为什么美国应该害怕中国的潜艇 [美国媒体]

Why America Should Fear China's Submarine Fleet

为什么美国应该害怕中国的潜艇



Bill Gertz
文/比尔盖茨
June 21, 2017
2017年7月21日
 
Te large-scale buildup of China’s naval forces is the most visible part of a major rearmament campaign that has been under way for more than a decade. But Chinese development of modern and increasingly quiet submarines poses one of the more serious strategic challenges for the United States and other nations concerned about Beijing’s growing hegemony in Asia.

中国的大规模海军武备制造是中国十年来大规模军事装备现代化进程中最明显的一环。但是中国对于静音水平明显提升的现代化潜艇的发展，在美国及其他对中国在亚太地区日益增长的霸权感到担忧的国家看来，则不啻为最严重的战略挑战之一。

The increasing size of the People’s Liberation Army Navy fleet of surface vessels captures most international attention, based on the sheer numbers and advanced weapons on an array of new warships.
Most notable among them is a refurbished Soviet-era aircraft carrier – the Liaoning, which was the first of its kind commissioned into the PLA Navy in 2012 – and development of its first indigenous ski-jump carrier, a vessel with a sloped flight deck.

中国人民海军水面舰队的不断规模扩大，无论是从绝对数量还是其最新型号舰艇的现代化武器水平来看，都吸引了大多数国际注意力。其中最为吸引眼球的的则是从前苏联航母改装的辽宁舰。该舰于2012年入役是该级舰的首舰，也是中国首艘滑越甲板航母（一种前飞行甲板倾斜的舰只）。

China’s first domestically constructed carrier will be commissioned in 2020. Coincidentally, the Liaoning was a refurbishment of the Varyag, a Kuznetsov aircraft carrier, which has a sloped flight deck. The difference between the two is size, with the China-made one smaller.
Since 2004, six new PLA Navy classes of indigenous warships – destroyers, frigates and corvettes – were deployed. The ships include some that appear similar in design to the US Navy’s Aegis destroyers.
Less noticed but perhaps more strategically significant is China’s growing force of submarines, including both conventional and nuclear armed vessels. As with other Chinese strategic and conventional military forces, submarines are a growing threat for one key characteristic – their missiles.

中国首艘自行建造的航母将于2020年入役。巧合的是辽宁舰是从库兹尼佐夫号姊妹舰瓦良格号这种同样是滑越甲板航母返修而成。两者的区别仅仅是中国造的要小一些。自2004年伊始人民海军部署了6个新级别的战舰（含驱逐舰、护卫舰及护卫艇）。这些战舰中有一些和美国海军的宙斯盾战舰很相似。但中国日益增长的常规潜艇及核潜艇力量，虽然吸引了更少的关注但是很可能是更加严重的战略挑战。如同中国其他常规及战略武装力量一样，潜艇越来越成为一种威胁源于其导弹。

Most of China’s submarines are older and relatively noisy – and thus easy to detect, track and destroy by US attack submarines. But the force is being upgraded and made more lethal by the introduction of new submarines armed either with nuclear or cruise missiles.
The Pentagon’s latest annual report on the Chinese military sheds new light on China’s submarine buildup.

由于大部分中国的潜艇都比较老旧或者相对大噪音，因此比较容易被美国攻击型潜艇发现，追踪并摧毁。但是随着新型潜艇装备了核导弹及巡航导弹，中国的水下力量得越来越致命。

Retired US Navy Captain Jim Fanell, a former Pacific Fleet intelligence director, says the report shows the high priority China has placed on undersea warfare.

已退役美国海军上校，前太平洋舰队情报主管Jim Fanell,透露，有报告显示中国将水下力量的增强置于极为优先的地位。

“From the strategic developments of the new Type 096 ballistic missile submarine to the continued serial production of the world’s largest anti-ship cruise missile submarine force,” Fanell says, “make no mistake: China’s long term goal is to displace the US Navy as the largest and most capable submarine force in the world.”

Fanell还补充道：“无论是从096型战略导弹核潜艇的研发还是世界上最大反舰巡航导弹潜艇力量的扩张，都毫无疑问的显示中国的长期目标是取代美国成为世界上最大的潜艇武装力量”。

China’s operational undersea force has 63 vessels – five nuclear-powered attack submarines, four nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, and 54 diesel-powered attack submarines.

