为何西方媒体如此敌视中国（2） [美国媒体]

Why is westernmedia so hostile towards China?

西方媒体为何如此敌视中国？




William Lee, Grew up in China, have studied and worked inwest
All media andjournalists, in China or in west, have one common interest : being the judge inthe room.
During 2000 yearsof feudal system in China, Chinese writers never thought of changing system,but now after 35 years of economic growth, they want changing the system. Why?because in feudal system, they were the judges, even they had to kowtow to 3year old emperor, and even emperor’s reputations were under their pens.
Now, under thecurrent system, media and journalists don’t feel happy in general, because theywant to the king without crown, or the judge in the room. That is why even 700million people are pulled out of poverty, China is a living hell in the mouthsof media and journalists.
Western media andjournalists hate the system in China for the same reason, and they love theirsystem because they are the judges in the room under that system. That is whyonce TV became popular, media immediately started the campaign of convincingpublic to treat government like a b1tch, so they can monopoly publicinformation and public opinions.

William Lee，在中国长大，曾经去西方国家学习和工作。
所有的媒体和记者，不论中国的还是外国的，都有一个共同的兴趣：想当屋子里的法官来评判他人。
在中国2000年的封建制度里，中国作家们从未想过要改变制度。但在中国经历了35年的经济增长之后，他们想改变制度了。为什么？因为在封建制度下，他们是法官，即便他们需要向三岁的皇帝磕头，但皇帝的名誉就在他们的笔下。
而在今天这种制度下，媒体和记者总体上感到不高兴，因为他们想成为无冕之王，或是成为房间里的法官。这就是为什么即便中国让7亿人摆脱了贫困，它在媒体和记者的嘴里还是如地狱一样的地方。
西方媒体和记者憎恨中国的制度也是出于同样的原因，他们爱自己的制度因为在那种制度下他们就是房间中的法官。这就是为什么电视刚一流行起来，媒体就迅速发起运动，说服公众对待自己的政府要像对待婊子一样，因为这样媒体就能垄断公共信息和公众意见了。

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Lawrence Kuok, Working in China
OriginallyAnswered: Why does the Western media demonize China?
First of all, Itoo agree that yes western media often portrays China in a not terriblyflattering light.
That being said,what needs to also be said is that China doesn't do itself many favors when itcomes to the media.
In all of China,there are probably only 100-150 people in total writing everything that thereis to read about China. It's also 100-150 tight leashes that both municipal andcentral governments place on those reporters. Furthermore, it's no secret thatmany times, journalists are sometimes to often treated poorly. Both Central andMunicipal governments severely limit the amount of journalists that can come toChina.
We need to keepin mind that media doesn't present stories - people do. Imagine if everydayyou're getting limited, inconvenienced, misunderstood and pushed around,this will inevitably come out in the writing.
So yes, you have100-150 people that face this treatment and because of pretty much a verylimited amount of stories, then of course they will present these large, longershelf life stories that come off as attacking China. At the end of the day,they're a business. They need to make a living and these over archingstories about censorship, cyber terrorism, currency manipulation etc sellnewspapers or at least are click bait enough.
So the solution -What if instead of 100-150 reporters, there were 2500 reporters. Then at thatpoint, every reporter will then try to find more interesting stories. They'llpoint out the innovation that's going on in Zhongguancun in Beijing or Chineseadvances in Biotechnology or human interest stories of saving women from humantrafficking.
It's like these100-150 people have a monopoly on the news of China and so they will dictatethe discourse based on their own individual treatment and individual biases.
If you had a 20Xthe competition, then no longer do you these reporters have a monopoly, ratherthey will be fighting in an entrepreneurial sense of the word for the latestcoolest story as opposed to going for the low hanging fruit of pollution, cyberterrorism,corruption etc.
So I think that'swhy and that's the solution.

