中国如何能够在短时间内成为世界最大或第二大经济体？ [美国媒体]

How did China manage to become the largest or second largest economy in such a short amount of time?

中国如何能够在短时间内成为世界最大或第二大经济体？

答案一：
Callan Chua, Been Learning how to make it in China for the past 10 years.
Disclaimer : I’m not an economist. Nor am I educated in economics. You can say that my answer is entirely emotional and uneducated so choose to ignore if you find my observations irrelevant.

免责声明：我不是经济学家。我也没有接受过经济学教育。你可以说，我的回答完全是情绪化的，没有受过教育的，所以如果你发现我的观察结果是不切题的，那就选择忽略吧。

I read some of the answers, and I felt that those who talks about slave labor, cheap labor, currency manipulation etc, have no idea about modern chinese background. After first coming to China 10 years ago and staying here for the past 8 years, I see a lot of changes happening in China, from a labor intensive low cost manufacturing economy to now a mid-high tech product powerhouse, one thing did not change. That is the chinese’s sheer willingness to work hard. The experts can make up a thousand reasons for their growth but all those reasons would be external, their success comes from within and nothing can help them if they are not willing to help themselves.

我看了一些答案，我觉得那些谈论奴隶劳工、廉价劳动力、操纵货币的人，对现代中国的背景一无所知。我在10年前首次来到中国，在过去的8年里一直呆在这里，我看到中国发生了很多变化，从劳动密集型的低成本制造经济到现在的高科技产品巨头，但有一件事没有发生改变。那就是中国人努力工作的意愿。专家们可以为他们的成长提供上千个理由，但所有这些原因都是外在的，他们的成功来自于内在，如果他们不愿意帮助自己，就没有什么可以帮助他们了。

I heard a lot of foreigners saying that chinese students studying in their country are boring. All studying and no play, makes a dull Jack. But essentially, what they believe in is grasping every opportunity they can and to work hard now so that they can play in style later. Such beliefs are ingrind in their soul. The same can be said for the workforce and business owners. For those who calls that slavery, it ain’t slavery if they are paid and willing. They genuinely happily earn good money for their work. Look who are the biggest spenders in tourism? They can’t be slaves if they have money to buy those stuff in your country. It’s slavery to you because you are not willing to work that hard.

我听到很多外国人说在他们国家留学的中国学生很无聊。他们只学习不玩耍，就像个书呆子。但从本质上讲，他们所信奉的是抓住每一个机会，努力工作，这样他们就能在以后大展宏图了。这样的信念深嵌在他们的灵魂之中。同样的道理也适用于劳动力和企业家。对于那些称之为奴隶制的人来说，如果他们得到了报酬，并且是意愿的，那就不是奴隶了。他们真的很开心自己能够因为工作而获得丰厚的报酬。看看谁是旅游业中最大的消费者？如果他们有钱在你的国家买这些东西，他们就不可能成为奴隶。对你而言，这是一种奴隶制，这是因为你不愿意付出那么多的努力。

Of course, I’m not saying that all Chinese are rich. But what I can see in China is that for those actively seeking out opportunity and is willing to work hard, they get rewarded for it. And there are a lot of such people.

当然，我并不是说所有的中国人都很富有。但我在中国看到的是，对于那些积极寻找机会并愿意努力工作的人来说，他们会得到回报。有很多这样的人。

Let me share the story of some of these people whom I got to know in the past 10 years.

让我来分享一下我在过去10年里认识的一些人的故事。

Li - Li is from Hebei province. She and her husband came to Guangzhou in 2001. They were not very educated and rather poor. They went to Guangzhou in hope of a better life as their farmland at home is not earning enough to feed their whole family of 3 siblings, 4 parents and 2 grandparents. Being the oldest amongst the youngest, they are the first to step out in the family in hope of improving everyone’s life. They managed to find work as security officers at the Guangzhou cosmetic expo.

李女士——李女士来自河北省。她和她的丈夫2001年来到广州。他们没有受过良好的教育，而且相当穷。他们去了广州，希望能过上更好的生活，因为他们家里的农田没有足够的收入养活他们的3个兄弟姐妹、4个父母和2个祖父母。作为最年轻的孩子，他们是第一个走出家门的人，希望能改善每个人的生活。他们设法在广州化妆品博览会上找到了保安的工作。

Li did not complete her high school education while her husband only finished primary school. While working as a security guard, she studies in her free time as she heard that those who graduated from high school can get better jobs. Her husband is rather more entreprenic in nature and socialise with the business owners in the expo alot. By the time Li graduates from high school through self study after 2 years, her husband has already laid out the ground work needed to understand how the cosmetics industry works.

