【国家利益】中国的最新隐身战机J-20已经正式宣布列装 [美国媒体]

China’s New J-20 Stealth Fighter Has Officially Entered Service

中国的最新隐身战机J-20已经正式宣布列装



Dave Majumdar
September 28, 2017

2017-09-28 19:18:11发布

China’s Chengdu J-20 stealth fighter has officially entered service with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).

中国的成都J-20型隐形战机已正式在中国人民解放军空军服役。

“China's latest J-20 stealth fighter has been officially commissioned into military service, according to Wu Qian, spokesperson for the Ministry of National Defense on Thursday,”reads a September 28 press release posted on the Chinese Ministry of National Defense website in conjunction with the official state news agency Xinhua.

“据国防部发言人吴谦周四的说法,中国最新的歼-20隐形战斗机已正式列装投入使用。”中国国防部网站9月28日发布的新华社官方通讯社新闻稿如此声明。

“The flight tests are being conducted as scheduled, Wu said at a press conference. The J-20 is China's fourth-generation medium and long-range fighter jet. It made its maiden flight in 2011 and was first shown to the public at the 11th Airshow China in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, in November last year.”

“飞行试验正在按计划进行，吴在新闻发布会上说。歼-20是中国的第四代中远程喷气式战斗机。它在2011年首飞，于去年11月首次在广东省珠海举行的第11届航展中向公众展示。”

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In Chinese terminology, “fourth generation” corresponds to what Americans, Europeans, Russians and, indeed, the rest of the world would consider “fifth-generation” fighters like the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor or the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Similarly, “third generation” in Chinese terminology refers to aircraft such as the Sukhoi Su-30 Flanker, Shenyang J-11 Flanker or the Boeing F-15 Eagle or F/A-18 Hornet.

在中文术语中，“第四代”对应的是美国人、欧洲人、俄罗斯人和世界上其他国家所认定的“第五代”战斗机，如洛克希德马丁公司F-22猛禽或F-35联合攻击战斗机。同样，“第三代”在中国的术语语境里，指的是如苏-30“侧卫”，沈阳歼-11“侧卫”或波音F-15“鹰”和F/A-18“大黄蜂”等飞机。   

The entry of the J-20 into service with the PLAAF marks the first time a foreign-developed stealth fighter has been adopted by a rival great power, breaking a more than three decade American monopoly on stealth aircraft which started when the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk attack jet became operational in October 28, 1983. However, the J-20 is not likely ready for primetime just yet and it will take sometime before it is fully ready for war.

歼-20列装中国空军标志着，第一次，一个对手的大国采用了外国开发的隐形战斗机，打破了三十多年来美国隐形飞机的垄断，洛克希德F-117夜鹰攻击机于1983年10月28日开始运作。但是，歼-20还没有进入黄金期间，在完全准备好参战之前，它将需要一段时间。

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It took the United States Air Force a long period of trial and error to adopt fifth-generation stealth fighters and learn how to most effectively employ those aircraft. Indeed, the U.S. Air Force isstill learning how to fully exploit the capabilities of theF-22 in conjunction with older allied fourth-generation fighters such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and theDassault Rafale as well as newer fifth-generationF-35s even though the Raptor has been in service for more than a decade. Meanwhile, the F-35 is only now being adopted into service after a very long and painful gestation period—with fully capable software loads only availablelater this year.

美国空军花了很长时间进行第五代隐形战斗机的试错，并学习如何最有效地使用这些飞机。事实上，美国空军目前仍在学习如何充分利用F-22的能力，配合盟军老一代的第四代战机，如欧洲战机的“台风”战斗机和达索的“阵风”战斗机以及更新的第五代战机F-35们，尽管猛禽已经服役了十多年了。同时，经过漫长又痛苦的酝酿，F-35只是刚刚开始服役，（更糟的是），在今年晚些时候才能提供具备初始作战能力软件系统。
（洛马称F-35战斗机Block 3F的版本才是具备初始作战能力的战斗机，之前出售或者服役的F35大部分软件版本只有Block 2B，所以最糟情况据说甚至无法让机炮开火--译者注）

It is very likely that China will face a similarly steep learning curve. “The process of 5th gen fighters introduction to the U.S. Air Force was very long and painful for the U.S,” Vasily Kashin, a senior fellow at the Center for Comprehensive European and International Studies at Moscow’s Higher School of Economics—an expert on Asia—told The National Interest.

