【记录仇恨】我掩盖仇恨，我没想到它会发生在我家人的犹太公墓 [美国媒体]

DOCUMENTING HATE

记录仇恨系列

Hate crimes and bias incidents are a national problem, but there’s no reliable data on the nature or prence of the violence. We’re collecting and verifying reports to create a national database for use by journalists, researchers and civil-rights organizations.

仇恨犯罪和偏见事件是全国性问题，但并没有关于自然暴力行为和普遍性暴力行为的可靠的数据。我们正在收集和核查这类报告，准备创建国家数据库，供记者，研究人员和民间人权组织使用。

【作者】Ariana Tobin
【发表日期】2017年2月23日

I Cover Hate. I Didn’t Expect It at My Family’s Jewish Cemetery.

我掩盖仇恨。我没想到它发生在我家人的犹太公墓

The vandalizing of a Jewish graveyard in St. Louis becomes a very personal entry in our “Documenting Hate” database.

在圣路易斯的犹太公墓遭受肆意毁坏，成为我们的“记录仇恨专题”数据库里一个非常私人的条目



A rabbi walks through Chesed Shel Emeth cemetery in University City, Missouri, on Tuesday, Feb. 21, 2017. (Robert Cohen/St. Louis Post-Dispatch via AP)

2017年2月21日（星期二） 一名犹太教士在密苏里大学城的Chesed Shel Emeth公墓散步。（罗伯特·科恩/圣路易斯经由美联社发布） 

This story was co-published with The New York Times.

本报道由纽约时报联合发行

When it comes to death, my family honors all of the Ashkenazi Jewish traditions: We name our children after dead relatives, we sit shiva for a week, we gather around trays of fruit and lox and cream cheese, we cover the mirrors, we say the Kaddish prayer, we each toss three shovelfuls of dirt into the grave, and we wait a year to put a stone on top of it. When I got my driver’s license at 16, my mom asked me not to sign the organ donor card because Jews are supposed to be laid to rest in one piece. When I turned 18 and signed it anyway, I couldn’t stop imagining her face when she found out after I’d died in a car accident.

在有亲人逝世的时候，我们家族遵循所有德系犹太教的传统：在亲戚逝世之后命名我们的孩子，我们做头七，我们到处集满一盘盘的水果，熏鲑鱼和奶油干酪，我们掩上镜子，我们用卡迪祷告文祷告，我们每个人扔三块泥土进坟墓，一年后拿石头压在墓碑上。 当我在16岁拿到驾驶执照时，妈妈嘱咐我不要签署器官捐赠，因为犹太人习俗是死后能够肢体健全。 18岁的时候我私自签署了这份协议，之后总不禁想如果有天我车祸死了，妈妈发现了真相的表情一定很精彩。

But traditions don’t protect you from death, or the life of anxiety in preparation for it. When I told my grandmother — her mother called her Malka, her sisters called her Mollie — that I had an opportunity to teach English abroad, I knew what to expect in response: “That’s nice, baby, but why don’t you find a teaching job around here where it’s safe?” That, and a $20 bill she couldn’t necessarily afford to give.
但是，传统并不能保护你免受死亡之苦，或免于死亡进行时的焦虑。当我告诉我的祖母（曾祖母叫她马尔卡，姨婆们叫她莫利） 我有机会到国外英语教学，我知道我会得到怎样的回应：“这很好，宝贝，但你为什么不找一个安全点的地方例如在附近工作？” 这种情况，20美金她都未必愿意资助我

But when I added, “I’m going to a place in Belarus called Minsk; it’s a big city,” her reply took me by surprise. “Minsk!” she exclaimed. “That’s where my mother was from! I guess you could go. Maybe you’ll see where they lived?”

但是当我补充说，“我要去一个叫做明斯克市（白俄罗斯首都）的地方;这是一个很大的城市，“她的回答让我感到意外。“明斯克！”
她感叹道。“这就是我的母亲的家乡！我想你可以走了，也许你会看看他们曾经居住的地方？“

I did go. I didn’t see where they lived because that place does not exist anymore, thanks to World War II and the Soviets. To identify the symbols of Judaism left in a city that was about 37 percent Jewish in 1941, you have to squint at the stone facades of buildings and say, “Yes, I think that might be a Hebrew character.” You have to stare hard, and wonder, “Hmm, is that Yiddish?”

