重要的20国集团会议之前，美国和中国之间的冲突是什么？ [美国媒体]

Explainer: What underlies U.S.-China tensions ahead of crucial G20 meeting?

重要的20国集团会议之前，美国和中国之间的冲突是什么？



WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping are expected to meet on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Argentina this week for what some see as the most important meeting in years between the leaders of the world's two largest economies.

华盛顿（路透社）——美国总统唐纳德·特朗普和中国国家主席xi将于本周在阿根廷举行的G20峰会上会面，这是一些人认为的世界上两个最大经济体领导人之间多年来最重要的会议。

After months of bitter bickering between their governments over trade and security that has raised questions about the very future of a complex but economically pivotal relationship, the two leaders took a step back from the edge with an ice-breaking telephone call early this month.

两国政府就贸易和安全问题展开了数月的激烈争吵，贸易和安全问题对两国复杂但经济上至关重要的关系的未来提出了挑战，但本月初，两国领导人从边缘退后一步，打通了打破僵局的电话。

They expressed optimism about resolving their damaging trade war ahead of the meeting on Saturday, but there have been few tangible signs of progress. They will be in Buenos Aires for the summit of the leaders of the 20 major economies.

他们对在周六的会议之前解决两国间破坏性的贸易战表示了乐观，但是几乎没有取得实质性进展的迹象。他们将在布宜诺斯艾利斯参加20个主要经济体领导人的首脑会议。

Even so, differences among Trump's top advisers over China policy and his personal unpredictability and fondness for headline-grabbing moments mean it remains anyone's guess what the Trump-Xi meeting might bring.

即便如此，鉴于特朗普的高级顾问们对中国政策的分歧以及他个人的不可预测性和对爱上头条的癖好，还没有人确切知道特朗普席和xi的会议会取得什么结果。

WHAT CAUSED THE TRADE WAR?

什么导致了贸易战？

Trump railed against the massive U.S. trade deficit with China during his 2016 election campaign and after a year in office, with no sign of the gap narrowing, the U.S. president attacked the issue head-on. Trump has imposed tariffs on $250 billion worth of Chinese imports to force concessions on a list of demands that would fundamentally change the two countries' terms of trade. China has responded with tariffs of its own on U.S. goods, targeting farm states that are an important part of Trump's political base.

特朗普在2016年竞选期间指责美国对中国的巨额贸易逆差，而且在任一年后还没有缩小贸易逆差的迹象，这个美国总统直截了当地抨击了这一问题。为了迫使中国在从根本上能改变两国贸易条件的一系列要求上作出让步，特朗普已经对价值2500亿美元的中国进口产品征收了关税。作为回应，中国对特朗普政治基础重要组成部分的农业州的商品征收了关税。

Trump has threatened tariffs on another $267 billion worth of Chinese products, including cell phones, computers, clothing and footwear. And 10 percent tariffs on $200 billion of Chinese goods are scheduled to rise to a more prohibitive 25 percent on Jan. 1, 2019 unless a truce is agreed.

特朗普还威胁要对另外价值2670亿美元的中国产品征收关税，包括手机、电脑、服装和鞋类。此外，除非达成停战协议，否则2019年1月1日起2000亿美元中国商品10%的关税将升至更高的25%。

Washington wants Beijing to act to reduce a $375 billion trade surplus by opening its economy to foreign competition, increasing protection for U.S. intellectual property, ending joint venture requirements that lead to technology transfers and cutting subsidies to state-owned industries.

华盛顿希望北京采取行动减少3750亿美元的贸易顺差，包括向外国竞争者开放经济，增加对美国知识产权的保护，终止导致技术转让的合资企业要求，并削减对国有企业的补贴。

It particularly wants to prevent exports to China of advanced technologies in areas such as artificial intelligence and robotics and has tightened rules on foreign investment in 27 sensitive sectors to stop Chinese deals.

华盛顿特别希望阻止向中国出口人工智能和机器人等领域的先进技术，并已收紧了对27个敏感领域的外国投资的规定，以阻止与中国的交易。

The U.S. Justice Department recently charged China state-owned Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit Co with conspiring to steal trade secrets in what is expected to be the first of several similar cases to attempt to stop the flow of intellectual property into China.

