18张惊人的照片试图捕捉无国籍是什么样的 [美国媒体]

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18 Stunning Photos That Try To Capture What Its Like To Be Stateless

18张惊人的照片试图捕捉无国籍是什么样的

Greg Constantine shows the harsh realities of being without a country to call home.

【日期】2016年1月30日

Photographer Greg Constantine has spent the better part of a decade documenting the lives of stateless people all over the world. His photographs can be seen in a stunning photo book, “Nowhere People”, in which he examines the effects of statelessness on individuals and society. The project is far-reaching, exploring what it means to be stateless across Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia.

摄影师Greg Constantine花了接近十年的时间来记录全球无国籍人士们的生存现状。他拍摄的所有照片可以在《无处可归的人》这本让人瞠目结舌的相册集中看见，在这本相册集中作者检测了无国籍的个人和社群的效应。这个项目是深远的，深刻的阐述着在欧洲，非洲，东南亚成为无国籍人士意味着什么。



This stateless man is originally from Somalia. He arrived in Malta by boat. Somalia rejects his as a citizen of the country and Malta has rejected his claims for asylum. Now he and his family are stranded in Malta. Greg Constantine

上图的无国籍人士最初来自索马里，然后坐船偷渡到马耳他，但是索马里拒绝承认他是本国公民，马耳他也拒绝了其政治避难的申请，现在他和他的家庭被迫滞留于马耳他

 

Youth from the stateless Urdu-speaking community (or Bihari community) demonstrate at a rally in Dhaka in 2006. In 2008, the community was granted Bangladesh citizenship after 35 years of being stateless. Greg Constantine

上图为来自乌尔都语部落（又叫比哈尔部落）的青年人在2006年达卡的一次游行示威中的呼吁。经历了35年的无国籍状态，在2008年，这一群落被授予孟加拉国公民的身份。

Several thousand people from the Rakhine Buddhist community in Myanmar demonstrate through the streets of Sittwe in an anti-Rohingya and anti-UN protest. The demonstrators were protesting against the existence of a group called the ‘Rohingya’ and against UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s use of the word ‘Rohingya’ in a recent speech. Greg Constantine

上图为来自缅甸若干（缅甸地名，不是许多或者一些的意思）地区的几千位佛教徒群体在缅甸抗议罗兴亚和联合国的游行示威中穿过实兑港口（缅甸地名）街头的情形。游行示威者在游行中抗议罗兴亚族群存在的合理性，抗议联合国秘书长-潘基文在最近的一次讲话中用到了罗兴亚这一词语。



A peaceful demonstration in late 2012 by the Bidoon community in Kuwait demanding their right to Kuwaiti citizenship was met with a violent crackdown by the authorities Greg Constantine

上图为来自缅甸若干（缅甸地名，不是许多或者一些的意思）地区的几千位佛教徒群体在缅甸抗议罗兴亚和联合国的游行示威中穿过实兑港口（缅甸地名）街头的情形。游行示威者在游行中抗议罗兴亚族群存在的合理性，抗议联合国秘书长-潘基文在最近的一次讲话中用到了罗兴亚这一词语。




Children from the Dom (gypsy) community play in a slum outside of Basra. The Dom are some of the most vulnerable people in Iraq. Most of the children in the community have no documentation. Greg Constantine

上图为吉普赛群落的孩子在巴士拉内的一处贫民窟玩耍，他们是伊拉克国内最易受攻击的人群，他们中的大多数都没有被官方记录在案。

Statelessness is a serious issue, it limits the access that people have to jobs, healthcare, education, state services, and increases the risk of conflict, trafficking and exploitation. The UN estimates that 15 million people are not recognized as citizens of a country. In some countries, statelessness is systemic and entrenched across generations, in other cases its the result of an influx of refugees. As borders continue to close and war and economic desperation drives millions from their homeland seeking safety or a better way of life, “Nowhere People” is a worthy reminder of the effect that abstract government designations can have on individuals.