李女士没有完成高中学业，而她的丈夫只上过小学。在做保安期间，她利用空闲时间进行学习，因为她听说那些高中毕业的人可以找到更好的工作。她的丈夫本质上更具有创业精神，他在世博会上与企业主交往甚多。当李女士高中毕业两年以后，她的丈夫已经为了解化妆品行业是如何运作的做了必要的工作。

Li quit her job as a security guard and went on to join a cosmetic company in the expo as a export sales rep. Her husband also resigns and join a cosmetic factory as a worker to learn the trade better. For the next 3 years, they moved from their rental room to the company dorms to save money, staying apart. Li learns the trade very fast and picked up english as an additional skill, she also works extra hours to close more sales. Meanwhile, her husband gets promoted to be the supervisor of the production team.

李女士辞去了保安的工作，并在博览会上加入了一家化妆品公司，成为了一名出口销售代表。她的丈夫也辞职了，进入了一家化妆品工厂，以更好地学习这门生意。在接下来的3年里，他们为了节省开支，从出租房搬到了公司宿舍，因此不得不分居。李女士很快就学会了这门手艺，并掌握了英语这项额外的技能，她也会加班加点地去完成更多的销售业绩。与此同时，她的丈夫被提升为生产团队的主管。

In 2007, Li and her husband decided to start out on their own with their savings of about RMB20,000. They rented a small counter at the cosmetics expo and brokered sales acting as the middle man. I got to know them in 2008 at their small counter at the cosmetic expo. The deals they managed to get are in turn given to Li’s former company for production, while her husband understanding how the production process is like, checks on the quality of the produce. They work long hours daily, unwilling to hire staff as they have little capital.

2007年，李女士和她的丈夫决定凭借自己2万元的积蓄开始创业。他们在化妆品博览会上租了一个小柜台，并作为中间人做起了代理销售的生意。2008年，我在化妆品博览会的小柜台上认识了他们。他们设法招揽到的生意反过来又交给了李女士的前公司生产，而她的丈夫则了解了生产过程是怎样的，如何检查产品的质量。他们每天工作很长时间，不愿意雇佣员工，因为他们几乎没有资本。

In 2011, Li and her husband earns enough to start their own factory in Guangzhou Baiyun by renting a factory floor space of 500sqm. They finally starts hiring their own staff and buys their own equipment. By 2016, they bought their own 3 storey factory building. They now also owns several properties around China. Currently, I estimate their net worth to be RMB80million.

2011年，李女士和她的丈夫在广州白云区开了一家工厂，他们的工厂面积为500平方米。他们最终开始雇佣自己的员工，购买自己的设备。到2016年，他们购买了属于自己的3层厂房。他们现在还在中国各地拥有几处房产。目前，我估计他们的净资产为8000万元人民币。

Hu - Hu is from Heilongjiang. He graduated from Heilongjiang with a law diploma in 2005. He got a job as a legal assistant in Dalian shortly after he graduated. After working for a few months as a legal assistant, he felt that legal work is not his true calling.

胡先生——胡先生来自黑龙江。2005年，他毕业于黑龙江，获得了法学文凭。毕业后不久，他在大连找到了一份法律助理的工作。在做了几个月的法律助理后，他觉得法律工作并不是他真正想要的。

In a twist of fate, he found another job as a purchasing assistant for a fruit distribution company in Jinzhou Dalian. Being inexperience, he is offered little pay of about RMB400 a month. One of his OJT training requires him to go to the orchards to observe the harvesting of fruits. The work is hard and tedious as many of these orchards are located quite remotely, and he can only afford to ride a bicycle.

在命运的转折中，他找到了另一份工作，在大连锦州的一家水果经销公司担任采购助理。由于缺乏经验，他每个月的工资几乎只有400元人民币。他的一项在职训练要求他去果园考察收获的果实。这项工作既艰苦又乏味，因为许多果园都很偏远，而且他只能骑自行车。

Despite these, as a purchasing assistant, he learns that the profit margin is actually very high for fruits sold to the consumers directly from the orchards. Over time, he learn that there will be some fruits that his company is not willing to take in if the harvest is too much.

尽管如此，作为一名采购助理，他了解到，从果园直接卖给消费者的水果的利润率实际上非常高。随着时间的推移，他了解到，如果收成太大，他的公司将会不愿意接收一些水果。

With the little salary that he has, he roped in a couple of friends from his former school to pool their money together and buy the excess fruits from some of these orchards. They then split the fruits amongst themselves and peddle them on the streets or resell directly to some of the fruits stalls if the volume is too big.

由于他的薪水微薄，他找来了他以前的学校里的同学和几个朋友，凑了一笔钱，从这些果园里买到了多余的水果。然后，他们把水果分成了几份，在街上叫卖，如果数量太多的话，就直接转卖给一些水果摊。

Over a period of 4 years their pool of money grew quickly. During this period, nobody took a single cent out of the pool and just let the money grow, profits are all returned to the pool to finance bigger volume of fruit. Hu’s salary during these 4 years, grew from RMB400 to RMB 1000. By 2010, their pool of money has grown to about RMB150,000. I got to know Hu through a mutual friend in 2011. My impression of Hu is that he has strong business acumen and is also an ambitious man.