Lawrence Kuok，在中国工作。
原问题为什么西方媒体要妖魔化中国？
首先，我也同意西方媒体经常用一种负面方式去描述中国。
话虽这样说，可这也说明了中国自己在和媒体打交道方面不怎么给力。
在全中国写中国报道的外国记者可能只有100-150个人，而这些人还要受到地方政府和中央政府的双重限制。进一步来说，这些记者还经常受到不怎么友好的对待，这些都不是什么秘密了。中央政府和地方政府还会严格限制进入中国的外国记者数量。
我们要记住，媒体自己是没有故事的，生活中的人才有。想象一下如果你每天都受到限制，充满了不便和误解，还任人摆布，那么你难免就会把这些事写出来。
所以，如果这100-150人受到的都是这种待遇，还因为受到限制缺乏写作素材，那么他们当然会写一些夸大的，很过时的东西，而这些东西看起来就好像是在攻击中国。最后，他们毕竟都是商业媒体，他们需要赚钱，而这些关于审查、网络恐怖主义、货币操纵等等的报道会让报纸大卖，至少当诱饵是足够了。
解决办法就是，假如在中国的不只这100-150名记者，而是2500名记者呢？到那时，每个记者都会努力寻找更有意思的报道。他们将会报道北京中关村的科技创新，或是中国在生物科技方面的进步，或是从人贩子手中救出妇女这种富有人情味的故事。
这100-150人就好像是垄断了中国的新闻，他们可以根据自己的个人遭遇或是个人偏见尽情发挥。
而一旦有了20倍的竞争，这些记者就再也不能进行垄断了，他们将会发挥自己的职业素养去努力写稿，找最新鲜的最牛逼的素材，而不会图省事去写环境污染、网络恐怖主义和腐败了的报道了。
这就是我所认为的原因，还有给出的解决方案。