无国籍是一个严重的问题，它限制了人们获得工作，享受健康保障，获得教育，国家服务的权力。同时增加了冲突，非法交易，剥削发生的发生。联合国估计约有1500万的人不被所在国家认可为公民。在一些国家内，无国籍由系统性和根深蒂固的代际问题引起；在其他的情况下，则是由边境持续关闭以及战争和对经济前景感到绝望从而引起数百万的人离乡背井，只为寻找一个安全和更好的生存环境的难民的涌入引起。《无家可归的人》是概括政府行为对个体影响很好的一个警示物。



Deep rooted discrimination against ethnic Haitians in the Dominican Republic have left tens of thousands stateless in the county. Large number of Dominico-Haitians live in squalid slum-like settlements throughout the country called ‘bateyes’. Greg Constantine

根源于多米尼加共和国对海地少数名族的歧视，致使多米尼加共和国存在几万无国籍的人口。大多数的多米尼加-海地人生活在全国各地被称为巴特耶的类似于肮脏的贫民窟的地区



In the late 1800s Nubians from Sudan were conscripted into the British Army and brought to Kenya. Unable to return to Sudan, the British gave the Nubians over 4000 acres of land in Kenya to settle on in 1912. The Nubians have been denied title deed to this land, which is now the infamous Kibera slum. For nearly 50 years following Kenya’s independence in 1962, the Nubians were not formally recognized as a tribe of Kenya and were historically denied recognition. A Nubian woman holds a photograph of her grandfather as an officer in the King’s African Rifles. Greg Constantine

17世纪晚期，苏丹的努比亚人被征召入伍，加入英国军队并被带到肯尼亚。由于战后未能返回苏丹，为了能让他们安定下来，1912年英国当局划拨了肯尼亚的4000英亩的土地给他们。但是后来努比亚人对这片土地的所有权并不被认可，于是产生了现在声名狼藉的基贝拉贫民窟。在接下来的50年左右，随着肯尼亚在1962年宣布独立，努比亚人群落当时没有被官方正式认可为肯尼亚的一个部落并从此被永久性的拒绝认可。上图为努比亚妇女手持一张她的祖父的照片，他曾是国王的非洲军队的一名军官。



A map of West Africa is drawn in chalk on the wall of a home in a remote village in southwestern Cote d’Ivoire. The nationality of hundreds of thousands in Cote d’Ivoire is in question. Greg Constantine

上图为科特迪瓦西南偏远乡村某家墙上的一张西非地图的粉笔画，在科特迪瓦成百上千的人受到国籍问题的威胁。



Ibrahim was born in Mali and migrated to Ivory Coast ten years ago when he was fourteen. He is stateless and now trapped in the area of Soubreˆ because he has no documents and cannot travel through check posts. Greg Constantine

伊布拉希生于马里，并于十年前，当时他14岁时迁移到了象牙海岸，他也是一个无国籍人士，因为缺少官方文件无法通过检查岗哨而被困于苏布雷地区



This 25-year-old woman was born in China and was never registered in the Chinese household registry system because of the existing one-child policy in China as her parents preferred to have a son. In 2003, when she was 14-years-old, human traffickers brought her to Holland. She has had two children since living in Holland. Because she does not possess any documents, both children are registered as ‘nationality unknown’. Greg Constantine

上图这位25岁的妇女出生于中国，由于中国施行独生之女政策，加上其父母坚持想生男孩，所以并未将其注册到中国的家庭户籍管理系统。在2003年，当他14岁的时候，不幸被人贩子贩卖到了荷兰（不是河南！！不是河南！！不是河南！！重要的事情说三遍）。在荷兰她生育了2个小孩。但是由于她本人没有任何合法文件，所以她的2个小孩生下来就是国籍未知人士。



This 26-year-old was born in Myanmar (Burma) and is from the Rohingya ethnic community. In 1982, the entire Rohingya community in Burma was made stateless through a change in Burma’s citizenship laws. He and mother fled to Bangladesh after his father was killed in a widespread crackdown against the Rohingya in 1992. He was smuggled into Holland in 2012 and has applied for asylum twice but has been rejected both times. Currently he is not residing legally in Holland and lives temporarily in an old jail that has been turned into short-term housing for aliens, asylum seekers and the homeless. Greg Constantine