中国现役海下力量拥有63艘潜艇，其中包含5艘攻击型核潜艇，4艘战略导弹核潜艇及54艘常规动力型潜艇。

However, in fewer than three years this force will grow to between 69 and 78 submarines.The number of anti-ship cruise missile submarines is also increasingly significantly.

但是，仅仅不到三年后，将扩展至69艘到78潜艇的规模。而反舰巡航导弹潜艇得数量也迅速增加。

Since the 1990s, China has built 13 Song-class attack submarines and 17 Yuan-class ones with diesel-electric air-independent power attack submarines. Three more Yuans are slated for deployment by 2020.
Also, eight of China’s 12 Russian-made Kilo-class submarines can launch cruise missiles, which are designed to deliver large warheads over long distances.

自上世纪90年代起，中国已经建造了13艘宋级攻击型潜艇及17艘拥有AIP柴电动力系统的元级攻击型潜艇。截止2020年，还将有3艘元级潜艇部署到位。同样，中国还拥有8艘俄国制造的基洛级潜艇，该型潜艇能够发射载有重型弹头的巡航导弹。

For nuclear submarines – those capable of longer-range missions from China’s coasts, the PLA Navy has since 2002 built two Shang 1-class nuclear attack submarines, and four Shang 2-class ones.
Strategic missile submarines include four new Jin-class ones outfitted with Julang-2 ballistic missiles. The JL-2 is the second generation intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile.

而对于能够从中国海岸附近发起远距离导弹攻击的核潜艇方面，人民海军自2002年起，完成了2艘商I型及4艘商II型攻击型核潜艇的建造。
而战略导弹核潜艇包括4艘配有巨浪II型战略导弹的新型晋级核潜艇。巨浪II是第二代潜射洲际弹道导弹。

“China’s four operational Jin-class [ballistic missile submarines] represent China’s first credible, sea-based nuclear deterrent,” the Pentagon report said.
Coming soon will be a more modern and advanced missile submarine, the Type 096, with construction expected to begin in the early 2020s and armed with a new more lethal missile, the JL-3.
And Beijing is working on a new class of nuclear-powered attack submarines, based on the Shang class called the Type 093B guided missile nuclear-attack submarine.

据五角大楼报告，中国的四艘晋级战略导弹核潜艇意味着中国首次拥有了可靠的海基战略威慑力量。
而更加先进的搭载更加致命的巨浪III型洲际导弹的096型战略导弹潜艇，据信将于2020年左右开始建造。

According to the Pentagon, the Type 093B “not only would improve the PLA Navy’s anti-surface warfare capability, but might also provide it with a more clandestine land-attack option.”

另据五角大楼报告，093B型将不仅提高人民海军的反水面舰队的能力，同时还将提供更加隐秘的对陆攻击能力。

Many of the newer subs will be outfitted with China’s supersonic anti-ship cruise missile, the YJ-18, regarded by the Pentagon as one of the most lethal anti-ship weapons. Chinese analysts have called the YJ-18 “the most perfect anti-ship cruise missile.”

许多新型潜艇将搭载鹰击18超音速反舰导弹。该型导弹据五角大楼评估讲师最为致命的反舰武器，而中国问题专家也将鹰击18称为“最完美的反舰巡航导弹”。

The PLA Navy also has been showing off its new undersea military power. A recentvideo provided an inside look at the secretive world of China’s submarine forces.

人民海军也一直在炫耀其水下武装力量，最近一个视频使得外界得以一窥中国隐秘的潜艇力量。

Another recent report, this one by the US Office of Naval Intelligence, regards China’s submarine forces as part of what Beijing calls “non-contact warfare” – the use of weapons and platforms capable of conducting long-range, precision attacks from outside an enemy’s defended zone.

而另一篇美国海军情报办提供的报告则指出，中国的潜艇力量正被北京建设成为“非接触战”，一种通过在敌方防区外引导发起远程精确打击的武器系统的重要一环。

For the nuclear missile carriers, the four Jin-class submarines are based in the South China Sea and have been set to begin strategic patrols for the past several years. However, there has been no official confirmation from China that the patrols, with nuclear-tipped JL-2 missiles, have begun.

而对于核弹头战略导弹装载平台，四艘搭载了巨浪II型弹道导弹的晋级潜艇已在过去的几年里，在中国南海海域执行战略巡航。虽然中方一直未予确认。

China in the past has kept its missile warheads separate from the actual missiles. If the Jins are carrying nuclear-tipped missiles, it would be the first such deployment.