然后我的确去了那里。但是没有看到他们曾住的地方，由于第二次世界大战和苏联，那个地方被毁了。1941年37％的犹太人在这个城市留下的犹太教的痕迹，你可能在石头建筑物面前眯着眼睛辨认，：“是的，好像是希伯来文。” 紧紧盯着石头细看后，惊奇的发现，“唔，那是依地语（犹太人使用的国际语）吗？”

There are statues and plaques here and there. But look as one might, there are few relics of Jewish death. When you visit Khatyn, a memorial to the victims of “the Great War,” you learn about the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians, but little to nothing about what religion they practiced. Nor are there signs marking entire villages of Belarussians, Jews and non-Jews, that became unmarked mass graves. When I would ask my students and co-workers and friends, “What happened to the Jews here?” all most of them would say was, “They left.”

到处都是雕塑和纪念碑。但看起来像建筑物，几乎没有犹太人屠杀的遗迹。我参观过Khatyn，“二战”白俄罗斯大屠杀受害者的纪念遗址之一，了解数以千计的平民无辜死去，但却对那些死去的人信仰着什么宗教几乎一无所知。同时并没有标志出哪里是白俄罗斯人，哪里是犹太人和哪里是非犹太人，整个村庄已经变成无从辨认的大型墓地。当我询问学生，同事和朋友，“犹太人在大屠杀期遭受了什么？” 他们大多会说，“他们走了。”

Here, of course, we know why they “left.” My relatives who stayed in Eastern Europe died. Those who moved to America lived. Every single one of my great-grandparents was a first- or second-generation Eastern European immigrant to St. Louis. If you’ve been following the news this week, you probably know where this story is going: Almost all of my immigrant ancestors are buried in the Chesed Shel Emeth cemetery, where nearly 200 graves were vandalized this past weekend.

这里，当然，我们知道他们为什么“走了”。留在东欧的犹太亲戚都死了。搬到美国幸存了下来。我的曾祖父母分别是第一代或第二代的圣路易斯的东欧移民 。如果你这个星期还追点新闻，也许还能得知这个故事的后续：几乎所有的犹太移民先祖都葬在 Chesed Shel Emeth公墓，而这个周末有近200个坟墓被破坏了。

I’ve been to only one funeral at Chesed Shel Emeth, which is in University City, about 15 minutes from where I grew up. I certainly wasn’t there when they buried my grandmother’s mother, Alice, the immigrant from Minsk, more than 40 years ago. Her tombstone wasn’t among the ones vandalized. But I know the idea that it might have been desecrated — that it is even a possibility — is on Grandma Mollie’s mind today, and on my mother’s as well. I know because for the last several days all we’ve been talking about are relatives like “little Grandma Alice,” who never grew to 5 feet, who cooked elaborate noodle kugels, whose husband died young, who never really learned to drive or speak English and who was scared of strangers unless her family was around.

我只在Chesed Shel Emeth公墓出席过一次葬礼，公墓位于大学城，离我老家大概15分钟路程。当他们埋葬了莫利祖母的母亲的时候我当然不可能在场，曾祖母名叫爱丽丝，40多年前的明斯克移民。她的墓碑没在被破坏之列。但我想它可能已经被亵渎过了 - 而且很有可能是真的 - 如今莫利祖母心里藏着这个担忧，妈妈也有同样的想法。我之所以知道是因为这几天我们都一直在谈论关于曾祖母的事情例如“小个子祖母爱丽丝”，没能长到5英尺，却有一手好厨艺，丈夫早逝，从来不会开车，也不会讲英语，害怕陌生人，一定要家人陪在身边之类。



A group of Jewish rabbis and students from Jerusalem Yeshiva pray in a Jewish cemetery in the town of Volozhin, near Minsk, Belarus. (Sergei Grits/AP Photo)

一群犹太教教士和犹太教院学生在白俄罗斯明斯克附近的volozhin小镇的犹太墓地里祷告(Sergei Grits/AP Photo)

I’m privileged to have grown up in St. Louis, a place where my grandparents wanted me to stay because it felt “safe” to them — a place they’d made their way to with the help of documents that we know weren’t entirely accurate or complete, and they became citizens anyway. So when a news link about my family’s Jewish cemetery popped up in the group chat for a reporting project on hate crimes that I’m involved in at ProPublica, I wasn’t prepared. Nor was I prepared when I called home and my mom told me that she was going to exchange cash for gold in case “things get worse”and that my dad — who has never considered shooting anything in his life — had wondered out loud about getting a gun.

