中国科技如此先进，为什么他们没有研发出能匹敌谷歌，微软以及苹果的设备操作系统？ [美国媒体]

As big as China is in technology, why haven't they developed an operating system entirely from scratch to compete with Google's, Microsoft's and Apple

中国科技如此先进，为什么他们没有研发出能匹敌谷歌，微软以及苹果的设备操作系统？





Mohammed Isam, Used all MSDOS versions, Win 1, 2, 3, 3.1, 3.11, oh and "other" Windows versions

用过微软包括DOS在内的所有系统版本

Because it is very easy to make an OS or a kernel (it is done by CS students on daily basis), but it’s very difficult to create a practical OS that can be used on a large scale.

因为研发一个操作系统或者计算机核心很简单（会玩cs的游戏玩家就能做到），但研发一个能够大规模推广使用的操作系统很难。

Take Linux for example. It is only a kernel, not a complete OS. It was released in 1991, which was 27 years ago. Up to this day, bugs are being discovered, patched and improved by thousands of experts worldwide.

以Linux为例。它只有一个内核，其实不是一个完整系统。1991年首发，至今已有27年。至今Linux发现了一堆BUG，打了一堆补丁，经由全世界的电脑专家不断升级提高。

Take GNU system, which debuted in 1984. It is still under active development today. The same can be said about Windows and macOS.

而1984年研发成功的GNU系统至今一直在升级改造。Windows和macOS系统也一样。

My point is, an OS is a huge undertaking that takes money and time to fully develop. If China wanted to create their own OS, they would be better off building on an existing, well tested base, much as what Google did with Android. Thry did not start from absolute scratch. They took the Linux kernel and built a system on top of it.

我认为一个开发完整的操作系统是一项非常艰巨的任务，需要投入天文数字般的资金和时间。如果中国下定决心研发自己的操作系统，明智的选择是在已有测试基础上开发，就像谷歌在Android基础上研发新系统一样。他们并非从零开始。他们在Linux内核基础上开发了新系统。

It is an old saying, but is still a relevant one: don’t reinvent the wheel. You will waste time and brain power to invent something someone has already done better before. Thanks for A2A.

有一句古老但依旧很重要的话：不需要重新发明轮子。这么做你只会把时间和脑力花在不必要的东西上。谢邀。

Dominic Connor, Technology Journalist (1993-present)科技记者（1993-）
The same reason that China uses “western” mathematics (ie a mix of Indian, Arabic and European). An operating system is a huge thing. There are inevitably operating systems from China banged out by students or researchers, I’ve done it myself it’s not that hard, but neither is it all that useful.

这和中国使用西方数学的原因一样（其实是印度，阿拉伯和欧洲数学思想的混合体）。操作系统是项艰巨工程。中国绝对会有学生或研究远尝试自己开发系统，我自己也这么做过。其实没那么难，但实际上也没什么用。

So although a basic O/S is easy, the reason I say it is as huge as a major branch of mathematics is that you need it to support progrsamming languages, many types of device, to have disagnostics for when it goes wrong, to be secure, efficient, to fairly allocate resources like processor time and also to support mechanisms for not allocating fairly. Then you have to test all this and more and then write a version 1.01 to deal with its shortcomings.

虽然在已有系统上开发新系统更容易，但我之所以说是项大工程是因为你需要开发一套支持编写编程语言，能兼容多种设备以及能自动识别bug的数学分支，以确保安全，高效，还必须能合理分配计算能力也要在突发状况出现时调整算力。开发完成后你还要测试并不断升级修饰错误。

Also, Linux, the highly popular O/S isn’t American, Mr. Torvlads himself was born in Sweden, I don’t think China is threatened by Swedish tryrrany and its many co-developers are all over thw world including China. The number of active developers of Linux is in the same order as those actively researching set theory. China has people doing this, but isn’t trying to create “Chinese set theory”, like all science, it stands on the shoulders of those who have gone before, so it can reach higher.

还是以Linux为例，这一系统最流行的地方并不是美国。Torvlads先生出生在瑞典，我不觉得中国会威胁到Linux系统，因为包括中国在内全球开发人员一直在持续升级。Linux的活跃开发者数量与那些积极研究集合理论的人差不多。中国也有人做这些事，但没有尝试开发自己的集合理论。就像现代科学一样，科学的进步总是站在巨人的肩膀上，因此才能不断提高。

So you have a huge investment just to get something that’s not really as good as stuff you can just download for free. If you have a thousand talented developers lying around, you’d do AI, or Big Data or something cool and new not an old thing like operating systems.

所以就算你投入巨额资金开发一套系统，也比不上你网上随便就能下载到的东西。如果你能集合全球数千天才开发者就能创造出自己的人工智能，大数据或者其他新颖的东西而不是什么过时的操作系统。

Old ? Linux ?

过时了？Linux？

Yep. It’s now older than many people who use it at work, it’s a Unix, ie a mid 1970s tech. Windows is early 1980s. Andoid which is firmly in the Linux style, isn’t all that new either. It takes years to get decent market share in the operating system game.

