【国家利益】美军发布对俄作战手册 [美国媒体]

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This is the U.S. Army's Handbook for Defeating Russia in a War

如何在战争中打败俄军，美军小册子来了

Michael Peck
September 22, 2017

2017年09月22日发表

The U.S. Army haspublished a handbook on how to defeat Russia’s hybrid-warfare strategy.

美军出版了一本关于如何打败俄罗斯混合战争战略的手册。

The Russian New Generation WarfareHandbook, published in December 2016 and recently released overthe Internet, examines Russian hybrid military tactics and how the U.S.military can counter them.

《俄罗斯新一代军事参考》，2016年12月出版并且最近在互联网上公开，研究俄罗斯混合军事战术以及美军如何与之对抗。

The handbook, aslick sixty-eight-page publication packed with photos and data on Russianequipment that might be used to wage asymmetric warfare focused on Russianoperations in Ukraine and the Crimea, which involved small special-operationstroops—sometimes operating undercover—and small, heavily armed formations ofregular Russian troops backing local separatist groups. It concludes thatRussian strategy is based on achieving regime change through teaming up withlocal proxy forces, rather than conventional military victory by Russiantroops. “Because the new objective is the change of an entire system ofgovernment, the RNGW approach can use any lever of influence in their reach toachieve this change,” the Army study explains. “Not all regime changes have tobe resolved with a military option, but when a military lever is activated, itis done by, with, and through segments of the local population. The involvementof locals gives validity to military action on the world stage.”

这本手册是一本华而不实的六十八页出版物，其中载有俄罗斯设备的照片和数据，这些照片和数据可能用于对付非对称战争，重点是俄罗斯在乌克兰和克里米亚发起的行动，这些行动涉及小型特种部队 —有时是秘密行动的—以及支持当地分裂主义团体的的小型全副武装组织的俄罗斯正规部队。它的结论是，俄罗斯战略的基础是通过与当地代理人部队合作实现政权更迭，而不是传统的依靠俄罗斯军队获取军事胜利。 “由于新的目标是整个政府体系的变更，俄罗斯新一代军事（RNGW）方法可以利用任何影响力来实现这一变化，”陆军研究解释说。 “不是所有的政权更迭都必须用军事手段来解决，但当采用军事杠杆手段时，它是由当地人口的一部分参与并且最终完成的。当地人的参与赋予了军事行动在世界舞台上的合法性。“

What a War Between China and Japan WouldLook Like.

延伸：中国和日本之间的战争将会如何。

The handbook notesthat Russia has embraced the U.S. approach of covering the battlefield withmanned and unmanned sensor systems to detect enemy forces, which can then bedestroyed by airpower and artillery. “At the tactical level, Russian Forces’approach to modern warfare can be summed up through ‘target acquisition,’” theArmy says.

该册子还称，俄罗斯采用美国方式，用手动或自动驾驶传感器系统覆盖战场来侦察敌方部队，然后由空军和炮兵进行摧毁。“在战术层面，俄罗斯军队对现代战争的应对方式可以用‘目标获取’来概括。”军方如此说。

“Russian Forceshave taken this concept and applied it to their doctrine. The Russian concept consistsof the capability to deliver devastating indirect fires, while maintainingstand off from their enemy, and protecting their own forces through the use ofADA [air defense artillery] and EW [electronic warfare]. Once adequate fireshave been delivered, ground forces begin to maneuver, preferably with anarmored element to secure time and space for indirect fire and protectionplatforms to move forward and begin the cycle again.”

“俄军已经接受了这个作战理念并且实际应用到他们作战准则中。俄罗斯的作战理念包括提供毁灭性支援火力的能力，同时保持与敌人的距离，并通过使用ADA [防空炮]和EW [电子战]来保护自己的部队。一旦投送足够的火力，地面部队就开始进行机动，最好用装甲单位来确保支援火力的时间和空间，以便保护支援火力平台前进，再次开始循环。”

What a War Between NATO and Russia WouldLook Like.

延伸：北约和俄罗斯之间的战争将会如何。

The U.S. Armyhandbook also delves into Russian tactical operations in hybrid warfare. Ineastern Ukraine, Ukrainian troops were pinned down—leaving them sitting ducksfor air and artillery—by tripwire Russian F1 hand grenades. “Old guide wire,from an anti-tank guided missile, provide the RLSF [Russian-Led SeparatistForces] with a ready supply of trip wire that looks like normal battlefielddebris. RLSF also use fishing line dipped in motor oil to blend in to thenormal color patterns of the environment.”

