为何印度依然是发展中国家？（一） [美国媒体]

Why is India still a developing country?

为何印度依然是发展中国家？

“我必须学习政治和战争，这样，我的孩子们也许就有了学习数学，哲学，自然历史的自由，学习绘画，诗歌，音乐，建筑，绣帷，和陶瓷的权利了。”——John Adams

Shashank Goyal, Indian by birth
Answered Apr 6
Becoming a “developed” economy requires creating infrastructure and raising the standard of living for everyone in the country. Benefits of industrialization need to reach the entire population. Big countries with large population need a much longer time and a herculean effort to achieve the above.
Magnitude of effort:With population of almost 1.2 billion, the challenge for India is of a scale that not many other countries have had to faceGermany did an admirable job of building the country from ruins after 1945 (almost same time as independent India in 1947). But developing India is like developing Germany again and again - 15 times overOr developing entire Europe and then repeating it one and a half times overOr developing entire Africa – all 54 countriesNone of the above has been achieved till date. The only other country that has faced a challenge of this magnitude is China. Despite rapid economic progress and being the world’s second largest economy, China is still a “developing” country tooChina has removed poverty and built world class infrastructure at a much faster rate than India. Just the value of China’s exports ($ 2.1 trillion) is more than the GDP of 180 countries, but even today 30 million Chinese are living below the national poverty line [1] and 15 million exercise open defecation [2] . In other words, just the number of poor people in China still exceed the total population of Australia
The Lost Decades:India became independent in 1947 but for the first 44 years under Nehruvian economic policies, India saw little or no economic growth. Till as recently as 1985, more than 90 percent Indians lived on less than a dollar a day [3]From 1960’s to 1980’s, East Asian economies of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore were rapidly growing at more than 8%. Since 1980’s China also started growing rapidly at more than 9% but India’s GDP growth continued at a tardy 1% which was mocked by West as “Hindu rate of growth”It was only in 1991, when the first Congress Prime Minister outside Nehru family to have completed the term, Mr. P V Narasimha Rao introduced large scale economic reforms, that India started its growth journeyCredible action towards poverty alleviation and development in India has started only as recently as 25 years back.
Summary and Way Ahead:Since the economic reforms of 1991, poverty alleviation in India has gained rapid pace. Over 18 years, more than 130 million people were pulled out of poverty [4] Statistically speaking, this translates to -more than 7 million people pulled out of poverty every yearor almost 20,000 people moving out of poverty every dayDespite rapid and consistent economic growth over many years, India (and China) are still classified as “Newly Industrialized” because there’s still a section of population which is yet to reap the benefits of development. There’s still some way to go (for China) and long way to go (for India) before we get classified under “Developed” countries (shown in Grey)Comparatively it is easier for countries with smaller population to become Developed. Except USA, all Developed countries (per IMF criteria) have a population of less than 100 million. Consider this - Germany’s strong expertise in Automobiles and Engineering is sufficient to raise living standards of their 80 million people. Australia has as few as 25 million people. Switzerland has a flourishing Banking and Tourism Industry with less than 10 million people to feedOver the years, India too has built significant industrial capabilities. Today India is world’s 2nd largest steel producer, 2nd largest cement manufacturer, 5th largest automobile manufacturer, has more than quadrupled its nominal GDP per capita from $500 in 1991 to $2000 in 2018 and is still continuing as world’s fastest growing major economyHowever, it would still take a long time before the benefits of industrialization and economic growth cover its entire population of more than 1200 millionAssuming a consistent GDP growth rate of around 7% and a population growth rate of 1.2%, it will take another 25 to 30 years for its nominal GDP per capita to reach a respectable $10,000. India has no option but to continue focusing on industrialization, aggressive infrastructure development and relentless economic growth

要成为“发达”经济体，要求兴建基础设施，提升国家内所有人的生活标准。工业化的好处需要触及人口全体。拥有庞大人口的大型国家需要更长的时间以及艰巨的努力，以达成上述目标。