很有可能，中国将面临一个同样的陡峭的学习曲线。“美国空军了解第五代战斗机的过程是漫长而痛苦的，”莫斯科高等经济学院欧洲与国际研究综合中心高级研究员瓦西里·卡申（Vasily Kashin）是亚洲专家，他对国家利益如此表示。

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“No reason to believe China would be different.”

“没有理由相信中国会有所不同。”

The PLAAF implicitly understands that the J-20 will be superior to its fourth-generation fighter fleet, but they have yet to fully grasp the doctrinal implications of adopting a fifth-generation fighter. But at the same time, the PLAAF understands that the mainstay of is tactical aircraft fleet will be fourth generation fighters such as the Chengdu J-10, Shenyang J-11 and the Shengyang J-16.

中国人民解放军空军隐隐明白歼-20将优于其第四代战斗机机队，但尚未完全掌握采用第五代战机的作战理论。但同时，中国空军也明白，战术执行机队的支柱依然将是第四代战斗机如成都歼-10，沈阳歼-11和沈阳歼 - 16。

“They are writing how superior it [the J-20] is compared to the previous generation,” Kashin said.

“他们正在着述它[歼-20]和前代相比是如何优越”卡申说。

“But theybought the Su-35 and continue to produce the J-11B, J-16 and J-10C and are developing new versions of them.”

“但他们购买苏-35并继续生产歼-11B，歼-16和歼-10C，而且正在开发后者这些飞机的新版本。”

The J-20 is still under development even though it has been officially adopted by the PLAAF. It will be gradually introduced into service.

歼-20仍在发展中，尽管它已被中国人民解放军空军正式采用。它将逐步加入正式行动中。。

“The first thing they will use it for is theAggressor role—Blue Force they call it in China—to develop ways to counter 5th gen fighters with the currently available planes and SAMs,” Kashin said. “This allows them to make the aircraft useful before they reach IOC [initial operational capability].”

“他们第一次使用它就是扮演进攻者的角色—中国称之为蓝军演习部队—开发出利用目前可用的飞机和地对空导弹来对抗第5代战机的战法。” 卡申说。“这使他们能够在飞机到达IOC[初始作战能力]之前充分利用这型飞机。”

Early J-20s are thought to be powered by the Russian-made Salyut AL-31FN engines, which produces 30,200lbs of thrust in afterburner. While the Chinese hope to eventually use domestically developed Xian WS-15 engines, which are expected to produce 36,000lbs of afterburning thrust, for the time being, the jets will be built with Russian engines—the same motors as those found on the Sukhoi Su-35S.

早期的歼-20据信是俄罗斯制造的礼炮公司AL-31FN发动机驱动，在加力燃烧器中产生30,200磅的推力。中国希望最终使用国内开发的西安涡扇-15发动机，预计将产生36,000磅的加力燃烧推力，目前这款喷气式飞机将搭载俄罗斯发动机，与苏霍伊的苏-35S使用的发动机同款。
​
“We have a cooperation agreement with them on the engine for this aircraft. As I understand, there will be a tech transfer,” Kashin said.

“我们与他们就这架飞机的发动机达成合作协议。据了解，将有技术转让，”卡申说。   

“AL-41 also known as 117S.”

“AL-41引擎也被称为117S引擎。”

Thus, the Chinese announcement represents progress for the PLAAF in fielding the J-20, but it is not the end of the story. It’ll take some time before the J-20 is fully operational.

因此，中国的声明是表明中国空军开发歼-20的进展，但这并不是故事的结局。歼-20还需要一些时间形成完全作战能力。

Dave Majumdar is the defense editor for The National Interest. You can follow him on Twitter: @Davemajumdar.

Dave Majumdar 是国家利益的防务新闻编辑。你可以关注他的Twitter: @Davemajumdar.

Image: Creative Commons. 

图片：来自创意共享。