我有幸在圣路易斯长大，我的祖父祖母希望我留下来，因为这里让他们感到“安全” - 他们在我们所知完全不准确或完整文件帮助下，已经成为美国正式公民。 家族犹太公墓事件的新闻被列入仇恨犯罪专题数据，（在我现在正参与进来的 ProPublica网站项目） ，当时这条消息在群聊中弹出来的时候，我没想过要加入这个项目。 打电话回家报平安之前我也没想好，然而妈妈告诉我，她准备去把钱换成黄金防止事情变得更糟，而我爸爸，以往从没射杀任何东西的念头， 现在已经很想知道如何才能搞到一把枪。

I wanted to say, “You’re overreacting.” But I can’t, really, in part because it’s so hard to gauge the threat. Data on hate crimes — against Jews and everyone else — is miserably incomplete and poorly tracked. My job is about presenting facts to contextualize the news of the day, horrible as it may be. This time, I had to tell my family that I didn’t have them.

我想安慰，“你们是反应过度”，但我无法这么说，真的，因为很难衡量威胁已经到了何种地步。 关于对犹太人仇恨犯罪的数据， 是不完整的，而且追踪不足。 我现在ProPublica 工作就是提供事实，以便将当天的消息进行背景化，尽管接触的东西会让人毛骨茸然。 这一次，我告诉我的家人，没有这回事。

We don’t know if the vandalism at Chesed Shel Emeth was technically a hate crime. The motives behind it may well be uncovered. What we do know is that there is a long tradition of desecrating Jewish cemeteries, from Nazi Germany to present-day France and New York. And whatever the particulars, the news hit at a time when the Jewish community has been put on edge by threats to Jewish community centers where kids go to preschool and their retired grandparents take Kabbalah-infused yoga classes.

我们不知道Chesed Shel Emeth的破坏行为是否是一次针对性仇恨犯罪。 其背后的动机可能会被揭露。 我们所知道的是，有一个长期的亵渎犹太公墓的传统，从纳粹德国到现在的法国和纽约都在延续。 任何特殊的威胁新闻每次都能让犹太社区神经紧绷到快崩溃，而社区中心那里孩子们在上幼儿园，退休祖父祖母在上卡巴拉瑜伽课程。

That’s why our project, “Documenting Hate,” an attempt to create a reliable database of hate crimes and bias incidents, asks victims to submit their stories. When I read the submissions, it’s clear that defining “hate crimes” can be as elusive as reliable data tracking them. It’s just as clear that we need to make the attempt to define them, report them, investigate them — to gather enough, at least, for context.

这就是为什么我们的“记录仇恨”项目 ，试图创建一个可靠的仇恨犯罪和偏见事件数据库，请求受害者提供他们的故事。 当我阅读这些来稿的时候，明白它们是“仇恨犯罪”的珍贵可靠跟踪数据。 清楚的是，我们需要尝试去辨别报告，发布真实仇恨事件，调查它们 - 至少收集到来龙去脉。

Yes, it’s about confronting the ugliness and comforting the scared. But it’s also about giving real answers, using actual numbers and telling true stories when our children ask questions like, “What happened to the Jews?”

是的，这是对抗丑陋和安抚恐惧。 但是，当我们的孩子们问“犹太人发生了什么事”这样的问题时， “记录仇恨”项目也会提供真正的答案，实际的数据和真实的故事。


jbk224 • 3 months ago
"We don't know if the vandalism at Chesed...was technically a hate crime. "
"For the purposes of collecting statistics, the FBI has defined a hate crime as a “criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity.”
What else do you need to define this as a hate crime? Maybe the un-hateful offenders only wanted to create more commerce for a monument company? Call it what it is. A hate crime.

