quora：中国是如何做到如此快速的在南中国海填海造陆的? [美国媒体]

How did China develop the artificial islands on the South China Sea so quickly?

中国如何如此快速的在南中国海填海造陆的?



Daniel Njoo
The same way they built this 57-story skyscraper in 19 days — a rate of 3 floors per day!! (Edit: clarification from Merystal in comments that the skyscraper had a foundation placed 4 months prior, but the point is that the execution was still so quick it looked like magic.)
Let me try to explain the magic in the South China Sea. How did they do that? It comes down to a few things:
Efficiency in decision-making for crucial projects by way of little regulatory red-tape, when important things need to be done, they are done, quickly. In the time it takes the Philippines to earmark an already-anorexic budget for the proposal and appoint a private company to take on the contract, China’s already built the islands.

用同样的方式，他们在19天内建造了这座57层的摩天大楼——每天3层楼!!(注:Merystal的评论澄清说，摩天大楼有一个花费了4个月建造的地基，但关键是，它的执行速度仍然如此之快，看起来就像魔法一样。)
让我来解释一下中国南海的神奇之处。他们是怎么做到的?它归结为以下几点:

在关键项目的决策过程中，效率在于没有繁文缛节的监督管理，当重要的事情需要完成时，它们就会迅速完成。与此同时，在菲律宾将建造人工岛的预算削减到一定程度，并任命一家私营公司来承担合同的时候，中国已经建成了这些岛屿。

Case 1: in 2005 when China decided to overhaul its financial system for $620B, i.e. 28% of GDP, it did. Remember the brouhaha over TARP in 2008 which was merely 5% of US GDP? China gets things done.
Case 2: China build the world’s largest high speed rail network, in a decade.
In truth, this comes down to the omnipotency of the Party. It tells banks who to lend to, and dredging companies what to do.

案例1:2005年，中国决定对其金融体系进行全面改革，改革规模涉及到6200亿美元，即GDP的28%。还记得2008年的问题资产救助计划(TARP)占美国国内生产总值(GDP)的5%吗?中国把这事情搞定了。

案例二:中国建设了世界上最大的高速铁路网，并且只用了十年时间。
事实上，这要归结于执政党的全能。它告诉银行贷款给谁，以及疏浚公司该做什么。

Investment and planning: thanks to prescient planning that began as early as the 1990s in the 8th and 9th FYPs, China invigorated its dredging capabilities. At the turn of the century, 70% of Chinese dredgers were either obsolete or soon to be, but by 2008, total dredging capacity reached 900m cubic meters, 3x the 2001 levels, and went from global fifth to first in 10 years (2000–10).
In 2000, China’s largest domestic dredger had a hopper cappacity of only 5000 cubic meters, China’s 2012 Tongtu had a capcity of 22000!

投资规划:早在上世纪90年代初，中国就有了先见之明的规划。在世纪之交，70%的中国挖泥船要么已经过时，要么很快就会被淘汰，但到2008年，中国的总挖泥能力达到了9亿立方米，是2001年水平的3倍，从全球第五名变成了全球第一名。而这一切只花了10年时间(2000-2010年)。
在2000年，中国最大的国内挖泥船只有5000立方米的料斗，而到了2012年中国的通途的料斗已有22000立方米的容积 !

 

Technological innovation (subsidised by domestic demand): Jidong Development Group announced plans in 2014 to develop floating platforms up to 1.5m tonnes in displacement; the current-record holder displaces only 600,000 tonnes. However, none of this would be possible if China had to compete internationally with companies such as Boskalis, Van Oord, Jan de Nul, and DEME who between the four of them control 60% of the dredging market.
Result: 17x more land reclaimed in 20 months than all other competing nations (Vietnam, Malaysia, Philipines, Taiwan) reclaimed in 40 years

技术创新(受国内需求支撑):冀东发展集团于2014年宣布计划，开发高达150万吨的浮动平台;目前的保持记录的浮动平台只有60万吨。然而，如果中国必须在国际上与博斯克、范?奥德、简?德?纳尔和德美等公司进行国际竞争的话，这一切都不可能实现。这些公司，控制着疏通市场的60%份额。

结果:中国在20个月里填海造陆的成果，17倍于所有其他竞争国家(越南、马来西亚、菲律宾、台湾)在40年里填海造陆增加的土地面积。

Michelle Zhou
Dredging and Blowing Sand Reclamation.
SKY WHALE is the largest self-propelled cutter suction dredger in Asia.