在4年的时间里，他们的资金迅速增加。在这段时间里，没有人从资本里拿出一分钱，他们只是让资本不断增长，利润都被返还到本金道中，为更大规模的水果生意提供资本。在这4年里，胡先生的薪水从400元人民币涨到了1000元人民币。到2010年，他们的资金已经增加到大约15万元人民币。2011年，我通过一个共同的朋友认识了胡先生。我对胡的印象是，他有很强的商业头脑，同时也是一个有抱负的人。

In 2010, under the leadership of Hu, they decided to rent an orchard space of 3000sqms in the rural area to start their own orchard growing cherries. Hu choose cheeries as he understands the business well through his job, he also knows that it is one of the most profitable fruits if sold during the correct season. They have not look back since.

2010年，在胡先生的领导下，他们决定在农村地区租了一块3000平方米的果园，开始在自己的果园种植樱桃。他选择种樱桃是因为通过自己的工作，他了解到这门生意很好做。他也知道，如果在正确的季节卖出，这是最赚钱的水果之一。从那以后，他们就再也没有回过头。

Now they OWN about 18000 sqm of orchard land and is involved heavily in the fruit industry of Dalian. They work together with the city government to provide low interest microloans between RMB 10,000–500,000 to farmers, they also setup a distribution portal online to allow farmers in rural areas to connect directly with fruit sellers in the city. The goverment sponsors their workshops to educate the farmers on how to modernise the argriculture industry through the use of modern machinery and the internet for sales. They are responsible for a logistic network that moves about 30 tons of fruits around the country daily to retailers. I estimate Hu’s personal net worth is to be around RMB 70million. And he is still working very jard daily.

现在，他们拥有约18000平方米的果园土地，并在大连的水果产业中占有很大的利益。他们与市政府合作，向农民提供1万至50万元的低息小额贷款，他们还在网上建立了一个分销网站，让农村地区的农民直接与城市的水果商贩建立联系。政府赞助了他们的事业，来教育农民如何通过使用现代机器和互联网来进行销售。他们负责运营一个物流网络，每天在全国范围内将大约30吨的水果送到零售商那里。我估计，胡先生的个人净资产约为7000万元人民币。而且他现在仍然每天都在工作。

These are just 2 person I know personally. Now imagine another 10 million of such people moving China’s economy in the past 20 years. It is no wonder that with such entruprenership and hard work, China’s economy has grown so much and is still booming.

这只是我自己所认识的两个人。现在想象一下，在过去的20年里，又涌现出了1000万这样的人在推动中国经济的发展。毫无疑问，中国经济的增长幅度如此之大，而且仍在蓬勃发展，这也就不足为奇了。


答案二：
Richard Chiu, 20 years of consulting/corporate IT systems management
People and culture. Eastern Asian countries like Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan are all successful economically when given a stable political environment. This is beyond slave and cheap labor. This has everything to do with work ethic, focus on education, propensity to save, and relatively more emphasis on personal responsibility.

人民和文化。像日本、韩国、台湾这样的东亚国家和地区在经济稳定的情况下都获得了成功。这不仅仅是因为奴隶和廉价劳动力。这与职业道德、教育、储蓄倾向以及相对而言更加强调个人责任都有关系。

Stable political environment. No election and drastic policy shift due to change in ruling party. No empty promises and agenda just to win elections. Centrally planned policies with strategic focus. Focus on implementation of policies, not just words. Good monitoring and KPI to ensure policies are materialized into real assets, for example, high speed rail.

稳定的政治环境。它没有选举和因为政党更迭而导致的剧烈的政策变化。没有只是为了赢得选举而做出的空洞的承诺和议程。有的是集中规划的政策和战略重点。它还关注政策的实施，而不仅仅是说些空话。它有良好的监测体系和关键业绩指标来确保政策被具体化为真正的资产，比如高速铁路。

Large population and internal market. Many countries have the large population, but without #1 and #2, it is difficult to become successful simply because of the population. Because more population means more divergent opinion and ideas, and large populate can be a burden if the people don’t have the right discipline. #1 and #2 is a pre-requisite to turn the population into an asset and not burden.

庞大的人口和内部市场。许多国家人口众多，但如果没有第一点和第二点，就很难仅仅凭借人口规模获得成功。因为更多的人口意味着更多的意见和想法，如果人们没有恰当的纪律，大量的人口可能就是一个负担。第一点和第二点是将人口转化为资产而不是负担的先决条件。


答案三：
Xiao Gao, MS Master of Business Administration Degrees & Masters of Finance, Boston College (2019)
A large hardworking labor force

一个庞大的劳动力大军

Economics prosperity depends on the size of labor force and productivity. China has a huge labor force. I mean ridiculously huge. If you exclude dependents, sick, out of world rural population, disabled, etc., China’s work force is 2–3 times US total population. All of them want a better life and they work extremely hard for it without complaining. My father loves to tell me the story about when he kid in 1970s, the only day our family can eat meat is Chinese New Years. It’s not steak, not sea food, it’s ground pork in dumplings. Put anyone in that environment, he/she will work hard.