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GodfreeRoberts,Ed.D. Education & Geopolitics, University of Massachusetts,Amherst (1973)
The 20thcentury has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of corporatepower, and the growth of corporate propaganda as a means ofprotecting corporate power against democracy.
In order toprotect corporate power against democracy, Western governments give a fewprivate individuals control of public information and deputize them to shapethe country’s ideology and control citizens’ understanding of their world. Thepreeminent importance of ideology as a means of political control wasemphasized by Georg Lukas, who analyzed the falseconsciousness imposed by capitalist ideology onthe working class that caused them to accept beliefs that are against their ownself-interest. Antonio Gramsci, in his formulationof “ideological hegemony”, also explained how interests of the capitalist classare made to appear to all other segments of society as the natural, immutableorder of the world. If you want to know why people in Capitalist countriesregularly vote for people who harm them, read Lukacs’ History and ClassConsciousness.
In real life,weapons manufacturers regularly buy media support for wars. Those full-page adsfor jet fighters keep private media in business. Owners of privatized mediaeven call for the violent overthrow of elected governments – including theirown– and support riots and political murders because they are responsible tono-one and under no obligation to tell the truth or provide balanced coverage.And while owners of privatized media promote distrust of government they winkat government corruption and endorse candidates who support media’s privilegeslike tax breaks and immunities like prior restraint.
Privatized mediaalso allows governments to secretly propagandize their own people. The US Government,for example, has long used propaganda against the American people, as this memoto Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, makes clear:
The policy ofallowing public information to be owned and controlled by a handful ofbillionaires has left people in the West uninformed about the world, but therise of the Internet has led them to suspect they’re not being told the truth.That’s why Americans’ trust of their media is at an all-time low: of Americansaged 18 to 49, just 20 precent expressed confidence in their media. NoamChomsky says that’s because big, status quo-loving corporations ownthe media, cater to other big status quo-loving advertisers and filter outstories which question the status quo.
Without theconnivance of privatized media, Western governments would have been unable toimpoverish their citizens – wages have been falling for 40 years without medianotice – and drag them into endless wars by lying to them. The propagandamodel, advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky,describes how systemic bias in privatized media causes them to explaindepressions in terms of structural economic causes: “It’s nobody’s fault yourwages have been falling for 40 years,” American media say, “it’s globalization,or unfair trading, or anything but the status quo. The status quo cannot bechanged because there’s no alternative. Our form of Capitalism is the best ofall possible worlds”.
China’s approachis the opposite.
The government ofChina retains public control of publicinformation, insists that publicly-owned media support– or at least explain and accurately report – government policies. It employs acensor to ensure that reporting is honest, balanced and accurate. Thegovernment also asks Party members to regularly participate in online discussionsand help people understand what their policies.
How do theChinese people feel about censorship? 90 percent of them support it. And howmuch do they trust what they’re told? About 80% of them say that what they’retold matches what they see every day. According to the Pew Charitable Trusts, “Ninein ten Chinese are happy with the direction of their country (85%), feel goodabout the current state of their economy (91%) and are optimistic about China’seconomic future." See Chapter 1. National and Economic Conditions.According to the Edelman Trust Barometer, 80–90% ofChinese trust their government, the highest trust level of any nationalgovernment. 2012 Edelman Trust Barometer - ChinaResults
So perhapswestern media is so hostile because Chinese media are competing for control ofthe narrative and, worryingly, are winning.
Hong Kong MediaP.S.: The March First Incident in 1952 incident prompted an editorial byBeijing’s People’s Daily that accused the Hong Kong colonial government of“barbarous, wicked and criminal acts of arresting, killing and persecuting ourpatriotic fellow-countrymen”. This article was republished by Ta Kung Pao. Itspublisher and editor were subsequently prosecuted and convicted after a 15-daytrial. The newspaper was suspended for a period of six months. On appeal, theCourt held thatincitement to violence was not a necessary element of theoffence of sedition.“Ifthe article when published, would in the natural course of events stir uphatred or contempt against the Government, it is prima facie evidence of apublication with a seditious intention,” said the judge.
During the 1967riots, five executives and printers of the Afternoon News,the Hong Kong Evening News and Tin Fung Yat Paowere arrested and charged with publishing seditious reports and editorialssupporting the “anti-British struggles” at the time. The articles citedincluded language such as: “rise up together to defeat evil British imperialismand bury its corrupt reactionary rule”; “the tide of the fight against Britishrule and violence is rising ever higher”; and “when they attack us, we have tobeat them back vigorously”.
The defendantsprotested that these alleged “seditious” articles only contained politicalexpressions common within the pro-PRC media at the time, and that there was nointention to incite violence. As in the 1952 Ta Kung Pao case, however, theCourt maintained that the prosecution did not need to prove that there wasseditious intention or that the articles actually incited violence. TheSedition Ordinance provided that “every person shall bedeemed to intend the consequences which would naturally follow from his conductat the time and under the circumstances in which he so conducted himself.”The five newspaper executives and printers were tried and convicted withinslightly over two weeks. Each received the maximum sentence of three years inprison, and the newspapers were suspended for six months.
It’s a battleover who controls the narrative. Always has been.

Godfree Roberts，马萨诸塞州大学阿姆赫斯特学院，教育学博士，地缘政治学博士。
20世纪的政治在三个重要方面的进展最为突出：民主力量的增长，公司权力的增长，作为保护反民主公司权力手段的联合宣传力量的增长。
为了保护反民主的公司权力，西方政府将控制公共信息的权力下放给某些个体，让他们塑造整个国家的意识形态，进而控制公民对整个世界的理解。格奥尔格·卢卡奇（Georg Lukas）曾经强调过，意识形态作为一种政治控制手段十分重要。他分析指出，资本主义形式形态通过对工人阶级施加影响，使工人阶级有了一种错误认知，进而接受了一种违背其自身利益的理念。安东尼奥·葛兰西（Antonio Gramsci）在他的“意识形态霸权”构想中也解释了资本家阶级的利益是如何被塑造成看起来代表了社会所有阶层的利益，代表了世界的永恒秩序的。如果你想知道为什么资本主义国家的人民会把选票投给伤害他们的人，就去读下卢卡奇的《历史于阶级意识》。

