【 Quora 】:最让你震惊的是什么? [美国媒体]

What is the biggest mind blow ever?

【 Quora 】:最让你震惊的是什么?




There are parts of your DNA that were once parts of viruses.
Retroviruses are types of viruses that insert their genetic material into the genome of their host cell. Then, the genetic integrated viral material will use the cell’s machinery to create new copies of the virus. Most retroviruses infect somatic cells, which play no role in reproduction, however, a retrovirus can sometimes (it’s really rare actually) infect a germinative cell, like a spermatozoid. In the unlikely case that this spermatozoid is the one to fecundate the egg, the organism developed will carry the viral genome in all of its cells.
While it is unclear how those viral parts (called Endogenous Retroviruses, ERVs) became fixed to our DNA, the most accepted theory is that retroviruses infected our evolutionary ancestors, and evolution brought them to our Homo sapiens genome.
However, these viral genetic segments, albeit of signicant proportion in the genome, comprising 5%-8% of it, are now mostly defective, permeated by mutations which make them harmless.
Have you ever heard about the 1% difference between the human genome and the chimpanzee genome? If so, have you wondered, if those genomes are so alike, why are we so different from apes?
One of the reasons for that is the difference in some of the regulatory regions of the genome. Much of the genetic material (in many species) is not actively coding, they are there just to control the expression of other parts. In other words, although having 99% identical DNA, humans have regulatory mechanisms, that modulate the expression of the genetic material, in a lifelong process that starts in the embryo, making us different from chimpanzees.
And guess what? Among the regulatory regions that are likely responsible for that, many of the are ERVs. That’s right, the viral parts that penetrated into ours ancestors thousands of years ago.
Conclusion: The human DNA segments that were once parts of viruses have probably played an important role in human evolution.

你的DNA中有一部分曾经是病毒的一部分。
逆转录病毒是一种将其遗传物质插入宿主细胞基因组的病毒。然后，病毒基因将使用细胞的机器来制造新的病毒副本。大多数逆转录病毒只感染体细胞，在生殖过程中不起作用，然而，逆转录病毒有时(实际上是非常罕见的)会感染一个生殖细胞，例如一个精子。在这种不太可能的情况下，这种精子会结合卵子，那么这种生物会在其所有细胞中都携带病毒基因组。
虽然目前还不清楚这些病毒部分(称为内源性逆转录病毒，ERVs)是如何固定在我们的DNA上的，但最广为接受的理论是，逆转录病毒感染了我们的进化链条的祖先，通过进化将它们带到我们的智人基因组。
然而，这些病毒的基因片段，尽管在基因组中有明显的比例，占了5%-8%，但现在大部分都有缺陷，被突变所渗透，使它们变得无害。

你听说过人类基因组和黑猩猩基因组之间1%的差异吗?如果是这样，你是否想过，如果这些基因组如此相似，为什么我们与猿类如此不同?
其中一个原因就是基因组的一些调控区域的差异。许多遗传物质(在许多物种中)并不是主动编码，它们只是用来控制其他部分的表达。换句话说，尽管拥有99%相同的DNA，人类有相关调节机制，调节基因物质的表达，从胚胎开始，使我们与黑猩猩不同。
你猜怎么着?在那些可能对此负责的监管区域中，许多是ERVs。没错，就是几千年前就已经渗透到我们祖先的病毒部分。
结论:人类DNA片段曾经是病毒的一部分，可能在人类进化过程中发挥了重要作用。

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Your height ~ 1.6 – 2.0 metres
Your width ~ 40 – 50 cm
Your house ~ 100 sq. metre
Your locality ~ 2 sq. km
Your city ~ 1500 – 3000 sq. km
Largest continent ~ 45 million square km
Earth avg diameter ~ 12742 km
Earth-Sun avg distance ~ 150 million km
Solar system’s semi-major axis ~ 4.503 billion km
Size of the local interstellar cloud in which our Solar system is present ~ 30 light years (2808 trillion km). Note: 1 light year = distance travelled by light in 1 year at the speed of 299792.458 km per second, i.e., 9460528404900 km.
Size of the Orion-Cygnus Arm in which the local interstellar cloud is present ~ 10,000 light years.
Size of the Milky Way Galaxy ~ 100 – 180 kilo light years.
Thickness of Milky Way Galaxy ~ 2 kilo light years.
Size of the Local Group of Galaxies in which Milky Way is present ~ 3 million light years.
Size of the Virgo Supercluster ~ 110 million light years.
Size of the greater Laniakea Supercluster of which Virgo is just a small lobe ~520 million light years.
Size of the Observable Universe, which contains 10 million of such super clusters ~ 93 billion light years.