经济的繁荣取决于劳动力的规模和生产力。中国拥有规模巨大的劳动力。我的意思是非常巨大的规模。如果你排除了家属、病患、偏远地区的农村人口、残疾人等，中国的劳动力人口是美国总人口的2到3倍。所有的人都想要更好的生活，他们在没有发出抱怨的情况下非常努力地工作。我父亲喜欢告诉我他在20世纪70年代的故事，我们家唯一可以吃肉的日子就是中国农历新年。没有牛排，没有海鲜，有的是饺子里的猪肉。把任何人放在那个环境中，他都会努力工作的。

Unique governing system

独特的治理体系

Chinese governing system, critiqued harshly by western media, is actually fantastic in terms of economic development. The system is a mixture of Meritocracy, Technocracy, Authoritarian, Socialism, and Communism. The country is governed by centralized decision makers who consult with an army of academia, business experts, and technical know-hows. This system cap down innovation and freedom, but it gets shit done. When there is a problem, governors sit down with experts to determine a opitimal solution. When facing trade offs, government can freely focus on long term benefit without worrying about public opinion. It strives to implement plans made by those who knows instead of pleasing those who don’t. This is how China is able to build a large infrastructure that most poor countries can’t.

中国的治理体系受到了西方媒体的严厉批评，但它在经济发展方面确实表现出色。这个体系是精英统治、技术官僚、威权主义、社会主义和共产主义的混合体。这个国家由中央集权的决策者管理，他们与一个由学术界、商业专家和技术知识分子组成的团队进行磋商。这个体系限制了创新和自由，但它却把工作完成得很好。当出现问题时，领导们会与专家们坐下来讨论一个可行的解决方案。当面对关系的权衡时，政府可以自由地关注长期利益，而不用担心公众舆论。它努力地实施由那些行家制定的计划，而不是去取悦那些门外汉。这就是中国能够建设大多数贫穷国家都无法建立的大型基础设施的原因。

Willingness to change

变革的意愿

Unlike other countries, China is willing to reform, and they do it consistently. China had a disastrous economic history from 1949 to 1978 under Communism/Socialism system. After visiting several developed nations, Deng Xiaoping determined that it is not possible to build wealth without a drastic change, hence ordering a market economy reform in 1978. This reform resulted a burst in productivity, which times the huge labor force, created an extrordinary output. It seems an easy thing to do in hindsight, but it’s not.

与其他国家不同，中国愿意进行改革，而且一贯如此。从1949年到1978年，在共产主义和社会主义制度下，中国的经济史是灾难性的。在访问了几个发达国家之后，邓公认定不可能在没有剧烈变化的情况下创造财富，因此在1978年下令进行市场经济改革。这一改革导致了生产力的激增，当时大规模的劳动力创造了额外的产出。事后看来，这似乎是一件容易的事，但事实并非如此。

Capitalism 2.0

资本主义2.0

Chinese market has two part: one controlled part has SOEs for macro economics policy implementation and a free capitalism market. Its capitalism market is very different than other developed nations. Businesses in this market are subject to more pressure from governing authorities and less pressure from investors and analysts. In traditional capitalism, investors pressure business to grow and to beat earnings. Managements who focus on such metrics will tap unsustainable measures to expand their businesses. When they make mistakes, government borrow money to bail them out. Then they do the exact same thing expecting to be bailed out in the future. Chinese capitalism is different, governing authority has power over capitalists. When greedy capitalists do shady stuff that can undermine the economy, you don’t get bailout, you get a ticket to jail.

中国市场分为两个部分：一个受控制的部分——它拥有旨在实施宏观经济政策的国有企业——和自由资本主义市场。它的资本主义市场与其他发达国家非常不同。这一市场的企业面临着来自管理部门的更大压力，而来自投资者和分析师的压力则更小。在传统的资本主义中，投资者要求企业发展和盈利。专注于此类指标的管理层将利用不可持续的措施扩大业务。当他们犯错误时，政府会借钱来救助他们。然后他们又做了同样的事情，希望将来还能得到救助。中国的资本主义是不同的，政府当局控制着资本家。当贪婪的资本家做了一些见不得人的、破坏经济的勾当时，他们将得不到救助，他们将会被判入狱。

Being poor is good

穷是美德

When a country is not developed, it has only one job to do - developing the economy. In a more advanced society, you have to worry about healthcare, international reputation, geopolitical threats, equality, etc. You have to worry about external stuff like allies and regional wars. Then you run into a developed bottleneck and cannot move forward until the next technology revolution. China is emerging, but still have a ton of potential. They will keep working on internal development until they are either developed or stopped. By the way, wars and corporate bailouts are the biggest reasons why America is in so much debt.