美军的手册还深入研究了俄罗斯在混合战中的战术行动。在乌克兰东部，乌克兰部队被钉死在原地—像坐在地上的鸭子一样留在那里等着被空军和炮兵攻击—依靠俄军F1手雷组成的地雷绊网。“来自反坦克导弹的旧引导线为RLSF [俄罗斯为首的分裂势力部队]提供了一个现成的地雷绊线，看起来像正常的战场碎片一样。 RLSF还使用浸过机油的钓线来更好的融合到正常的环境色彩中。”

Russia alsoextensively employed multiple layers of snipers in Ukraine. “The first rankwill be composed of proxy forces trained as designated marksmen. Behind themwill be a mixed force of better trained proxies/mercenaries and precisionshooters, not institutionally trained snipers with Russian soldiers. The finalrank consists of highly trained snipers and will be the best equipped. All ofthese ranks focus on one target area together.”

俄罗斯在乌克兰也广泛使用不同等级的狙击手。“第一级是由代理人军队训练成的所谓神射手。他们之后将是训练有素的代理人/雇佣军和精准射手组成的混合部队，而不是和俄军士兵协同作战的那些接受过成体系训练的狙击手。最后一级由训练有素的狙击手组成，装备精良。所有这些队伍都集中在一个目标区域。”

The handbookidentifies several Russian weaknesses that U.S. forces can exploit. Notsurprisingly, they resemble the problems of the old Soviet military. Conscriptsoldiers lack motivation (though this will become less of an issue as theRussian military becomes more of a professional force). Tactical leadership isformulaic, logistics are weak, and air and artillery support tends to be rigidand reliant on volume rather than precision.

该手册确定了美军可以利用的几个俄罗斯弱点。毫不奇怪，它们类似于旧苏联军队的问题。应征入伍的士兵缺乏动机（尽管这将不成为一个问题，俄罗斯军方日益成为一个专业的力量）。战术领导是公式化的，后勤力量薄弱，空军和炮兵支援往往是僵化的，依赖于数量而不是精确（来保证支援效果）。

What a War Between America and China WouldLook Like.

延伸：美国和中国之间的战争将会如何

The handbookrecommends that U.S. forces train to fight in an environment where electronicwarfare jams GPS and radios, and setting up a big command post bristling withantennae is an invitation to a Russian barrage. Yet interestingly, while theU.S. Army warns of the power of Russian air-defense and electronic-warfareequipment, it also notes that these items are currently in short supply andconcentrated in Kaliningrad, Ukraine and Syria. “They do not have the depth ofnumbers needed in order to sustain system losses and still function across abroad front. Losing even one of these systems is a significant blow to RussianForces and creates a gap in their A2AD [antiaccess/area-denial] bubble that canbe exploited.”

该手册建议美国军队在GPS和无线电因电子战瘫痪的环境中训练如何战斗，作为应对对俄罗斯密集火力攻击的办法，设立一个带有天线的大型指挥所。而有趣的是，虽然美军警告说俄罗斯防空和电子战设备威力强大，但也注意到这些装备目前供不应求，主要集中部署在加里宁格勒州，乌克兰“被占领土”和叙利亚。 “他们没有足够满足所需的数量来维持系统损失，并且在广阔的战线上保障仍然正常发挥作用。甚至失去这些系统之一是对俄罗斯部队的重大打击，并且在其A2AD [反介入/区域阻绝]防御圈上撕开一个可利用的空隙。”

Michael Peck is a contributing writer for the National Interest. He can be found on Twitter and Facebook.

Michael Peck是国家利益的特约撰稿人。他可以在Twitter和Facebook上被找到。



Image: An M1A2 Main Battle Tank fires at a target during SaweyanShield, a defensive live fire exercise, at the Udairi Range Complex near CampBuehring, Kuwait, Nov. 28. Saweyan is the Arabic word for “together”. Soldiersassigned to 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division have beenconducting partnership training with Kuwaiti Land Forces since deploying toKuwait nearly six months ago, building upon the military ties between Kuwaitand the U.S.​ Wikimedia Commons

图片：2012年11月28日，科威特，比林军营附近的乌代利综合靶场举行了防御实弹射击演习，一辆M1A2主战坦克在联合盾牌演习中射击目标。Saweyan是阿拉伯语“在一起”的意思。自从差不多六个月前部署到科威特后，鉴于科威特和美国之间的军事关系，分配给第三步兵师第三装甲旅战斗队的士兵，一直与科威特陆军进行合作训练。维基共享资源