你的身高~ 1.6 - 2.0米。
你的宽度~40 - 50厘米。
你的房子~ 100平方米
你所在小区~ 2平方公里
你的城市~ 1500 - 3000平方公里
最大大陆面积~ 4500万平方公里。
地球直径~ 12742公里。
地球-太阳距离~ 1.5亿公里。
太阳系的半主轴~ 45030亿公里。
我们太阳系的星际云的大小约为30光年(2808万亿公里)。注:1光年=以299792.458公里/秒的速度行驶1年的距离，即,9460528404900公里。
我们星际云存在的方位-天鹅座的臂长约1万光年。
银河系的大小约为100 - 180 千光年。
银河系厚度约2千光年。
银河系所在的星系群的大小约为300万光年。
室女座超星系团的大小，约1.1亿光年。
更大的拉尼亚克超级星团的大小，室女座只是上面一个小瓣~ 5.2亿光年。
可观测宇宙的大小，其中包含了1000万这样的超级星团——930亿光年。

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12376 meters !
This is the deepest hole ever dug by the man on earth.
Ever wondered the significance of this huge number ? Look at the below facts and decide for yourself.
1.8m (6 ft) - Depth of a coffin that is usually buried under the earth.
6m( 20 ft) - Maximum depth for the metal detectors to pick up signals below the earth.
20m(66 ft) - Depth of ‘The Paris Catacombs’ , an underground tunnel in France where the remains of more than 6 million people is held.
35m(114 ft) - deepest swimming pool in the world, located in Padua, Italy
100m(328 ft) - This is the point within which the governments usually buries the nuclear waste.
105.5m(346 ft) - Depth of Arsenalna, deepest underground metro station in the world located in Ukraine.
122m(400 ft) - Wild Fig tree located in Echo caves, South Africa was found to have deepest roots penetrated at this point.
220m(720 ft) - Congo River, Africa . The maximum depth of the deepest river in the world.
287m(942 ft) - Eiksund Tunnel, located in Norway is considered to be the deepest road tunnel ever built by man.
392m(1286 ft) - Woodingdean Well ,situated in UK , holds the record for the Deepest hand dug well in the world.
700m(2297 ft) - Chilean mining accident . In 2010, 33 miners were trapped for 69 days at this depth.
970m(3182 ft) - Bingham Canyon mine , deepest open pit mine located in US. Burj Khalifa placed at its centre would still be few hundred metres shorter than this mine.
1642m(5387 ft) - Depth of the deepest lake in the world, Lake Baikal.
1857m(6092 ft) - Deepest part of Grand Canyon.
2197m(7208 ft) - Krubera cave, situated in Georgia, is considered to be the deepest cave in the world having this depth.
2450m(8040 ft) - Gotthard Tunnel located in Switzerland, is the deepest train tunnel on earth.
3600m(11811 ft) - Halicephalobus mephisto , a muticellular organism found alive at this deepest point.
10994m(36070 ft) - Challenger deep, Deepest point of the Pacific Ocean.
11887m(39000 ft) - This is the average altitude of an airplane flying in the sky.
We humans have surpassed the depth of mariana trench and gone even below this to have dugged the deepest hole on the earth.
12262m( 40229 ft) - Kola Superdeep bore, is a drilling project initiated by Russia with an attempt to dig deeper into the earth and reached this point. 
This is so deep that you can actually place 15 Burj Khalifa’s(World’s tallest building) on top of each other in this hole.