当一个国家没有发展起来的时候，它只有一项工作要做——那就是发展经济。在一个更先进的社会中，你必须担心医疗、国际声誉、地缘政治威胁、平等等等问题，你必须担心诸如盟友和地区战争之类的外部因素。然后，您遇到了一个发展的瓶颈，在下一次技术革命之前无法前进。中国正在崛起，但它仍有巨大的潜力。他们将继续致力于内部发展，直到他们成为发达国家，或者被遏止了。顺便说一下，战争和企业救助是美国负债累累的罪魁祸首。

Temperament of leadership

领导层的气质

I was genuinely surprised when * start addressing and taking forceful actions on potential risks, such as private debt, outbounding acquisition. I thought the China would enter complacent period and start mounting foreign debt. On the contrary, it seems the leaders have a good humble temperament in making rational decisions.

当中国领导人开始对潜在风险加以处理和采取有力行动时，我真的感到意外，比如私人债务，跨境收购。我曾经认为中国将进入志得意满的时期，它将开始增加外债。但是相反，在做出理性决策时，他们的领导人似乎有一种谦逊的气质。

Also worth mentioning

还值得一提的是：

Geographic location: China is in a great place to trade with other nations.

地理位置：中国处于与其他国家进行贸易的好位置上。

Large consumption demand from developed economies.

发达经济体的巨量消费需求。

Technological advancement such as the Internet and logistics.

技术进步，如互联网和物流。


答案四：
Steven Zheng, works at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
How to China.

中国是怎么做到的？

Step 1: Improve the education of civilians.

第一步：改善对平民的教育。

Smarter people = more productivity with less mistakes

更聪明的人等于更多的生产力和更少的错误

Step 2: Switch from communism to market capitalism (with some socialism).

第二步：从共产主义转向市场资本主义（还带有一些社会主义）。

Freer market = creation of more supply and demand

更自由的市场等于创造更多的供给和需求

We should note that control is important. Too much freedom is also counterproductive.

我们应该注意到控制是重要的。太多的自由也会适得其反。

Step 3: Focus building good or at least descent infrastructure.

第三步：集中于建设出色的或至少是体面的基础设施。

Bad infrastructure = insufficient housing and bad transport = overcrowding and slow progress

糟糕的基础设施等于不足的住房，糟糕的交通等于过度拥挤和缓慢的进展

Step 4: Cheap labour with manufacturing with great economies of scale

第四步：制造业的廉价劳动力，而且经济规模巨大

Cheap labour maximizes efficiency for a mass manufacturing economy. This is now declining in China now that wages have risen in China. Several Chinese manufacturing companies are embracing automation.

廉价劳动力使大规模制造业经济的效率最大化。现在，中国的工资水平有所上升，使得效率正在下降。一些中国制造企业正在拥抱自动化。

Step 5: Standardize language and implement it throughout all aspects of life

第五步：规范语言，并在生活的各个方面贯彻它

China has many languages (Sinitic dialects and even other language families), which is great, but without the establishment of Putonghua (common speak) as lingua franca, the entire society would be a lot less efficient due to miscommunications.

中国有很多语言（汉语方言，甚至是其他语系的语言），这很好，但是如果没有普通话（普通的语言）作为通用语，整个社会将会因为沟通不畅而变得效率低下。


答案五：
Raymond Cui, Sourcing engineer (1992-present)
China’s GDP in 2017 was about $12 trillion, or about 60% of the US’s $20 trillion. This made China the 2nd biggest economy in the world, with Japan a distant 3rd with around $5 trillion. It is not surprising many people are wondering how China went from a known poor third world country in the 1970s and early 1980s to become the world’s #2. Here are the reasons.

中国2017年的国内生产总值约为12万亿美元，约为美国20万亿美元国内生产总值的60%。这使得中国成为了世界第二大经济体，日本排在第三位，约为5万亿美元。许多人都在想，中国是如何从上世纪70年代和80年代初的一个贫穷的第三世界国家变成世界上的第二大经济体，这并不奇怪。以下就是原因。

Chinese are smart and they work hard. No explanation needed.

中国人很聪明，他们工作很努力。这点无需解释。

China’s potentials were greatly suffocated by the planned socialist economic model imposed on China by the CCP under Chairman Mao Zedong, because he believed that socialism (state ownership, planned production, etc.) was superior to free -market capitalism. So China’s economy during the 1950–1980 period seriously under performed by all accounts. This came to an end in 1976 when Mao died and Deng Xiaoping started the free-market reforms in the late 1970s/early 1980s.

毛所领导下的中国共产党对中国实行的社会主义经济模式使中国的潜力大受限制，因为他相信社会主义（国家所有制、计划生产等）优于自由市场的资本主义。因此，在1950年至1980年期间，中国的经济在各个方面都受到了严重的影响。1976年毛去世，邓公在20世纪70年代末开始实行自由市场改革，这一切就都结束了。

The reforms liberated the minds and hands of the hard-working and intelligent Chinese population. For the next 30 some years, China’s economy grew at around 10% annually non-stop!

这些改革解放了勤劳智慧的中国人民的思想和双手。在接下来的30年里，中国的经济年均增长率约为10%。

With a population of 1.4 billion (4 times that of the US), any aggregate number will be dazzling. So with the 2nd largest economy, China is still by far a poorer country on a per capita base: its per capital GDP is only $8600 while the US is around 60,000.