【译者注：
1.《历史与阶级意识》是匈牙利大思想家卢卡奇(1885-1971)的所有哲学着作中影响最大、引起争论最多,也许也是最重要的着作之一。
2.格奥尔格·卢卡奇（Georg Lukács，1885－1971）是匈牙利着名的哲学家和文学批评家，在20世纪马克思主义的演进中占据十分重要的地位。1923年，他以着名的《历史与阶级意识》开启了西方马克思主义思潮，被誉为西方马克思主义的创始人和奠基人。卢卡奇的《历史与阶级意识》和科尔施的《马克思主义和哲学》,被称为西方马克思主义的“圣经”。
3. 安东尼奥·葛兰西，意大利共产党创始人。】

在现实生活中，武器制造商一般会买通媒体来支持战争。正是那些战斗机全幅广告让私营媒体得以继续运营下去。私有化媒体的拥有者甚至会号召使用暴力手段推翻民选政府——包括他们自己的政府——支持骚乱和政治谋杀，因为他们不用向任何人负责，也没有任何义务为了平衡报道而说出真相。私有化媒体的拥有者为了推动公众对政府的不信任，他们会对政府的腐败行为睁一只眼闭一只眼，会为那些支持媒体特权的候选人背书，这些特权包括税收减免和预先限制的豁免权。【译者注：预先限制是指通过法律手段禁止提前公布某些意见和信息】
私有化媒体还会允许政府对自己的人民进行隐秘宣传。比如美国政府就长期使用宣传手段来对付自己的人民（文章链接），这一事实已经在给前国务卿奥尔布莱特的备忘录中展现的一览无余。

这种允许公共信息被一帮亿万富翁拥有和控制的政策使得西方人民对世界情况一无所知。但是互联网的崛起让人们开始怀疑自己并没有被告知真相。这就是美国人对媒体信任度达到创纪录新低的原因：18-49岁的美国人中，只有20%的人表示对媒体有信心。诺姆·乔姆斯基（Avram Noam Chomsky）说，这是因为喜欢维持现状的公司们掌握着媒体，而他们为了迎合其他喜欢维持现状的广告客户会把质疑现状的报道都过滤掉。【艾拉姆·诺姆·乔姆斯基美国哲学家。是麻省理工学院语言学的荣誉退休教授。乔姆斯基的《生成语法》被认为是20世纪理论语言学研究上最伟大的贡献。】
如果没有私有化媒体的纵容，西方政府就无法剥削自己的公民——40年来工资水平一直在下降，而媒体们却对此毫不关注——就无法对自己的公民撒谎把他们拖进战争。爱德华S赫曼和乔姆斯基曾经对资本主义宣传模型有过概括，这个模型描述了带有制度偏见的私有化媒体是如何从经济结构角度来解释经济萧条的：“你们的工资40年来一直在下降，但这不是任何人的错，”美国媒体说，“这都是因为全球化，不平等贸易等其他原因，但不是现状的原因。现状不能被改变因为我们别无选择。我们的资本主义制度是世界上最好的制度。”

中国的做法则相反。
中国政府掌握着公共信息的控制权，并坚持认为国营媒体要支持国家政策，至少对政策的报道和解读要准确。中国政府采取审查制度来确保报道的真实、公正和准确。政府还要求党员定期参加网络讨论，帮助民众理解政府政策。
中国人民如何看待审查？90%的人表示支持。对被告知的信息他们相信多少？有80%的人表示他们得知的信息和日常看到的事实相符。根据皮尤慈善信托基金会（Pew Charitable Trusts）的调查结果显示，“十分之九的中国人对国家的发展方向表示满意，91%的中国人觉得目前的经济状况很好，并对中国未来经济形势表示乐观。”见链接:第一章，国家和经济状况。根据爱德曼信任度调查(Edelman Trust Barometer)的数据显示，80%-90%的中国人信任自己的政府，在全球所有国家信任度中属于最高等级。链接：2012爱德曼信任度调查。
所以，西方媒体对中国如此敌视或许是因为中国媒体正在和他们争夺话语权，是因为中国让他们忧心，是因为中国正在这方面取得胜利。