12376米!
这是地球上人类挖过的最深的洞。
想知道这个巨大数字的意义吗?看看下面的事实，自己做决定。
1.8米(6英尺)——深的棺材通常埋在这个位置。
6米(20英尺)——金属探测器接收地面信号的最大深度。
20米(66英尺)——法国地下隧道“巴黎地下墓穴”的深度，那里有600多万人的遗骸。



35m(114英尺)-——世界最深的游泳池，位于意大利的帕多瓦。



100米(328英尺)——这是政府通常埋下核废料的地方。
105.5米(346英尺)——在乌克兰的世界上最深的地下地铁站。
122m(400英尺)- - -位于南非回声洞穴的野生无花果树，在这一点上发现的最深的树根。
220m(720英尺)——刚果河，非洲。世界上最深的河流的最大深度。
287米(942英尺)——位于挪威的Eiksund隧道被认为是人类建造的最深的公路隧道。



392米(1286英尺)——位于英国的Woodingdean井，保持着世界上最深手挖井的记录。
700m(2297英尺)——智利矿难。2010年，33名矿工在这个深度被困69天。
970m(3182英尺)——宾汉姆峡谷矿，最深的露天矿在这个位置。在它的中心放置个哈利法塔仍然比这个矿短几百米。



1642米(5387英尺)——世界最深湖的深度，贝加尔湖。
1857米(6092英尺)——大峡谷最深的地方。
2197m(7208英尺)——位于乔治亚州的克鲁伯拉洞，被认为是世界上最深的洞穴。



2450米(8040英尺)——位于瑞士的Gotthard隧道，是世界上最深的火车隧道。
3600m(11811英尺)- Halicephalobus mephisto，最深处被发现的细胞生物。
10994米(36070英尺)——挑战者深渊，太平洋的最深点。
11887米(39000英尺)——这是飞机在空中飞行的平均高度。
我们人类已经超越了马里亚纳海沟的深度，甚至在这下面挖出了地球上最深的洞。
1262米(40229英尺)——科拉超深钻孔，是俄罗斯发起的一项钻探工程，试图深度挖掘地球才达到这一深度。这是如此之深，以至于你可以把15个哈利法塔(世界最高的建筑)放入这个洞。

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JUPITER DOES NOT ORBIT THE SUN.
Yes what we have learnt in school has been proved to be incorrect.
The mass of Jupiter is actually 2.5 times than the mass of all the other planets combined. It has been shown that the planets and the sun revolve around a common centre of gravity(called the barycentre) which depends on the mass of the two bodies. Planets are usually too small compared to the sun. Hence the common centre of gravity lies near the centre of the sun, thereby making it appear that the planet revolves around the sun.
On the other hand Jupiter is much bigger. Thus,the common centre of gravity lies just outside the sun's surface. Hence both Jupiter and the sun revolve around this point. This even makes the sun wobble a bit!
Jupiter does NOT orbit the sun as demonstrated by this NASA image

木星不绕太阳运行。
是的，我们在学校学到的东西被证明是错误的。
木星的质量实际上是其他行星质量总和的2.5倍。已经证明，行星和太阳围绕着一个共同的重心，这取决于两个物体的质量。行星通常比太阳小得多。因此，共同的地心引力位于太阳的中心附近，从而使地球看起来围绕着太阳旋转。
另一方面，木星要大得多。因此，共同的重心就在太阳表面的外面。因此木星和太阳都围绕这一点旋转。这甚至让太阳有点摇晃!
木星并没有像NASA的图片那样围绕太阳运行。

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If you have ever turned the pages of physics book, you might be knowing him:
His name is Sir Isaac Newton.[1]
His works in the field of gravity, motion, optics etc. are highly recognized and appreciated throughout the world, even in 21st century.
He was also the Mastermind behind the scientific revolution of 17th century.[2]
But do you know how he died?
In our physics textbooks, his life is limited to his discoveries and inventions only, no one cares about how he died.
So, let's investigate a bit into his later part of life:
Newton spent his last days in a small house of London with his acquaintance John locke.[3]
He started doing alchemy there.
According to the recent research of his hair samples, from his coffins, it was found that it contains high level of Mercury.
Mercury is considered as an important metal in the formula of gold making.[4]
It is even said that he had gone mad before he died, which is one of the side-effects of working with Mercury.
Hence, the mystery is solved- Newton died because of his obsession with turning base metals into gold.
This is how one of the greatest scientists of all time died.
Prety weird, isn't it?
In contrast, he is still alive because of his works in physics and mathematics.

