精神病的三个表象，你中招了吗？ [美国媒体]

Taryn Brooke 
April 09, 2016



There are three tell-tale signs of a psychopath | Source: iStock

三个迹象暴露一个人是精神病患

It’s difficult to definitively label someone as a psychopath; however, there are certain behaviors that may indicate someone is one. A psychopath, by definition, has a difficult time understanding why people have feelings, and this lack of empathy can be spotted in several of the least obvious ways, including the types of drinks someone orders. The following scientifically based quirks could be a warning that someone exhibits psychopathic behaviors, and interestingly, men are more likely to be psychopaths. Now that you know this, here are three things to watch out for if you suspect someone of being a little off.

断定一个人有精神病很困难；但是，精神病人是有一些特定的行为的。从定义上来说，一个精神病，他难于理解为什么人类有感情，而这种同理心的缺乏可以从一些行为中观察到，包括他喝什么饮料。科学证明以下一些行为癖好可能是一个人有精神病的警报。有趣的是，男人比女人更有可能是精神病。现在你知道这一点了，当你怀疑某人有点不正常时，你应该警惕下面三个迹象。

1. They’re immune to yawning stimuli

他们不会被打哈欠传染

According to a study that was published in the journal Individual and Personality Differences, researchers gave 135 undergraduates the task of completing a questionnaire meant to assess the participants levels of psychopathic traits. Afterwards, the participants were given three videos to watch in a random order — one had a person with a neutral face, one was of a person laughing, and the third was of a person yawning. While the participants watched the videos, the researchers closely monitored their faces, looking for minute facial muscle activity.

根据一项发表于《个人和个性差异》的研究，调查人员让135名大学生完成一项问卷，此问卷用于评估参与者的精神变态的程度。然后，参与者按随机顺序观看三个视频——一个是一个人表情平静，一个是一个人在笑，还有一个是一个人打哈欠。参与者看视频的时候，调查人员密切观察他们的脸，寻找微小的脸部肌肉活动。

The results of the survey showed something very interesting: The participants who scored higher on the psychopathy-related reality trait of coldheartedness (which Refinery29 describes as an”emotional detachment combined with an overall disagreeable disposition”) were less likely to be affected by the contagious yawning stimuli that most of us fall prey to when we see another person yawn.

调查的结果非常有意思：在精神变态相关的性格冷酷（情感冷漠并且易发脾气）这一现实特征方面得分较高的参与者，比较不容易被打哈欠传染，而我们大部分人看到另一个人打哈欠的时候，会忍不住跟着打一个。

Psychology Today notes that people who rate highly on psychopathic traits tend to be insincere, selfish, overconfident, and uncaring. The response (or lack of response) to connect when watching a person yawn, by responding back, seems to fall within the psychopathic personality trait of lacking empathy, which is just one piece to the entire picture. If you’re interested in testing out someone’s coldheartedness or have a sneaking suspicious about their personality, you might want to try yawning in front of them — or you can take a look on their Instagram and count the amount of selfies they’ve posted. Which brings us to the next fact about psychopaths….

《今日心理学》称，在精神变态特征上得分高的人倾向于不忠、自私、自负、没有爱心。当看到一个人打哈欠的时候，一个人的反应（或者应该说没有反应）看上去像是缺乏同理心的变态性格，不过这还仅仅是一个方面。如果你有兴趣测试某个人的冷血程度，或者你偷偷怀疑他们的性格古怪，你可以试着在他们面前打哈欠——或者你可以查看一下他们的instagram，数一数他们发了多少张自拍。因为下一个关于精神病的事实就是。。。

2. They tend to take a lot of selfies

他们爱自拍



Psychopaths are more likely to take selfies and spend time editing them | Source: iStock

精神病喜欢自拍而且花许多时间修图

Besides their inability to return a yawn, research suggests that men who post a lot of selfies can be indicative of a disturbing personality trait, sending red flags out through social media. In a study published in Personality and Individual Differences, researchers took a look at a link between men’s personality traits and how they present themselves on social media. The Ohio State University researchers surveyed 800 men between the ages of 18 and 40, a nationally-representative sample, with the purpose of testing selfie-taking habits in relation to “men’s functional levels of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy” — the three traits are collectively known as the “Dark Triad,” which has become a new focus of personality psychology.