香港媒体
附言：五一事件发生于1952年，起因是北京《人民日报》发表的一篇社论，社论谴责香港殖民政府“用野蛮、邪恶的犯罪手段逮捕、杀害、迫害我们的爱国同胞。”《大公报》转载了这篇社论，随后该报出版商和编辑相继被起诉，并被判处15天监禁，报纸停刊六个月。在上诉审理中，法院认为煽动性言论并不是煽动叛乱罪的必要条件。审理的法官说，只要当文章发表之后，确实引起了对政府仇恨或蔑视的事件，这种煽动性言论就会成为出版社煽动判乱罪的证据。
在香港1967年暴乱期间，《香港晚报》等多家报社的主管人员和印刷人员被逮捕，并以发布煽动暴乱报道和编辑人员支持“反英斗争”的罪名被起诉。他们转载的多篇文章引述的言辞包括：“团结起来打败邪恶的英国帝国主义，埋葬他们的腐朽反动统治”；“掀起反对英国暴力统治的新高潮”；“当他们攻击我们时，我们就要猛烈的还击。”
被告抗议称，这些所谓的“煽动性”文章里所包含的政治言论，在当时的亲中媒体上十分常见，这些言论并不是想煽动暴力冲突。和1952年的案子一样，法庭仍认为不需要证明报纸有引起骚乱的故意，也不需要证明文章确实引发了暴力冲突，就可以提起诉讼。《煽动条例》规定“任何人在特定时间及环境下所实施的行为如果引发了后续结果，则应认为此人是故意引发了该结果。”五名报纸主管和印刷人员在不到两个星期的时间里就被判处有罪，每个人获得了最高三年的刑期，报纸也被禁止出版六个月。
这是一个有关话语控制权的战斗，而这种战斗一直在进行中。

Richard Kwok
Think a keydifference is the younger educated Chinese these days are fully aware of themedia censorship, thus often doubt what their are being told by the media.Where as in the “West” it's almost a religious belief that corporate owned,profit seeking “free media” equals to the “truth”.
The Chinese PropagandaDepartment is light years behind its US counterparts.

有一个明显的不同之处也要考虑进来，现在的中国年轻人都熟知媒体审查，所以经常会质疑他们从媒体得到的消息。而在“西方”，人们就像信仰宗教一样相信那些被大公司拥有以赚钱为目的的“自有媒体”就是“真相”。
中国的宣传部门落后于美国同行有几光年那么远。

Godfree Roberts
The Party mustclose the Propaganda Gap!

中国政府需要努力缩小宣传上的差距！

Lingke Xue
Just to give youanother perspective: The majority of first-generation overseas Chinese belowthe age of 35 trust Chinese media more than Western media, although they surequestion both to a varying extent.

我这里给你提供另外一个观点： 在35岁以下的第一代海外中国人里，尽管大多数都不同程度的质疑东西双方的媒体，但他们对中国媒体的信任超过西方媒体。

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Quora User, Ethnically Tibetan and Lives in the US
Actually the mainrule of thumb is that if western media doesn't like something it's usuallybecause they don't want you to like it.
Example: Althoughevidence existed that the Syrian Rebels used Chemical Weapons againstcivilians, yet no western media outlet ever reported this fact.
The reason whyAmerican media hates China is simply because they are afraid of Chineseinfluence. Every day goes by and China simply gets more powerful and it'smaking Americans mad, because they don't like having a true competitor.Americans are simply used to constantly having all the power in the world (Eversince the USSR collapsed) and always believed that everyone would support theUS since it's a "Freedom and Democracy Loving Country".
Simply go toQuora's China section and look at the amount of Americans who look like theyare panicking at China's Rise. Look at these "Answers"
"China ismorally corrupt, it is constantly polluting and killing Tibetans"
"China spieson the US and steals strategic technology."
Not only is thisanswer extremely naive and even slightly stereotypical,it shows what typical westerner's views on China.
China doesn'tactually pollute at a extremely high level compared to the US it is actuallyranked 55th in CO2 Emissions per capita (The US is ranked 15th BTW) and it hastwice the population (Quite Funny, right? Ever heard this fact in westernmedia?)
"China spiesof the US and steals strategic technology"
Again, whatcountry has not spied? This is a extremely naive obviously biased anti-Chineseargument, the US has spied on it's allies, has been extremely aggressiveagainst any government that opposes it and continues to claim moral high groundbecause apparently China spying on a strategic enemy is somehow worse thanspying on your own allies.
Most of theextremely primitive anti-Chinese views westerners hold is because of westernmedia, with little to no appetite to actually research things on their own andlearn (Because even Honors World History didn't teachme as much as a website such as Wikipedia) With this attitude its no wonder whyAmericans are so anti-Chinese, they learn little from non-biased sources andconstantly complain about anything that threatens their "Superpower"status.
To answer themain question "Why is western media so hostile to China" is simplybecause China doesn't lend itself to the primitive view of westerners. Atypical view that westerners have of China is a
Dictatorship(Which is really isn't)
A Hell hole (Inever knew a hell hole could be a near economic superpower)
A terrible placeto live (I didn't know a technologically advanced country like China is "aterrible place to live")
Extremelyaggressive communist nation (Do I need to say more about this argument? Itseems like the USSR still exists)
Media tends tocater to the Audience it delivers content to, you stop doing that as a mediacompany and you will start realizing how hard it is to make money. So westernmedia wants China to be a "threatening and aggressive nation" becauseit wants to cater to a long lost anti-USSR audience that is creeping up again,but this time the USSR happens to be China instead.