如果你翻开了物理书的书页，你可能就会认识他:
他的名字是艾萨克·牛顿爵士。



他在重力、运动、光学等领域的成就在全世界都得到了高度的认可和欣赏，即使在21世纪也是如此。
他也是17世纪科学革命的先驱者。
但你知道他是怎么死的吗?
在我们的物理教科书中，他的生命仅限于他的发现和发明，没有人关心他是如何死的。
所以，让我们来研究一下他晚年的生活:
牛顿与他的熟人约翰·洛克在伦敦的一间小房子里度过了最后的时光。
他开始在那里做炼金术。
根据最近对他的头发样本的研究，从他的棺木中发现，它含有很高水平的汞。
水银被认为是制造黄金的一种重要金属。



甚至有人说他在死之前就已经疯了，这是汞的副作用之一。
因此这个谜团被解开了——牛顿因沉迷于将贱金属变成黄金而死。
这就是有史以来最伟大的科学家之一。
很奇怪,不是吗?
相比之下，由于他的物理和数学着作，他还算活在这个世界上。

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The first Indian rocket was transported on bicycles
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai’s team, which launched the first Indian satellite from Thumba, Kerala did so under acute shortage of facilities. So much so, that at times, the scientists had to walk miles for dinner among other sacrifices.

第一个印度火箭是用自行车运送的。





Vikram Sarabhai博士的团队，在Thumba发射了第一颗印度卫星，喀拉拉邦严重缺乏基础设施。因此，科学家们有时不得不步行数英里去吃晚饭

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If you meet 100 new people every day from the day you were born, you will have met only 0.052% of the world by the time you’re 100 years old.
That completely blows my mind.
I’ve always thought I would have unlimited opportunities to experience new things and meet new people, but the scale of the world really shows how finite our lives are.
When I was dumped by my girlfriend, there was one thought which brought sort of an empty comfort: “There’s always more fish in the sea.”
I rationalized, there’s 7 billion people in the world, there must be one that’s meant for me.
But there isn’t. If I met 1 new person every day for the rest of my life, I would have less than 30,000 new opportunities for connection.
There’s 7 billion people in the world, but only 30,000 in mine.
And how many of those will be people I like? How many will be around my age? How many will I actually see again? How much time will I spend trying and failing to connect?

如果你从你出生的那天每天都遇到100个新认识的人，你在100岁的时候就会遇到世界上0.052%的人。
这让我很震惊。
我一直认为我有无限的机会去体验新事物，认识新朋友，但世界的规模确实显示了我们的生活是多么的有限。
当我被女朋友抛弃的时候，有一种想法带来了一种空虚的安慰:“海里总是会有更多的鱼。”
我搞明白了，世界上有70亿人，一定有一个是对我非常重要的。
但是没有。如果我的余生每天只遇到一个新的人，我将会只有不到3万个新的机会。
世界上有70亿人，但我只有3万人。
有多少人是我喜欢的人?在我这个年纪会有多少人?我还能看到多少?我将花费多少时间去尝试和失败?

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1.Fate of the Earth is Andromeda!
An epic war is coming between our home galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy, which is currently racing toward us at a speed of 110 km PER SECOND! (68 miles/sec). The estimated time left to the war is around 4 billion years from now. And the most mindfuck fact is that you can see our opponent “THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY” tonight with your naked eye..yep! no telescopes required. Here’s an image
The fate of the Earth and the Solar System in the event of a collision is currently unknown. Before the galaxies merge, there is a small chance that the Solar System could be ejected from the Milky Way or join the Andromeda Galaxy after the merge because there is high chance that NO TWO STARS WILL COLLIDE due to the huge space between the stars
2. Human body is made from elements forged by stars!
Look at your wrist, see the blueish veins? The blood flowing through them contains hemoglobin, a protein that has four iron atoms incorporated into its structure. Iron is only naturally produced in one place, it can only be forged in the core of dying stars.
Every time you look at your veins, remember that you are built from, and kept alive by, pieces of stardust.
So remember next time when you are looking into the mirror, you are looking at a small universe!
3. A gigantic Rain Cloud in space is the biggest water body in the Universe!
Scientists have found a big pool of water just floating out there in the cosmos. The cloud is huge, containing 140 trillion times the volume of our oceans. The water cloud (in vapor form) is found near a quasar. (A quasar is a celestial body which consists of a supermassive black hole surrounded by an orbiting accretion disk of gas). 
Here’s an image of the universe’s biggest water supply! :P
That cloud in the image is the universe’s oldest and largest water reservoir and it is swaddling a quasar! Sadly there isn’t much hope of getting any part of the reservoir coz it is 12 billion light years away from us and is being readily consumed by the black hole it is surrounding.
So finally when we did find water in space (other than on Earth and Mars), we find that we ain’t gonna get an ounce of it. Sad isn’t it?