努力的量级
鉴于几乎12亿人口，印度的挑战难度是许多其他国家不曾面对过的



德国（二战）被摧毁以来，1945年后开始了重建工作（几乎同时，印度于1947年独立）这点令人钦佩。但发展印度像是发展德国一次又一次——得超过15次。
或者发展整个欧洲，然后重复，需要1.5次。
或者发展整个非洲，所有54个国家。



概要

自1991年的经济改革以来，印度扶贫进入了快车道。18年来，超过1.3亿人得到了脱贫。从统计学角度上说：
每年有700万人脱贫
几乎每天都有2万人脱贫。
尽管印度（以及中国）不断维持迅速地经济增长这么多年，但仍然被划分为“新兴工业化”，因为某些地区的人还没有从发展中获益。在被划分为“发达”国家之前，于中国还有一些路要走，于印度还有很长的路要走。




多年来，印度也已经培养出了自己的重要工业能力。如今，印度是世界第二大钢产国，第二大水泥制造国，第五大汽车制造国，人均国内名义生产总值从1991年的500美元上升至2018年的2000美元，增长超过四倍，同时还是世界增长速度最快的主要经济体。
尽管如此，要让工业化的收益和经济增长覆盖超过12亿人口，依然需要很长的时间。
假定GDP增长率维持在7%，人口增长率维持在1.2%，要使其人均国内名义生产总值达到10000美元将需要25-30年的时间。印度没得选择，只能持续专注于工业化、积极进取的基础设施发展和无情的经济增长。