美国司法部最近指控中国国有的福建晋华集成电路公司秘谋窃取商业秘密，这预计是试图阻止知识产权流入中国的几起类似案件中的第一起。

U. S. officials say China has delivered a written response to U.S. demands for wide-ranging trade reforms, but they remain doubtful this will be enough to bring about a breakthrough when Xi and Trump meet.

美国官员表示，中国已就美国对广泛贸易改革的要求提供了书面答复，但他们仍怀疑这是否足以使xi和特朗普会面时取得突破。

HOW SERIOUS IS THE U.S.-CHINA SECURITY RIVALRY?

美国与中国间的安全竞争有多严重？

In the past 20 years China has grown rapidly to become arguably Washington's biggest security rival, with defense spending that now far outstrips former Cold War rival Russia. A hundred years after the end of World War One, some academics have even warned of another "Thucydides Trap" - a theory that sees a risk of rivalry between a rising and an established power spiraling into open conflict.

在过去20年中，中国迅速发展成为华盛顿最大的安全对手，国防开支远远超过美国前冷战对手苏联。在第一次世界大战结束一百年后，一些学者甚至警告过另一个“修昔底德陷阱”——这个理论认为，一个正在崛起的国家和一个已经确立的大国之间的竞争风险会螺旋式地演变成公开的冲突。

Recent years have seen a steady uptick in tensions, punctuated by U.S. naval and air patrols challenging China's extensive claims in the South China Sea and U.S. warship movements through the highly sensitive Taiwan Strait.

近年来，紧张局势稳步上升，美国海军和空军的巡逻挑战了中国在南中国海的广泛主张，美国军舰通过高度敏感的台湾海峡。

While the two sides have taken care to maintain military-to-military contacts, close encounters have raised fears that an accidental clash could escalate into an unexpected conflict - particularly over Taiwan, which Beijing considers a wayward province and a "red line" not to be crossed.

虽然双方都小心翼翼地保持军方对军方的交流，但近距离的军事相遇使人们担心偶然的碰撞可能升级为意想不到的冲突，特别是在台湾问题上，北京认为这是一个任性的省份，一条不能越过的“红线”。

Trump added new uncertainty when he said the United States would quit a Cold-War era treaty with Russia that has prevented Washington from stationing ground-based intermediate-range missiles in Asia as well as Europe.

特朗普说，美国将退出与俄罗斯在冷战时期签订的一个条约，该条约阻止了华盛顿在亚洲和欧洲部署陆基中程导弹，这增加了新的不确定性。

In what was billed as a major policy speech on Oct. 4, U.S. Vice President Mike Pence escalated Washington's trade-driven pressure campaign, highlighting Chinese military and industrial espionage activity and accusing China of "malign" efforts to undermine Trump in the Nov. 6 mid-term congressional elections. He offered no concrete evidence of that.

在10月4日的一次被宣传为重要政策的讲话中，美国副总统迈克·彭斯（Mike Pence）升级了华盛顿以贸易施加压力的活动，他强调了中国的军事和工业间谍活动，并指责中国在11月6日的国会中期选举中“恶意”破坏特朗普的努力。但他没有提供具体的证据。

IS THE CURRENT TREND REVERSIBLE?

当前的趋势是可逆的吗？

White House insiders say there remain substantial differences within the Trump administration over how far to push China.
This division groups anti-China hardliner and trade adviser Peter Navarro, U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer and those who favor a complete reuation of the relationship on one side. On the other are pragmatists led by White House chief economist Larry Kudlow and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, concerned about the harm deepening friction could do to the U.S. economy and markets.

白宫内部人士说，特朗普政府内部在如何推动中国发展方面仍然存在重大分歧。
一方面的人物包括反华强硬派和贸易顾问彼得·纳瓦罗，美国贸易代表罗伯特·莱特希泽，以及那些支持全面重新评估双边关系的人。另一方面，白宫首席经济学家拉里·库德洛和财政部长史蒂文·曼努钦（Steven Mnuchin）领导的实用主义者担心不断加深的摩擦可能对美国经济和市场造成损害。

In Trump's "America First" rhetoric and persistent criticism of the damaging effect he says Chinese trade practices have on America, he has appeared to favor Navarro's school of thought.
But he has also shown himself very aware of the immediately positive effects any indication of an improved mood with Beijing can have on U.S. financial markets and his ratings for handling of the economy at a time when he is under fire on other domestic fronts.