1。地球的命运是在仙女座!
我们的家庭大星系和仙女座星系之间正在发生一场史诗般的战争，它正以每秒110公里的速度向我们飞奔!(68英里/秒)。从现在算起，大约40亿年后，战争结束。而最重要的事实是，你可以用肉眼看到我们的对手“仙女座星系”。不需要望远镜。
地球和太阳系在发生碰撞时的命运目前还不清楚。在星系合并之前，太阳系可能会被从银河系中驱逐出去，或者在合并后加入仙女座星系，因为在恒星之间会存在巨大的空间，没有两颗恒星会发生碰撞。

2。人体是由由恒星锻造的元素构成的!
看看你的手腕，看到蓝色的静脉吗?流经它们的血液含有血红蛋白，这是一种含有四个铁原子的蛋白质。铁只在一个地方自然产生，它只能在垂死恒星的核心中锻造。
每一次你看到你的血管，记住你是由活着的，碎片的星尘构成的。
所以记得下次当你看着镜子的时候，你看到的是一个小宇宙!

3。太空中巨大的雨云是宇宙中最大的水体!
科学家们发现了一大片漂浮在宇宙中的水。这块云是巨大的，包含了140万亿倍的海洋体积。在类星体附近发现了水云。(类星体是一个天体，它由一个巨大的黑洞组成，周围环绕着一个环绕着轨道的吸积盘气体)。
这里云是宇宙中最古老、最大的蓄水池，它正在襁褓之中!令人遗憾的是，我们并没有太多的希望，因为它离我们120亿光年远，而且很容易被它周围的黑洞吞噬。
最后，当我们在太空中寻找水时(除了地球和火星)，我们发现不会得到一盎司的水。很伤心不是吗?

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Know this guy?
He is Jonathan James.
What’s so special about him? Well, he hacked into NASA's network and gained access to 13 computers and downloaded enough data to learn how the International Space Station works. The value of the data assets he downloaded equals $1.7 million.
After this incident NASA had to shut their network down for three whole weeks which cost them about $41,000 to recover.
But the most interesting fact is he hacked NASA using a regular computer at an age of just 15.

知道这个人吗?



他是乔纳森·詹姆斯。
他有什么特别的?他侵入了NASA的网络，获得了13台电脑的控制权，下载了足够多的数据来了解国际空间站的工作原理。他下载的数据资产的价值为170万美元。
事件发生后，NASA不得不关闭他们的网络整整三个星期，这使他们损失了41000美元。
但最有趣的事实是，他在15岁的时候就能使用普通电脑入侵了NASA。

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Scientifically, immortality exists!
“He who is born, must die.”
Turns out this is not so true.
The jellyfish, Turritopsis nutricula [1] , has an ability to transfer its cell back to childhood after reaching adulthood
That means, once it is has grown old, it can reverse its growth process and goback to its polyp stage, not just once, but over and over again.
So the good news is, you can be immortal.
The bad news is, you will have to be a jellyfish to be so.
What do you choose?

科学,不朽的存在!
“出生的，必死无疑。”
事实证明并非如此。



这种水母有能力在成年后将其细胞转移回童年。
这意味着，一旦它变老，它就可以逆转它的生长过程，回到它的息肉阶段，不止一次，而是一次又一次。
好消息是，你可以长生不老。
坏消息是，你将不得不是一个水母。
你如何选择?