Saurabh Sharma, IIITian and Tabala player at India
upxed Dec 19, 2016
Originally Answered: Why India is not still developed?
If we talk about India, one of the fastest developing country in the world, But not still developed, we should see the fact that the growth of economy is not as good when compared to developed countries and those are much superior than India. A developed country, industrialized country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developedeconomy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. So, there are many reason behind the lack in the development criteria of India.
There are many issues in our country that are preventing India to become a developed nation. Firstly, I am going to introduce the factor which tells whether the country is developed and if so, then where it stands in the world. That is called “HDI”.
“The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.”
India continued to rank low in the Human Development Index (HDI), but climbed five notches to the 130th rank in the latest UNDP report on account of rise in life expectancy and per capita income. India's 2014 HDI of 0.609 is below the average of 0.630 for countries in the medium human development group. Norway is highly ranked on the list of the highly developed countries in the world by the Human Development Index (HDI) with the highest score of 0.944. Norway comes as the 4th country in the world by GDP (PPP) per capita which records $55,398 and the life expectancy in this country is high as it records 80 years for males and 84 years for females.
So, India is still poor compare to the developed nations in these four tiers. The reasons are as follows::
1. Low life expectancy : Rank of India on behalf of the life expectancy rate is :
1.Both Sexes rank:125
2.Female Rank :128
3.Male Rank :115
4.Both Sexes Rank with Health-adjusted life expectancy:126
This shows that India ranks still very low in terms of statistics related to life expectancy. Here life expectancy at birth is 68 years, while Infant morality rate is 37.9 per thousand births. Female Survival Rate to Age 65 is 63.9% and male Survival Rate for the same is 66.1% and average 170,000 people die per year due to HIV/ AIDS disease only. So India has to work more for this problem. The reasons for less life expectancy are :-
1.Poor nutrition,
2.high infant mortality,
3. low literacy rates, and
4. high number of road fatalities (compared to developed nations).
2.Illiteracy and Brain Drain: India is very poor in the education aspect. When compared to education on the various states in India we can conclude that Kerala ranks first state in the literacy and the most sad thing is that Bihar, Jharkhand, J&K and UP are very poor in the poverty criteria. The parents who are below poverty line doesn't know the value of the education. They send their children to work for the daily wages. This is the reason why the people are easily cheated by the other people.
The second thing is that the people of India mostly use all the resources from India to gain lots of knowledge and then finally they get themselves settled in the foreign countries. This makes a great way for the development of that particular country and it is a major drawback for our country. Brain drain is usually done by the one who thinks that there are now developments available in our country. We can also tell that the point of view of the people who settle in the other country and work for the other country is right because, if a person has developed himself in India he is not provided with great opportunity to develop himself in India.
The reason for the brain drain may be because of political issues or any other issues. This is a serious problem in India and this is the reason why a person chooses to go to foreign country to shine his carrier. There is also a thought that the Indian brains are the most powerful brains in the world. The reason for the restriction in the development of our country is that the Indian brains are not given proper recognition or the Indian brains are not used properly by the proper person at the proper instance.
3.Politics and Corruption : Corruption has now become a greatest issue in our country. India is ranking a great position in the corruption. This can prove how bad the condition of India is. There are many people who are performing corruption. In the corruption India is ranks the top 10 lists. But now, the Demonetisation policy is trying to reveal such corrupt men and politicians and this initiative taken to clear the problem of corruption in our country, is also struggling due to such shameless politics.
The politicians apply divide and rule policy , which was created by the British people. To tell about the people of India, they are already divided because of the languages, religions and even by casts. People also fight among themselves and politics enjoys .
Political leaders focus mainly on earning lots of money when they are in the political fields. Even people know many bad political leaders who are in the higher position but they have no powers and mouth to tell about them to authorities or to question them directly and if there is power then the illiteracy avoids the people to do so.
4.Increase in population: Today India is the home to over 1 billion people. By 2050 it will surpass China as the most populous country in the world. Experts think that India will reach a total of 1.8 billion before population growth begins to decrease.
The two main common causes leading to over population in India are:The birth rate is still higher than the death rate. We have been successful in declining the death rates but the same cannot be said for birth rates.The fertility rate due to the population policies and other measures has been falling but even then it is much higher compared to other countries.
The above causes are interrelated to the various social issues in our country which are leading to over population.Early Marriage and Universal Marriage System: Even though legally the marriageable age of a girl is 18 years, the concept of early marriage still prevails and getting married at an young age prolongs the child bearing age. Also, in India, marriage is a sacred obligation and a universal practice, where almost every woman is married at the reproductive age.Poverty and Illiteracy: Another factor for the rapid growth of population is poverty. Impoverished families have this notion that more the number of members in the family, more will be the numbers to earn income. Some feel that more children are needed to look after them in their old age. Also hunger can be cause of death of their children and hence the need for more children. Strange but true, Indian still lag behind the use of contraceptives and birth control methods. Many of them are not willing to discuss or are totally unaware about them. Illiteracy is thus another cause of over populationAge old cultural norm: Sons are the bread earners of the families in India. This age old thought puts considerable pressure on the parents to produce children till a male child is born. More the better.Illegal migration: Last but not the least, we cannot ignore the fact that illegal migration is continuously taking place from Bangladesh etc.. leading to increased population density.
5. less resource utilization due to backwardness in technology: The Indian system of education is rote-learning based and severely outdated. Afterall, the men in charge of educational bodies in India themselves have probably reached their position by rote learning concepts of teaching instead of reaching these places out of true passion for teaching.
There's literally no effort towards making scientific and mathematical concepts understandable and interesting. No steps towards publishing newer, better quality books even if the last edition is literally decades old. Calculators are still not allowed in exams for some absurd reason(idk about your state board, but CBSE certainly doesn't realize it's 2015 yet) . The questions asked in examinations are designed to be counter-intuitive and simply hard. Giving no facts about real life application at all.
Our problem is that we believe in quantity at the cost of quality. Thanks to mushrooming IIMs, all graduates have not been able to secure jobs after passing out. employers did not want them all.
We are opening more and more IITs and private engineering colleges are now as common as supermarkets in every town.
Unemployable engineers are a marker of the sad state of our society. Their education has not taught them enough to do a competent job and earn a living.
More medical colleges are mushrooming, and this can be even more dangerous to society. the time will soon come when we will have to trust such people with our lives, who haven't acquired a competent understanding of medicine.
The less the quality of education, less will be the utilization of resources…
6.less Income per capita :
“India is the fastest growing large country in the world, though with manufacturing capacity utilization low at 70 percent and agricultural growth slow following two bad monsoons, our potential is undoubtedly higher. Growth, however, is just one measure of performance. The level of per capita GDP is also important. We are still one of the poorest large countries in the world on a per capita basis, and have a long way to go before we reasonably address the concerns of each one of our citizens.”-RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan
According to Average GDP per capita on PPP basis, for States and unx Territories in 2011. India's per capita income (nominal) was $1,497 in 2013, ranked at 120th out of 164 countries by the World Bank, while its per capita income on purchasing power parity (PPP) basis was US$5,350, and ranked 106th.
So basically, the Ambanis, Adanis, Birlas and Tatas, of the world, essentially India’s rich, push up the average income of India i.e. the per capita income. As Wheelan writes: “The average income...could be heavily skewed by the megarich.”
In this scenario, the average income does not give us a correct picture. Further, it is safe to say, that the income of the average Indian is lower than the average income of India.
At this point it is important to introduce another term i.e. the median. As Wheelan writes: “The median is the point that divides a distribution in half, meaning that half of the observation lie above the median and half lie below.”
Hence, the median income is the income of the average Indian. Given this, the median income is the right representation of the income of the average Indian. This is because the rich outliers (the Ambanis, the Adnanis, the Tatas and the Birlas) are taken into account. Data from World Bank shows that the top 10 percent of India’s population makes 30 percent of the total income. And this pushes up the per capita income.
The trouble is that it is not so easy to find median income data in the Indian context. A survey carried out by Gallup in December 2013, put India’s median income at $616. Data from the World Bank shows that India’s per capita income during the same year was $1455.Hence, the median income was around 58 percent lower than the average income or the per capita income. And that is not a good sign at all.
This shows the tremendous amount of inequality prent in the country. The difference in the income of the average Indian and the average income of India is thus huge.
These are the several causes why India is not still developed…there may be many causes but it the responsibility of young generation to come forward and make India the golden bird again…..
!!!JAI HIND !!! JAI BHARAT!!!