拥有14亿人口（是美国的4倍），任何总量都将是令人眼花缭乱的。因此，作为第二大经济体，中国在人均数据上仍是一个较穷的国家：人均国内生产总值只有8600美元，而美国的人均国内生产总值为6万美元。

China achieved its economic growth at heavy costs: it has to give up environment, endure a phenomenal system-wide corruption, and allow wide income inequality between the poor and the rich. All these mismanagement and mistakes are biting back at China and costing its continued growth.

中国以沉重的代价实现了经济增长：它必须以牺牲环境为代价，忍受严重的系统腐败，并允许穷人和富人之间的收入不平等现象。所有这些管理不善和错误都在侵蚀着中国，并使中国经济实现持续增长。

So while China made huge progress in producing goods and services, it is still relatively poor and it needs to pay back for the mistakes it made along the way.

因此，尽管中国在商品和服务的生产上取得了巨大的进步，但它仍然相对贫穷，它需要为自己在这一过程中所犯的错误付出代价。


答案六：
Kien Choong, lives in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2018-present)
Interesting question!

有趣的问题！

Suppose we compare China vs India, and S Korea vs Philippines. What lessons might we learn from the different historical growth? Two possible lessons come to mind:

假设我们比较中国和印度，以及韩国与菲律宾的情况。我们可以从不同的历史经济增长中学到什么？我想到了两个可能的教训：

(i) universal education and public health provide the foundations for high growth;

（一）普及教育和改善公共卫生为经济高增长奠定了基础：

(ii) a government that is focused on development for everyone (“broad based growth”) delivers higher growth than a government that is (in practice) concerned only about a narrow part of society - e.g., the elites (“narrow based growth”).

（二）一个注重发展的政府（“基础广泛的增长”）比一个（实际上）只关心社会的一小部分的政府（比如精英阶层）（“基础狭隘的增长”）会带来更高幅度的增长。

Just speculating! Many people who are smarter than me have tried to work out a “formula for growth”, but no one really knows.

这只是猜测！许多比我聪明的人都试图找出一个“增长公式”，但没有人真正知道。

The great thing about investing in universal education and public health is that they both make a real difference to peoples’ lives, even if there is little economic growth. After all, economic growth isn’t the only thing that matters to people.

将资金投资于教育普及和公共卫生改善的伟大之处在于，它们都对人们的生活产生了真正的影响，即使经济增长甚微。毕竟，经济增长并不是人们唯一关心的事情。

That said, I feel sure that universal education and public health will eventually deliver long-term growth. It may be quicker for some countries (that have “good government”) and slower for other countries (with “less good” government).

话虽如此，我相信，全民教育和公共卫生最终将实现长期增长。对于一些国家（拥有“好政府”的国家）来说更快一些，对于其他国家（拥有“不那么好的”政府的国家）来说，可能会更慢一些。

What makes a “good government”? Democracies are preferable, but weak democracies that are effectively controlled by an elite (e.g., capitalists) may perform worse than authoritarian governments that focus on delivering broad-based growth for everyone.

是什么造就了一个“好政府”呢？民主国家更可取，但那些由精英（如资本家）有效控制的软弱的民主国家可能比那些专注于为每个人提供基础广泛的增长的威权政府表现得更差。

A truly democratic government is a government that is focussed on growth for everyone, not just growth for the few^.

一个真正的民主政府是一个专注于让每个人都获得发展的政府，而不仅仅是着眼于少数人的增长。

^ Speculative comment: Growth among developed economies (US, Europe, Japan) have slowed considerably. Might it be because their respective governments have each failed to promote broad-based growth? Democratic governments are supposed to deliver growth for everyone, but in practice, wealth in the US and Europe (not sure about Japan) have become concentrated in the “top 1%”, with income stagnation for the rest.

推测性评论：发达经济体（美国、欧洲、日本）的增长已经大幅放缓。这可能是因为他们各自的政府都未能促进广泛的增长吗？民主政府应该为每个人带来增长，但实际上，美国和欧洲的财富（不确定日本的情况）已经集中在“顶层的百分之一”了，其余人的收入都停滞不前。

China should watch out that it doesn’t fall into that trap!

中国应该注意让自己不要落入这个陷阱中！

(Just speculating!)

（以上只是个人猜测！）


答案七：
Michael Berman, Licensed Insurance Broker (2018-present)
China 50 years ago was third world. So how did they become the second largest economy with more rapid GDP growth than the US? First of all China is a country with 4 times the population of the US. With so many people living under essentially a political dictatorship, people have very few rights and work for very little compared with other industrialized nations. As such and because they have very little in the way of regulations, china attracted a lot of industry because of an overabundance of cheap labor. However there has been a catch. In order to produce products in china companies have to hand over the technology. That has happened so many times by so many countries wanting to take advantage of cheap labor, China has become a money sponge. In addition they have used protectionist tactics to support their industries and kill their competition. For decades this was allowed to go on because people in our country and others were making a fortune off of it…but it was systematically destroying our manufacturing sectors.