新闻上说“我们尚且不清楚墓碑破坏行为是否是一起针对性仇恨犯罪。”
“为了收集统计数据，联邦调查局将仇恨犯罪定义为”针对一个人或财产的犯罪行为，全部或部分动机是违反种族，宗教，残疾，性取向，种族，性别， 或性别认同“。
你还需要其它充足理由去定义它就是一起仇恨犯罪吗？
也许可恶的罪犯只想给墓碑公司带来生意而已？
正确的定义这起事件吧，就是一起仇恨犯罪

Pamela Kaiser  jbk224 • 3 months ago
Of course it's a hate crime. Overturning 170 stones in an historic
Jewish cemetery was a planned, organized effort.

@ jbk224 
当然这是一次仇恨犯罪。 在一座历史悠久的犹太公墓中翻掉了170块墓碑，是一个有计划，有组织的行动。

jbk224  Pamela Kaiser • 3 months ago
Pamela...read the entire post.

@Pamela...仔细看我评论好不

Yankee '42  jbk224 • 3 months ago
#FakeNews MSM is about covering, not telling the truth.

@jbk224 假新闻主流媒体准备要掩盖这件事，都没说出真相。

homebuilding  Yankee '42 • 3 months ago
Goodbye, forever
Even if you say that there is love in your heart....always remember which side collected the vast majority of haters
@Yankee '42

算了吧，
尽管你们总是说心有慈悲，，，却又总不忘一边搜集绝大部分仇恨资料

A. Yoo • 3 months ago
Is this possibly a bit like cow-tipping?
Sure, it hurts because these are the graves of our loved ones, but we have to stop imagining that our fantasies are real without s-o-l-i-d evidence.
Breathe deeply.

这是在我们毫无防备的时候咬我们一口？
当然，这是因为这些是亲人的坟墓，所以伤痛。但没有实质证据之前，请不要总认为被迫害的幻想是真的，
冷静！

Kemper Boyd  A. Yoo • 3 months ago
Frankly no, fuck off. This is an act of selective desecration against Jewish graves of Jewish people. It's hate.

@A. Yoo坦白说，不是被迫害妄想，滚蛋， 这是针对犹太人坟墓有选择性的亵渎行为。 这是仇恨。

A. Yoo Kemper Boyd • 3 months ago
Perhaps, but you have no proof.There's no medication for'Kemper'-tantrums, so breathe deeply.‘

@Kemper Boyd 也许是，但你无根无据
脾气暴躁无药可医，所以，冷静！

Kemper Boyd  A. Yoo • 3 months ago
Terrible puns and no sense of reality. Telling someone to fuck off is not a temper tantrum, it's an insult. I'm insulting you because you are wrong.

@A. Yoo 糟糕地一语双关而且莫名其妙，
叫人滚蛋并不是脾气暴躁，而是辱骂。
我怼你是因为说错了，

ANetliner  A. Yoo • 3 months ago
A. Yoo: Your comments area profoundly offensive and you are endorsing bigotry and hatred. Breathe deeply.

@A. Yoo: 你的评论都在深深恶意冒犯别人，你推崇偏执和仇恨，冷静。

sylvia • 3 months ago
I am not saying we should ignore these cowardice ugly acts but I believe we must also concentrate on the blessings we enjoy. The world is not all black and we are living in a wonderful country where we just witnessed the Vice President help clean up the mess with his bare hands!! Truly truly amazing! We MUST concentrate and laud the positive so that we encourage continued acts of goodness and kindness. A little light works wonders even in the darkest of places. Giving evil too much attention can sometimes be counterproductive - let us encourage acts of kindness by popularizing such acts.

我不是说我们应该忽视这些遮遮掩掩的丑恶行为，但我相信我们也必须专注于我们所享有的祝福。 世界并不都是黑暗的一面，我们生活在一个美好的国家，这里我们亲眼目睹了副总统他亲手清理和恢复了被破坏的墓碑！ 真的真的很棒！ 我们必须聚焦赞美积极正面的事情，以便鼓励人们不断向善。 即使在最黑暗的地方，一点点光亮也会成为奇迹。 给予邪恶太多的关注有时会起反作用 - 让我们通过普及这种行为来鼓励善意行为。

ANetliner  sylvia • 3 months ago
Sylvia,
I agree that Vice President Pence's cemetery visit was an important gesture of support to the Jewish community, and that goodness and kindness should be encouraged.
At the same time, it is crucial for the Jewish community and for all Americans to unite in denouncing these acts of hatred, as well as for the perpetrators to be identified and brought to justice. Silence and/or looking the other way help prejudice and hate crimes to flourish. As you probably are aware, the brown shirts in Germany started with vandalism.