疏浚和吹砂填海。
天鲸是亚洲最大的自航吸盘挖泥船。

 

Total length of 127.5m, type width 22m, draft 6m, design speed 12 knots, with a total installed power of 19200KW, the maximum dredging depth -30m, mud maximum distance 6000m, digging efficiency 4500m3 /hr.

总长度127.5米，宽2200米，600米，设计速度12节，总装机功率19200KW，最大挖泥深度-30m，泥浆最大传输距离6000m，掘进效率每小时4500立方米。

 

Sky Whale has a suction tube with a drag head that is lowered into the seabed to suck up sand, clay or gravel into its hold, spray the slurry of soil and water onto the target site via a nozzle at the ship’s bow.

天鲸”号有一个吸管，它的拖曳头被放低到海床上以吸收沙子、粘土或砂砾，然后通过船头的喷嘴将泥砂和水混合的泥浆喷到目标部位。

 

Suck up sand and blown into the reclamation area, sea water flows out of the curtain, sand stay in the curtain, gradually, sand become filled land. Not only dredging clay, compacted sand, gravel, excavation can also withstand voltage of 40 MPa of rock, such as granite. Land reclamation: Raising land from the sea

吸起沙子，吹入填海区，海水从帷幔中流出，沙子停留在帷幔上，渐渐地，沙子变成了填充的土地。不仅可以疏浚粘土、密实沙、碎石，还可以开挖耐压为40兆帕的岩石，比如花岗岩。土地复垦:从海上开垦土地。



Sky Whales can work 24 hrs/day non-stop, each complete land reclamation the size of a soccer field/hr.


天鲸号可以每天24小时不停地工作，每小时都可以填满足球场大小的土地。

 

The SCS islands were really just a piece of cake to China after building the Yangshan Deep Sea Port!

在建设成洋山深水港后，南中国海群岛对中国而言真的只是小菜一碟。

 

Jimmy Ricardo Rosano Keesee
That’s China’s greatest talent. Massive projects. From their fast and comprehensive high speed train network, massive highway projects and huge infrastructure and power projects to islands in the middle of the sea, China can devote MAJOR resources into something and get it done faster than any other country.
They are known for it.

这是中国最伟大的天赋。大规模的项目（建设能力）。从高速、全面的高速铁路网络、大型高速公路项目、庞大的基础设施和电力项目到海上的岛屿，中国可以把主要的资源投入到某件事情上，并且比其他任何国家都能更快地完成任务。

他们以此而闻名于世。

Moe Min
It just comes down to how much money you want to throw at the project. Dredging to create artificial islands is not new technology. Engineering is well established and in fact, Dubai created The Palm Islands in just 5 years. And these are much larger artificial islands with residential housing on top. Granted, Dubai’s islands are close to the coast while the South China seas ones are in the middle of no where. But the mechanics are similar.
Given that China saw this as a strategic project, they no doubt threw resources at it and got it done.

这只取决于你想在这个项目上投入多少钱。疏浚人工岛屿不是新技术。工程的建设很好，事实上，迪拜只用了5年就建成了棕榈岛。这些都是更大的人工岛，上面有住宅。当然，迪拜的岛屿离海岸很近，而南中国海的岛屿则远离陆地。但是原理是相似的。

鉴于中国将此视为一个战略项目，他们无疑会投入资源并将其完成。

 

Tongxiao Shen
Some answers above claim that “It just comes down to how much money you want to throw at the project”; however as a matter of fact technology is used to decrease the cost not to increase it. Philippine has been creating artificial islands since a decade ago, but their way is to manually increaseing the size of islands with cement like this:

上面的一些答案声称“这仅仅取决于你想在这个项目上投入多少资金”;然而，事实上，技术是用来降低成本而不是增加成本的。菲律宾自十年前就开始建造人工岛，但他们的方法是用这样的水泥人工增加岛屿的面积:



It costs more time and labor meanwhile gains less progress.
Chinese way of creating artificial islands is indeed not something new, but it does cost way less money and time comparing to the manual way.

这花费了更多的时间和劳力，同时取得的进展也更少。
中国制造人工岛屿的方式确实不是什么新鲜事，但与人工方式相比，它的成本和时间都要少得多。



China didn't start to create island until 2014, which is way later than other countries around SCS. The speed of China creating artificial islands is not fast but normal with today's technology. It's just other countries’ (such as Philippine’s) way is too time consuming (and also expensive) so that it makes Chinese speed looks fast.