50年前的中国是第三世界。那么，他们是如何成为第二大经济体，其国内生产总值增长速度超过美国的呢？首先，中国是一个拥有4倍于美国人口的国家。由于有如此多的人生活在一个独裁政府的统治之下，与其他工业化国家相比，人们的权利和工作都非常少。正因为如此，由于中国的廉价劳动力过剩，中国吸引了大量的工业产业。然而，这里有一个问题。为了在中国生产产品，公司必须交出这项技术。这种事情在那些想要利用廉价劳动力的国家身上已经发生了很多次了，中国已经变成了一个“金钱的海绵”。此外，他们还利用保护主义策略来支持他们的产业，扼杀他们的竞争。几十年来，这种情况一直被允许继续下去，因为我们国家和其他国家的人们都在靠它赚钱……但它却在系统地摧毁我们的制造业。

China has so much money now they are buying our businesses and inheriting pur intellectual property. What they can’t buy they steal through hacking. China has been very effective at waging war against our industries and unlike them…we see competition as healthy. They see it as war…a war they are winning!

中国现在有非常多的钱，他们正在收购我们的企业，并获得了它们的知识产权。他们无法买到的东西则通过黑客手段窃取。中国对我们的产业发动的战争是非常有效的，而不像他们，我们却认为竞争是健康的。他们把这看作是一场战争——一场他们正在取得胜利的战争！

But all of this started with Nixon back in the 70’s that thawed relations with China by visiting the country. Interestingly enough, the Chinese leader at that time was the greatest mass murderer of all time. He made Hitler look like a humanitarian by comparison but Hitler is more famous because chairman Mao killed his own people!

但所有这些都始于70年代尼克松通过访问中国解冻与中国的关系。有趣的是，当时的中国领导人是有史以来最大规模的杀人凶手。相比之下，他让希特勒看起来像个人道主义者，但希特勒更出名，因为*杀了他自己的人民！

But there is no question that China is far more significant as a potential force economically than Russia. Militarily the gap between those countries is narrowing.

但毫无疑问，中国在经济上比俄罗斯更有影响力。在军事上，这些国家之间的差距正在缩小。

Japan has the third largest economy.

日本是世界第三大经济体。


答案八：
Andy Liu, engineer teacher sports
It's a serious question,let me have a try.

这是一个严肃的问题，让我试着回答一下。

China is the second largest economy all over the world now. but 40 years ago,It's difficult to find the position of China in world economic rank sheet.

中国现在是世界上第二大经济体。但40年前，我们很难在世界经济排名中找到中国的位置。

I have read some answers about this issue. Someone said the reason is large population.I can't say this reason is wrong, but obviously it's not entirely right. For example, Egypt now is the largest population country in Middle East,what about his economy? Very badly.

我已经看过一些关于这个问题的答案。有人说原因是人口众多。我不能说这个理由是错的，但显然它不是完全正确的。例如，埃及现在是中东地区最大的人口国家，它的经济状况又如何呢？很差劲。

In my personal opinion, there are three major reason why China developed rapidly.

在我个人看来，中国发展迅速的主要原因有三个。

First of all, the background of globalization. China has the largest market on the earth, every country was interested to do business with China. The world become more and more opening from 1970s last century, and China has caught up with the chance.

首先，全球化的背景。中国是世界上最大的市场，每个国家都有兴趣与中国做生意。上世纪70年代，世界变得越来越开放，中国也抓住了这个机会。

Second, the leadership of Chinese communist party. I don't have good or bad view about the CCP. But we can see that the communist party has made same correct decisions.just like the reform and opening-up policy, make economic development for our central task, and so on. Undoubtedly a series of events and policy testified the management of Chinese leadership.

其次，中国共产党的领导。我对中国共产党没有什么好的或坏的看法。但我们可以看到，共产党也做出了同样正确的决定。就像改革开放政策一样，它把经济发展作为我们的中心任务，等等。毫无疑问，一系列的事件和政策证明了中国领导层的管理能力。

Last, the largest population and vast land. Every invester can find a chance to earn money under Chinese huge market. What they need was courage at that time.

最后，最大规模的人口和广阔的土地。每个投资者都能在中国巨大的市场中找到赚钱的机会。他们当时所需要的只是勇气。

That's all, hope to helps.

这就是我想说的一切，希望能对你有所帮助。


答案九：
Ignatius Bowskill-Dutkiewicz
Planning, population and politics.

规划、人口和政治。

Planning : Because China is a semi communist state the leaders and administrators are there for the long haul as well as having practically zero 'opposition'. This means that they are able to set out clear goals and have multi-year plans that everyone can follow. Because the leader must go through far fewer challenges to their authority than purely democratic leaders, the leader of China can have the forethought to do what needs to be done to advance the nation of China. The unhindered planning process means that there are also far fewer barriers to carrying out those said plans. However when speaking of leaders of absolute authority we could of course mention Russia but the difference is that instead of a few choice voices to comment China has many people sitting on committees so I think the interests of the people are better looked after as a whole than the Russian state.