是的。它现在比许多在工作中使用它的人都要老，是一种Unix(20世纪70年代中期的技术)。Windows则是八十年代产品。安卓是Linux风格，毫无新意。要想在操作系统竞争中获得可观的市场份额也许需要数年时间。

This is a standard pattern in tech. China may have invented the rocket 500 years ago, but only a specialist could look at the plans for their current generation and tell the difference between the tech China uses to get into space and that of the Russians, Nasa and of course Elon Musk and Werner von Braun, the Nazi whose architecture defined modern rocketry would easily understand what he sees. We won’t get a basically different rocket until we get basically different technology.

这是技术上的标准模式之争。中国也许500年前就发明了火箭，但只有少数专家才明了本国的航天航空计划还能够区分清楚中国技术，俄罗斯技术，美国航空航天局技术。当然构建了现代航天技术的艾伦马克思，冯布劳恩以及纳粹德国一定做得到。在构建出一整套不同技术标准前，其实各国火箭没什么差异。

Operating systems reflect the capabilities of processors and what we want to do with them. Linux copes well enough with multiple cores and pretty much all the heavy duty GPU processing at scale is also run under Linux, so a new O/S would only be needed for something really radically different, perhaps Quantum computing, but not phones, or talbets or cloud.

操作系统反映的是处理器性能以及设计者设计目的。Linux能适应多核硬件，各种高性能GPU(图形处理器)也能在Linux系统上正常工作。新的操作系统也许需要能适应量子计算的运行，而不是只能打数字电话，键盘或云计算。

Tahitoa (Jayson) Toefuata, HRM Employee (2013-present)

人力资源部门雇员

You could ask the same question for many countries who have been technologically advanced before China, and for decades.

你也能向中国之前崛起的高科技国家问这个问题。

Even though South Korea is a smaller country than China, it’s probably the best example. The world has been overflowed with Korean products especially Samsung and until now, Samsung has always failed to develop its own operating system. Tizen is the best example. An OS pushed by Samsung. Does anybody on Quora have or use Tizen in its daily life? For sure not really!，

就算韩国远远小于中国，但也许是个好例子。从过去到现在如三星等韩国制造一直享誉全球，但三星也没有成功研发出自己爹操作系统。三星推出的泰泽系统就是个好例子。Quora上的人听过或在日常生活中用过泰泽吗?绝对没有。

Google, Microsoft or Apple have been on the market for so many decades and have become so much powerful that all new opponents have faced difficulties to become popular. Even Microsoft failed in the mobile phone market with its OS. Linux and other “by-products” haven’t been able to attract many customers until yet. It’s simply very hard to change the routine of customers if you don’t offer them something very special or really cheaper.

谷歌，微软或苹果数十年来一直占据着操作系统市场，经历千辛万苦战胜无数新型系统后变得越发强大。就连微软在移动端系统市场也没占到什么便宜。Linux以及其他附属系统至今也没吸引多少用户。如果你不向客户提供一个新颖独特或者实惠好用的新系统，他们绝不会改变自己的使用习惯。

In addition, many Chinese goods such as computers, TV or smartphones don’t hold 100% Chinese technologies. Just take Xiaomi as the best example. Xiaomi smartphones have Japanese, Korean and American components. Even Xiaomi power-banks were launched with LG batteries inside! As well, many Chinese goods which hold technologies seek the foreign markets so there isn’t a real need to develop its own system for everything.

此外包括电脑，电视或智能机在内的很多中国产品也不完全是100%中国技术。小米就是个好例子。小米手机就内含日本，韩国和美国配件。同样地，很多拥有自主知识产权的中国产品也会向外国市场进军，所以其实也没有研发新系统的必要。

Richard Conto, works at University of Michigan Medical School工作于密歇根医药大学
Google hasn’t created an OS from scratch. They’ve heavily modifed Linux for Android, but it wasn’t a from-scratch effort.
Microsoft has - a couple of times.

谷歌也没有研发自己的系统。他们在Android上对Linux进行了大量修改，不是从头开始工作。
微软也这么做过好几次。

Apple has too - but OS/X wasn’t entirely from scratch, as it built on Mach, FreeBSD, NeXT, and a LOT of open source code. Apple DID put a lot of effort into OS/X (iOS, et. al.) but they built on the successful and open framework of the descendants of Unix.

苹果也如此，其系统是在Mach, FreeBSD, NeXT以及其他很多开源代码基础上研发的。苹果确实在iOS上投入了大量精力，但它的成功依旧建立在已成熟的开源Unix之上。

Developing an entirely new OS entirely from scratch is an enormous undertaking - with very little obvious reward. A radically new OS would require fixes to all of the open source software that makes so much possible these days - even if it were possible to adapt.

开发一个彻底的新系统完全吃力不讨好。新系统要求经过升级必须兼容所有开源软件。