上图为26岁生于缅甸，来自罗兴亚族群体的某青年。1982年缅甸公民法的变化使所有缅甸的罗兴亚部落成为了无国籍人士。1992年在广泛的镇压罗兴亚部落的活动中他的父亲被杀害，他和母亲逃亡到了孟加拉国。2012年他偷渡到了荷兰并且两次申请政治避难，但都被拒绝，目前他非法定居于荷兰，临时性的居住在一个由老旧监狱改造成的专供外国人，避难申请者，以及流浪汉暂住的房屋内。



Forced labor, restrictions on travel and the confiscation of land and property in Myanmar’s North Rakhine State leave many Rohingya destitute and with no choice but to flee to Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, Rohingya fortunate enough to find employment on fishing boats or in the salt works earn less than US$1 a day. Greg Constantine

被生活所迫的劳动者，缅甸北部的若干（缅甸地名）地区因为长途运输的制约以及施行土地和财产充公使许多罗兴亚人贫困不堪，不得不逃亡到孟加拉国，在那里他们有幸能找到一份渔船上或者盐业相关的工作，每天拿着不到1美元的薪水。



The Dom (gypsy) community are some of the most vulnerable people in Iraq. This 35-year-old woman holds her Iraqi nationality card and stands with her five and three-year-old daughters. None of her four children have documents. Many of the Dom throughout Iraq, were issued an Iraqi Nationality card with an special ‘exception’ stamp in it, which many authorities around the country now do not recognize as being legitimate. Greg Constantine

吉普赛的DOM群体是伊拉克最脆弱的人群之一。上图为35岁的妇女手持她的伊拉克国籍证，牵着她的5岁和3岁的女儿们。而他的4个孩子都没有官方文件。伊拉克大多数的DOM群体都被颁发了伊拉克的国籍证，证上清楚的盖着“非常规人口”字样的章，伊拉克当局大多数地方都不认可这个国籍证的合法性。



It is estimated that some 108,000 people from the Bidoon community in Kuwait are without the right to citizenship and are stateless. Translated from Arabic, ‘Bidoon’ means ‘without’. Though they have lived in Kuwait for generations and have played a vital role in the development of modern Kuwait, they are denied any number of social, civil, economic and political rights. All three of the men here are unemployed because nearly all Kuwaiti companies are restricted from legally hiring Bidoon. Greg Constantine

据估计大约有108，000个来自科威特Bidoon群体的人没有获得公民身份，而成为了无国籍人士。阿拉伯语中的Bidoon意思就是“没有，不属于”的意思，虽然他们世代生活在科威特并在现代科威特社会中扮演了十分重要的角色，但依然被拒绝享有任何的社交，公民，经济和政治权利。上图中的3人都失业了，因为差不多所有科威特企业都被严格要求限制雇佣任何Bidoon群体的人。



This 13-year-old was born in the Dominican Republic. His father came in 1986 to work on one of the state-owned sugar plantations. He and his brothers have no documents because their parents are of Haitian ancestry. They are unable to go to school because they lack the necessary documents. Greg Constantine

上图13岁的小孩生于多米尼加共和国，他的父亲于1986年来到州立的糖种植园工作，因为他们父母是拥有海地血统，所以他和他的兄弟都没得到官方身份文件，更无法上学。



Without birth certificates, Dalits are unable to obtain birth certificates for their children. None of the women in this Dalit village in Nepal have citizenship or paperwork. Greg Constantine

没有出生证明，贱民们无法为他们的后代获取身份证明。尼泊尔某处贱民村落的所有女性都没有公民身份或者官方文件。



A group of Rohingya men push their fishing boat onto shore. Most Rohingya men in the Shamlapur area of Bangladesh work as bonded laborers and are trapped into debt to local Bangladeshi boat owners. Greg Constantine

海岸上的一组罗兴亚男人们用力推着渔船。孟加拉国Shamlapur地区的大多数罗兴亚男人都是契约工人并陷入了与当地船主人的债务之中。



Handprints of Galjeel children decorate a wall of an abandoned school. Years ago Galjeel children went to school. Now most do not receive an education. Greg Constantine

Galjeel男孩们的手印装饰着一处废弃学校的墙壁，数年前Galjeel的孩子们还能上学，现在大多数的他们未能接受教育。