规划：因为中国是一个半共产主义的国家，领导人和行政人员长期以来执政，而且几乎没有“反对党”。这意味着他们能够制定明确的目标，并制定每个人都可以遵循的多年计划。因为这些领导人必然要比纯粹的民主领导人经历更少的挑战，他们可以预先考虑做一些需要做的事情来推进中国的发展。不受阻碍的规划过程意味着，实施这些计划的障碍也要少得多。不过当谈到拥有绝对权威的领导人时，我们当然可以提到俄罗斯，但不同之处在于，与只有几个选择性的声音发出评论相反，中国很多人都身处委员会当中，所以我认为相比于俄罗斯，中国人民的利益作为一个整体得到了更好的关照。

Population : There are lots of them. So when said plans are put in place many are following them and the resultant force or result is obviously very strong.

人口：中国有很多人。所以当说到计划被实施的时候，那就有很多人在贯彻它，由此产生的力量或结果显然是非常明显的。

Politics (or lack thereof) : China seems to try it's best to not get involved in foreign wars. This means that everyone can be a friend and everyone can trade with them (until recently).

政治（或缺乏政治）：中国似乎试图避免卷入国外的战争。这意味着每个国家都可以成为朋友，每个人都可以和他们做生意（直到最近都是如此）。

I think these things have contributed greatly to a strong Chinese presence on the world stage. But from my many years spent living there the major thing people give up is their voice, and the unseen but very real threat of big brother.

我认为，这些因素极大地提升了中国在世界舞台上的强大影响力。但是，根据我在那里生活了许多年的经验看来，人们放弃的主要东西是他们的发声权，以及“老大哥”的无形但真正的威胁。


答案十：
Dave Araki
In 1996, China’s interest rates were paying almost 11% The US rate at the time was like 7% and dropping. So international money began to pour into China. Bond markets demand infrastructure improvements, and we saw a huge building boom in China start. So there was a huge monetary increase and for capitalists, the thought of an improved Chinese market was very appealing as they purportedly had 1.5billion people. 5x more than in the USA. US companies suddenly also saw that they wanted in on that market when it popped, so many US Corporations defied any patriotic notions of keeping manufacturing in the states, and moved happily into China. (That’s simplistically put, but fundamentally what happened.) Apple for instance doesn’t need to have it’s factories in China to be competitive, they want to be sure that their product has a strong foothold when the time is ripe.

1996年，中国的利率几乎达到了11%，当时美国的利率是7%，而且还在下降。因此，国际资金开始涌入中国。债券市场需要改善基础设施，我们看到中国的巨大建筑热潮开始了。因此，货币大幅升值，对于资本家来说，一个得到改善的中国市场是非常吸引人的，因为那里据说有15亿人，是美国的5倍。美国公司突然发现，当它突然出现时，他们想要进入这个市场，因此许多美国公司不顾任何爱国主义的观念，即在美国保留制造业，愉快地进入到了中国。（这很简单，但从根本上说就是之前发生过的事情。）比如，苹果不需要让它在中国的工厂变得竞争力，他们只是希望确保自己的产品在时机成熟的时候有一个强有力的立足点。

Etc. Now our film and entertainment companies, one of the main US products, are all well entrenched in the Chinese market. We see it in the influx of Chinese stars in US movies. It’s not like we don’t have plenty of our own Asian actors, it’s that they want the Chinese market.

现在，我们的电影和娱乐公司——美国的主要产品之一——都在中国市场上站稳了脚跟。我们在美国电影中看到中国明星。这并不是说我们没有足够多的亚洲演员，而是他们想要中国市场。


答案十一：
David Tufte, Ph.D., economics, 1992
Mostly population, but fast economic growth helped a lot.

主要是人口，但快速的经济增长提供了很多帮助。

China is 4 times as populous as the US, 11 times as big as Japan, and 17 times the population of Germany. Those are the other countries in the top four.

中国的人口是美国的4倍，是日本的11倍，德国的17倍。这是排名前4位的几个国家。

China only need 1/17 the per capita GDP of Germany to pass them, 1/11 the per capita GDP of Japan to pass them, and 1/4 the per capital GDP to pass the US (there is wide latitude in measurement, and I don’t think China has passed the US yet).

中国只需要达到德国人均国内生产总值的十七分之一，日本人均国内生产总值的十一分之一，以及美国人均国内生产总值的四分之一，就能赶超它们了（在计量方面有很大的自由度，我认为中国还没有超过美国）。

China’s problem in the past was that its GDP per capita was 1/50th of those countries. They grew, China grew faster, and that fraction went up.

中国过去的问题是，中国的人均国内生产总值是这些国家的五十分之一。它们在成长，中国成长得更快，这一比例在上升。

Macroeconomists do not think China is doing much that is special to achieve those growth rates. What is special is that most governments goof up their growth: China and several other countries have not.

宏观经济学家认为，中国在实现这些增长速度方面做得并不多。关键在于，大多数政府都在推动经济增长方面帮了倒忙，但是中国和其他几个国家没有这样做。