直到2014年，中国才开始填海造陆，这比南中国海周边的其他国家要晚得多。以当今的技术水平，中国制造人工岛屿的速度并不快，只能算正常速度。只是其他国家(比如菲律宾)太耗时(也太贵)，所以中国的速度看起来很快。

Kai Liu
Because Chinese have the motivation to work harder and develop themselves,
In other countries’ eyes, they say it’s violation of “ human rights” “ labor rights” of those Chinese workers. No, They simply enjoy their job.
Unlike some lazy countries(I’m not saying south asian countries) who just act elegant and find excuses for bad economy, China is trying hard in every aspects, not only in construction, but also in agriculture, industry, environment and life standard.
There is no way you think it’s OK that developed countries can build islands quickly, China is not the poor dwarf you thought in the past.

因为中国人有动力更努力地工作和发展自我，
在其他国家的眼中，他们说这违反了中国工人的“人权”“劳工权利”。不，他们只是喜欢他们的工作。

不同于一些懒惰的国家(我不是说南亚国家)，他们只是表现得优雅，并为糟糕的经济找借口，中国在各个方面都在努力，不仅在基建方面，在农业、工业、环境和生活标准方面也很努力。

你认为的发达国家可以快速建立岛屿其实是不可能的，中国不是你过去认为的可怜的侏儒。

Shu Wu, ABC
If you have access to YouTube, search Megastructures Palm island Dubai. And you get the idea, China got heaps of dredging ships, working at Chinaman speed and you'll get an island real quick. 2years is actually pretty long time to be honest, but considering that it's middle of nowhere.
People is going to complain about how the ecosystem is destroyed, but you can artificially create a new ecosystem and it'll thrive. With the technology we have today it's not that hard. Creating a fish farm next to the military base is the next thing they should look into, or maybe they already have. Chinese people are good at growing food, supplying food to middle of nowhere is costly over a long period of time.

如果你可以访问YouTube，搜索下迪拜棕榈岛的巨型建筑。你知道，中国有大量的挖泥船，以中国速度工作，你很快就能得到一个岛。2年其实是很长的一段时间，但要考虑到这些岛屿离陆地很远。

人们会抱怨生态系统是如何被摧毁的，但是你可以人为地创造一个新的生态系统，它将会蓬勃发展。我们现在拥有的技术并不那么难以做到。在军事基地旁边建立一个渔场是他们应该研究的下一件事，或者他们已经建好了。中国人民很擅长种植粮食，在很长一段时间里，向偏远地区供应粮食的代价是很昂贵的。

Vitz Nyr
One of the main reasons is that if the government in china wants to do something it does it without having to answer it's citizens or ngo's or anything else.

其中一个主要原因是，如果中国政府想要做一些事情，它不需要向它的公民或非政府组织或其他任何组织作出回答。

Jeff Fournier
China is good at getting a job done by throwing materials and people at it, which China has plenty of. They surprised many countries with their quick work.

中国很擅长通过向目标投注物资和人员来完成一项工作，而在中国有很多这样的工作。他们的快速工作使许多国家感到惊讶。

Felix Gu
They can build another China in pacific ocean

他们可以在太平洋建造另一个中国。

Jon Mosley
By destroying marine habitats in a very short amount of time.

通过在很短的时间内摧毁海洋栖息地。

Art Chen, Chinese-Americn
I just saw a TV program on YouTube on how Shanghai built world’s largest container port  32 KM out in the sea. It was done in a few years. Thus I think this experience enabled China to reclaim the islands in South China Sea so quickly.

我刚刚在YouTube上看到了一个电视节目，关于上海是如何建成世界上最大的集装箱港口的，这个港口探入海中32KM。这个大工程是在几年内完成的。因此，我认为这一经验使中国能够如此迅速地在南海诸岛填海造陆。

Linghu Chao
In economic terms, what Vietnam and the Philippines had done in building the artificial islands in South China Sea is called first mover advantage. They enjoy less attention and more patronage from outside-of-the-region countries with special agenda like the US.
But in technical terms, China started island building two decades later, it can use more latest equipments and learn from others’ experience. This is later-mover’s advantage.

从经济角度看，越南和菲律宾在南中国海建造人工岛的做法被称为“先发优势”。他们受到美国这样的特殊目的域外国家的关注较少，而且得到的资助也更多。
但从技术角度讲，中国在20年后开始建造岛屿，可以使用更多的最新设备，并借鉴他人的经验。这是后发优势。

Z Stefan
Welp, China has more than enough manpower and resource to do so, and a whole fleet of ships/tankers/battleships ready to provide support.Beside, once China set its mind on something, better not doubt it.

中国有足够的人力和资源来实现这一目标，并且有大量的船舶/油轮/战舰准备提供支持。此外，一旦中国下定决心做某事，最好不要怀疑。