在过去，中国一直将导弹与核弹头分装贮存，如果晋级潜艇搭载了挂载核弹头的弹道导弹。那么这将是中国首次此类部署。

Currently, US Navy submariners are closely watching advances in Chinese submarine forces that remain lacking in terms of capabilities and quietness of American submarines that have decades of experience operating around the world.

现在，美国海军潜艇正密切关注中国潜艇部队的进步。而中国潜艇部队仍然在性能和静音方面落后美国潜艇部队，同时美国潜艇部队拥有几十年在世界各地执行任务的经验。

However, China is making rapid strides in closing the gap.

但是中国正在快速进步并填充缺口。

Abhijit Singh, a military analyst at India’s Observer Research Foundation, believes China is seeking a network of port facilities to be used for its nuclear submarines operating in the Indian Ocean. They have included a bid to set up facilities in several locations, including Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Myanmar and Bangladesh.

印度观察者基金会分析员Abhijit Singh详细中国正通过打造印度洋港口网络保障其核潜艇在印度洋的活动。
他们通过在斯里兰卡，巴基斯坦，马来西亚及孟加拉等多地竞标建设此类港口设施。

“Ultimately, China’s submarine operations in the South Asian littorals portend greater Chinese force projection in the Indian Ocean,” he stated in a recent article in The Interpreter, an online publication of the think tank, Lowy Institute for International Policy, in Australia.

他最近还在澳大利亚Lowy国际政策智库背景下的“翻译者”杂志上的出版的一篇文章中写道：“最终，中国潜艇在南亚海岸附近的活动将预示着中国武装力量跟大规模地投放至印度洋地。”

Rick Fisher, a China military affairs analyst with US think tank, the International Assessment and Strategy Center, sees the Pentagon’s notice of the next generation of the Type 096 third-generation missile submarine as one of the more significant disclosures.

国际分析及战略中心智库下的中国军事问题专家Rick Fisher则认为五角大楼对于下一代096核潜艇的报告披露了一些重要信息。

“This means the third generation Type 095 nuclear attack sub could be building around the same time,” Fisher said, noting that reports from Asia indicate the PLA may build 14 Type 095 attack subs.

“这意味着第三代攻击型攻击型095级也正在同步研发当中”Fisher说道并认为这篇关于亚太的报告暗示着解放军将建造14艘095攻击型潜艇。

“If realized, this could mean a [PLA Navy] SSN fleet of about 20 submarines,” he said, referring to the code used for nuclear-powered submarines. “This would put great pressure on the US Pacific deployed [attack submarine] fleet and raises the question of whether the PLA will soon target US missile submarines.”

他还说道：“如果是这样，这将意味着人民海军的核潜艇数量将有20艘，这将对美国在太平洋地区部署核攻击潜艇造成巨大的压力，同时也带来一个问题，解放军将很快瞄准美国导弹潜艇”。

The annual Pentagon report views China’s Jin submarines and their JL-2 missiles as a potent strike capability with enough range to reach the continental United States. “To maintain a continuous peacetime presence, the [PLA Navy] would likely require a minimum of five Jin-class submarines; four are currently in service,” the report said.

五角大楼的年度报告认为中国的晋级潜艇及巨浪2导弹是拥有足够的能力及射程来打击美国本土。报道还指出“为了保持持续的和平时期压力，解放军海军将有可能需要至少5艘晋级潜艇，而其中4艘已经入役。”



Elvis • 10 hours ago
What the author wrote is not the only bad news for the United States when it comes to submarine warfare. It gets worse, much worse. Pretty soon China is going to build submarines with shaftless, rim-driven pump jets. Which would make their nuclear submarines at least as quiet as ours and perhaps even more quiet. We have similar plans but apparently we won't have it on our submarines until 2030. So China will beat us to it by several years, perhaps a decade.
http://www.popsci.com/china...

作者文章所写，不仅仅对美国的潜艇战是坏消息。有可能会更糟，更加糟得多。很快中国将建造无轴泵推潜艇。这将使得他们的核潜艇和我们的至少一样安静甚至更加安静。我们也有类似的计划，但是显然和可能2030年才有可能在潜艇上使用。所以中国在几年内或许10年超过我们。

Qafsiel • 11 hours ago
China wants to secure its maritime borders

中国想保障其海岸安全

sorrowmarrow • 16 hours ago
americans would not have to fear chinese submarines
if americans go away from chinese borders

若果美国从中国海岸边离开，那么美国将不必害怕中国潜艇