Quora User，藏族人，住在美国。
根据一贯的经验原则来看，如果西方媒体不喜欢什么事情，通常他们也不希望你喜欢。
例如：尽管有证据表明叙利亚反对派对平民使用了化学武器，但是没有一家西方媒体报道过这一事实。
美国媒体憎恨中国的原因很简单，他们害怕中国的影响力。中国正在一天天变得更加强大，这让美国人抓狂，因为他们不喜欢有这么一个真正的竞争者。美国人过去一直拥有世界上所有的权力（自苏联崩溃之后），而且一直认为世界上所有人都会支持美国，因为美国是一个“自由民主充满爱的国家”。
你只要到quora中国频道去看看就知道了，有多少美国人看起来已经因为中国崛起产生了恐慌。看看这些“回答”：
“中国道德败坏，不停的制造污染还杀死XZ人”
“中国在暗中监视美国还窃取了美国的战略技术”
这些回答不仅十分幼稚，甚至有点刻板，这也显示了西方人对中国的典型看法。
实际上和美国相比，中国的污染也没达到很高的程度，中国的人均二氧化碳排放量排名第55位（顺便说下美国排名是第15位）而中国可是有两倍的人口。

“中国监视美国并窃取战略科技”
还是一样，有哪个国家没有被监视过？这是一种极其幼稚的明显存在偏见的反华论调。美国甚至会监视自己的盟友，并一直对反对自己的任何国家采取咄咄逼人的姿态，却还一直站在道德高地上，很显然，中国监视自己的战略对手不知怎么的就比美国监视自己的盟友更邪恶了。
大多数西方人所持有的极其粗造的反华观点都是缘自西方媒体，他们没有任何兴趣去亲自实际调查或是学习（因为即便是《世界荣誉历史》也没有维基百科这样的网站教会我们的东西多）。带着这样态度的美国人会如此反华也就不奇怪了，他们很少去了解公正的信息，不停抱怨任何威胁到他们“超级大国”地位的东西。

“为什么西方媒体如此敌视中国”这个重要问题的答案很简答，因为中国对西方人粗糙原始的观点不适应。西方人对中国的典型观点就是：
毒菜体制（实际上不是）；
像地狱一样的地方（我从来不知道地狱一样的地方还能成为经济超级大国）；
一个糟糕的不适合居住的地方（我还真不知道一个像中国这样科技发达的国家会是一个糟糕到不适合人居住的地方）；
极富侵略性的共产国家（关于这种说法我还需要再多说吗？听起来就像苏联还存在一样）。
媒体会传递迎合观众的内容，如果作为媒体公司的你不这么做，你马上就能体会到赚钱有多难了。所以西方媒体想把中国塑造成一个“有威胁性和侵略性的国家”，因为他们想要迎合一群长期迷失的反苏联的观众，只是这一次，中国接替了苏联的位置。