whole funding thing fell apart, because it was a “public-private partnership” to begin with, and when the Pentagon indicated that it was quite willing to give away the GPS signals for free, the “private” part withdrew…

By 2006 the Country Mouse had enough, and packed up and went home. It turned out that satellite navigation system maybe hard, but still, easier than dealing with the Europeans. LOL! Their Beidou system (BDS) went live in 2018, so now we have four sets of complete constellations in the sky - the GPS (US), GLONASS (RUS), Galileo(EU), and BDS(CN). Actually 3, because the Galileo system is not complete yet. Only 2/3 done. All the newer cell phones uses all four on their navigation chip, because these satellites are like the lighthouses in the sky - the more you get, the more accurate you can position. The implication is that these global satellite navigation makers are all holding each other in a prisoners dilemma - they are all going to be free, because whoever tries to charge money will be kicked out of your handheld device. That’s a great thing for all the consumers worldwide!

So the Europeans really made up their minds to develop Galileo because they all got a letter from the American imperialist Mr. Wolfowitz, the famous author of the “Bush Doctrine” re the Iraq War.

 “……欧盟一些更注重安全的人士认为，中国在这一主要战略类型的公用事业方面获得了太多机会，因此他们将其拒之门外。”

然后，欧洲人希望中国放弃他们已经为自己的卫星争取到的频段。随后资助计划崩盘了，因为一开始这是一个“公私的合作”，当五角大楼表示它非常愿意免费提供GPS信号时，“私人”退出了……

事实证明，卫星导航系统可能很难，但还是比和欧洲人打交道容易。哈哈！他们的北斗系统(BDS)于2018年投入使用，所以现在我们的天空中有四套完整的星座——GPS(美国)、GLONASS(俄罗斯)、伽利略3(欧盟)和BDS(CN)。准确说是3套，因为伽利略系统还不完整。只完成了2/3。所有新型手机的导航芯片都使用了这四个卫星系统，因为这些卫星就像天空中的灯塔——你获得的越多，定位就能越准确。这意味着，这些全球卫星导航制造商都将彼此置于一个两难境地——他们都将是免费的，因为谁想收费，谁就会被踢出你的手持设备。这对全世界的消费者来说都是件好事！

所以欧洲人真的下定决心研发伽利略计划，因为他们都收到了美帝国主义者沃尔福威茨先生的一封信，他是伊拉克战争“布什主义”的著名作者。

 

Steven Mak, Born in Hong Kong. Retired since 2003

It means China no longer has to worry about the missile guidance system will fail due to the GPS shutdown by the US. It is not competing, but necessary for the survival of China.

这意味着中国不再担心导弹制导系统会因为美国关闭GPS而失效。这不是竞争，而是中国赖以生存所必需的东西。

 

Rajat Verma,

Implications are Chinese will not have to depend on outdated old tech American GPS for their national security.

And we in India should also hurry up to complete our own GPS system as we all know how American regime denied Indian army access to its GPS during the Kargil war.

这意味着，中国将不必依赖过时的、老旧的美国GPS技术来维护国家安全了。

我们印度人也应该加紧完成我们自己的GPS系统，因为我们都知道在卡吉尔战争期间，美国政权是如何拒绝印度军队使用美国GPS的事实的。