除了不会被传染打哈欠，调查还发现，发很多自拍的男人可能性格有问题，在社交媒体上发出红色警报。刊登于《个人和个性差异》的一篇文章中，调查人员研究了男性性格特征和他们在社交媒体上的表现的关联性。俄亥俄州立大学的研究员调查了18至40岁的800名男子，这是一个代表全美的样本，目的在于测试自拍习惯和“男性自恋、撒谎和心理变态的程度”的相关性。自恋、撒谎和心理变态合称“黑暗三性格”，现已成为性格心理学的一个新焦点。

The survey focused on personalities, asking them questions such as how attractive they considered themselves, how much they desired others to pay attention to them, how concerned they were with morality, and whether they had an affinity toward manipulating people. The participants were then asked about the frequency of their social media usage; for instance, how often they posted pictures and the degree to which they would edit their photos before posting them.

这一调查聚焦于人的个性，调查中会问他们，他们认为自己有多迷人，他们有多希望别人注意自己，他们对道德的关注度，他们是否喜欢操纵别人。然后再询问参与者的社交媒体使用频率，比如，多久就会上传照片，以及在上传之前修图的程度。

The survey found that those men who showed high levels of self-objectification (or who valued themselves solely based on appearance) and narcissism spent greater amounts of time on social media and networking sites. Further, the researchers found that men who were more narcissistic and psychopathic were more likely to post selfies more frequently. Also, the researchers discovered that men who were more prone to narcissism and self-objectification were more likely to edit their posted photos the most. To note, these levels of narcissism are “subclinical” and would not in and of themselves constitute someone as having a full-blown psychopathic disorder, rather it was the traits that qualify as such that were present.

调查发现，自我物化（或者说对自己的评价完全基于外表）程度高的男人和自恋者花了更多时间在社交媒体上。研究者还进一步发现，更自恋和更变态的男人更经常的发自拍。研究者还发现，越倾向于自恋和自我物化的男人，越是花时间修图。需注意的是，这种程度的自恋是“亚临床”状态，并不能说某人因此就是个全面的精神病，而是说它展现了一些特质。

As with the previous study, men who post a lot of selfies possess a key aspect of psychopathy: They’re less empathetic and tend to think higher of themselves. Duly noted.

先前的研究指出，发大量自拍的男人具有心理变态的一个主要的特征：他们同理心较低，而自视很高。这点要记住了。

Finally, you can spot a psychopath if you’re in line listening to their coffee order and …

最后，在你买咖啡的时候，也可能发现一个精神病。。。

3. They order black coffee

他们喝黑咖啡



A study found that people who prefer bitter foods were more likely to display characteristics of psychopathy | Source: iStock

研究显示，偏好苦味食物的人更有可能是精神病

This one can easily be confused with someone who just wants to cut out dairy and sugar from their diet. A study published in the journal Appetite suggests that if you tend to prefer your coffee black then you may have psychopathic tendencies. The study of almost 1,000 people, which was conducted by Innsbruck University in Austria, found that those who preferred bitter foods and beverages where more likely, as in the past two studies, to display characteristics of  “Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, and everyday sadism.” The list of other bitter foods included in the study were radishes, celery, and tonic water.

这一点很容易跟单纯的想降低奶制品和糖分摄取量的人搞混。一项发表于《胃口》杂志的研究表明，如果你偏爱清咖，你有变态的倾向。这项由奥地利因斯布鲁克大学开展的研究调查了1000人，发现那些偏爱苦味食品和饮料的人更有可能，就像前两个研究一样，具有“撒谎、心理变态、自恋和日常的虐待狂”特征。这项研究中的苦味食品清单包括萝卜、芹菜、奎宁水。

It should be noted though that the answers were self-reported by the subjects. Beware of those coffee orders next time you’re at Starbucks, because trouble might be a-brewin’.

应注意的是，问卷调查的答案由被研究对象自行报告。下次你去星巴克的时候，小心那些咖啡单，因为你可能喝的不是咖啡，是麻烦。