如果我们说到印度，世界上发展最快的国家之一，但还不发达，我们应该看到的事实是，经济增长不像发达国家那么好，这些国家比印度好得多。发达国家、工业化国家或“经济较发达国家”(MEDC)是指相对于其他欠工业化国家而言的，拥有高度发达的经济和先进的技术基础设施的主权国家。因此，印度发展的缺乏，原因有很多。
有很多问题阻碍了印度成为发达国家。首先，我会引入一个概念，这个概念决定了这个国家发达与否，随后指出世界哪些国家在这个概念上表现良好。那就是“人类发展指数”（HDI）。



2.文盲和人才外流：
印度在教育层面非常匮乏。与印度各个邦的教育相比，喀拉拉邦的识字率排名第一，最可悲的是比哈尔邦、恰尔肯德邦、查谟-喀什米尔邦和北方邦的贫困标准都很低。生活在贫困线以下的父母不知道教育的价值。他们送孩子们去工作，领取每日工资。这就是为什么人们很容易被别人欺骗的原因。
第二件事是，印度人主要利用来自印度的所有资源来获得大量的知识，然后最终在外国定居。这对那个国家的发展是一个很好的方式，也是我们国家的一个主要缺点。人才流失通常是那些认为我国现在有了发展的人干的。并且我们还能看出一点就是，一个人在国外定居并为他国工作是正确得到，毕竟，如果他在印度工作，对自己而言就无法获得更好的机会。
人才流失的原因可能是政治问题或其他问题。这在印度是一个很严重的问题，这也是为什么一个人选择去国外发光发亮的原因。还有一种观点认为，印度人的大脑是世界上最强大的大脑。制约我国发展的原因是印度人的大脑没有得到应有的认识，或者印度人的大脑没有得到适当的利用。



6.人均收入低：
“印度是世界上增长最快的大国，尽管在经历了两次严重的季风灾害后，印度的制造业产能利用率低至70%，农业增长缓慢，但我们的潜力无疑更高。然而，增长只是衡量业绩的一个指标。人均国内生产总值的水平也很重要。按人均计算，我们仍然是世界上最贫穷的大国之一，在合理解决我们每一个公民的关切之前，我们还有很长的路要走。”

这是印度尚未发展的几个原因……可能有很多原因，但年轻一代有责任站出来，让印度再次成为伟大……
印度万岁！！！印度万岁！！！