@Sylvia , 我同意，副总统Pence的墓地访问是对犹太社区的一个重要表态和支持，而且应该鼓励善良和慈悲
与此同时，对于犹太社区和所有美国人来说，应该团结起来谴责这些仇恨行为，对肇事者进行身份确认并将其绳之以法，这是至关重要的。保持沉默或以另一种方式快速滋长偏见和仇恨犯罪。你可能已经意识到，德国褐衫党（纳粹德国冲锋队队员） 已经开始这种破坏行为。

RomoLampkin'sCat  sylvia • 3 months ago
We don't get extra credit for the things we are supposed to do.
Visiting a cemetery that has been vandalized as a possible act of religious hatred is the sort of thing a Vice President does as part of his job. Picking up a rake and helping those who are cleaning up was part of the visit. None of this is extraordinary.
When someone who is not directly affected tells those who have been hurt to "concentrate and laud the positive," that person is not being kind. She is being dismissive of other's feelings. If you wish to comment on how Vice President Pence's visit to the cemetery was comforting to you, that would be a respectful way to spread light. Unfortunately, your comment casts nothing but shadows.

@Sylvia 人不应该因为尽了自己的本职义务获得额外赞誉。
参观可能由于宗教仇恨行为遭到破坏的公墓是副总统的工作之一。 捡起扫把，帮助那些正在清理的人是访问的一部分。 这些行为都不特殊。
当没有直接影响的人会告诉那些受到伤害的人“ 我们必须聚焦赞美积极正面的事情”，这种人不是善良。 她正在否认别人的伤痛。 如果你表达副总统访问公墓如何抚慰了你，那才是一种尊重说别人的方式来传播你的光亮。 不幸的是，你的评论充满阴影。

Jones55 • 3 months ago
Jewish cemeteries are not the only ones. I saw a cemetery from the 1800s in the Southern part of the U.S. which had been violated. There are many stories of violated cemeteries.

犹太公墓不是唯一出事的公墓。 我看到一个在美国南部的十九世纪的公墓遭到侵犯。 有很多侵犯墓地报道。

JEng • 3 months ago
This happens to Jewish graves in Strasbourg, France over the years. if it happens to my father's grave because he was murdered by KMT triad ... there will be no outrage or support.

在法国斯特拉斯堡的犹太墓地里也连续几年发生这样的事情。如果在我父亲的墓前发生同类事情，他被黑社会杀害的，不会有人愤怒或表达关切。

Blankety-Blank • 3 months ago
I wonder if it's a hate crime to misrepresent Jewish thought, even when one learns the error from one's parent? While it's complicated, it's not a sin for Jews to be organ donors. Far from it - Talmud enjoins Jews to violate almost all prohibitions to save a life. Other than that, this was a fascinating piece.

我怀疑这篇报道是仇恨犯罪一种，故意歪传犹太思想？或可能是从父母辈继承了错误的思想观念？
然而这很复杂，但对于犹太人来说，成为器官捐献者并不是一种罪过。犹太法典嘱咐犹太人违反几乎所有的禁忌去拯救生命。除此之外，这是一个很吸引人的报道。

Thomas • 3 months ago
To me, this is just unacceptable. I wonder what the perpetrators "got" out of this senseless act of vandalism.

对我来说，这是无法接受的。我想知道那些行凶者是如何从这种毫无意义的破坏行为中“得到”快感的

TomTobin • 3 months ago
One Tobin to another... the crime sounds horrific, and painful. The pictures hurt to see.
Your family sounds lovely!

作为tobin向另一个tobin（作者）致敬……这一罪行听起来很可怕，也让人不快。这些照片让人看了就伤痛。 你的家人听起来很有爱!