特朗普的“美国第一”的论调以及中国贸易做法对美国造成破坏性影响的持续批评，似乎说明他支持强硬派纳瓦罗的思想流派。
但他也显示出他非常明白在他受到其他国内战线抨击的时候，任何与北京情绪改善的迹象都会立即对美国金融市场和他处理经济问题的评价产生积极影响。

RAY JENKINS
7 hours agoFAIR AND EQUAL TRADE OR ZERO TRADE.....................

公平与平等的贸易或者零贸易

Dom
@ray JENKINS
what fees would those be? what are you talking about?
have you considered the issue of exchange rates.... visas, components of various kinds, copyrights, and consultation, for example??

RAY JENKINS,那些费用是什么？你在说什么？
例如，你考虑过汇率, 签证、版权和咨询吗？？

The Whey
Well, at least one exemption, MAGA hats and Trump attire.

嗯，至少有一个例外，麦加帽和特朗普服装。

RAY JENKINS
AMERICA CHARGES THE SAME FEE AS THE OTHER COUNTRY...............FAIR AND EQUAL TRADE.........NO EXCEPTIONS...........

美国像其他国家那样收取同样的费用......公平与平等的贸易......没有例外

Dom
fair and equal from which point of view....

从哪方面的公平和平等？

Fasthugger
Bright Light with 5,729 reactions is another pseudonym for An Engineer
Now Choo Choo
Have you ever considered that it may be China who needs to change? Carter and the gay Muslim are no longer running US foreign policy.

有5729个反应的Bright Light 是工程师的另一个笔名。
Choo Choo
你有没有想过可能是中国需要改变？卡特和同性恋穆斯林不再经营美国外交政策。

Bright Light
6 hours ago
Not big fan of China but Trump can't treat China like 50 years ago as third world country. He needs to wake up and see the reality that China is one of superpowers that has to be dealt with respect.

我不是中国的大粉丝，但是特朗普不能像50年前那样把中国当作第三世界国家。他需要清醒过来，明白中国是一个必须尊重的超级大国的现实。

johnny
3 hours ago
china is BANKRUPT..we , the west,are moving to vietnam and cambodia.. they are CHEAPER, better quality and want to democratize.. china is FINISHED.. this 50 year trillion dollar experiment to help china democratize has failed.. its over

中国破产了，我们西方正在转向越南和柬埔寨…它们更便宜，质量更好，并且希望民主化。中国完了…这50年万亿美元的帮助中国民主化的试验失败了。结束了

UkroReich
Pathetically foolish nonsense. Connection to reality--zero.

可怜的愚蠢的废话。看看现实吧。

johnny
3 hours ago
what is the underlieing tensions?? the west has spent almost 40 years and trillions of dollars to help out BIGGEST enemy become a free democracy and it has FAILED.. china has taken our money and started worldwide expansionist warlike ambitions and has no intentions of becoming democratic or capitalistic.. 1.5 BILLION chinese peasants still work in rice paddies and starve on less than a dollar a day.. thats what #$%$ us off.. time to move to vietnam and cambodia.. cheaper and better quality and they want to become democratic capitalists

冲突时什么？西方国家花了将近40年和数万亿美元帮助最大的敌人成为一个自由民主的国家，但是失败了。中国已经拿走了我们的钱，开始了世界范围的扩张主义战争的野心，没有成为民主或资本主义的意图。15亿中国农民仍然在稻田里工作，每天靠不到一美元挨饿。是时候搬到越南和柬埔寨了。更便宜更优质，他们想成为民主资本家

UkroReich
idiot. American people and companies have greatly benefited from Chinese trade and Chinese loaning American regime trillion+ dollars. Deal with it.

白痴。美国人民和企业从中国的贸易和中国借给美国政权的万亿美元中受益匪浅。与它做交易吧。

Fasthugger
UkroReich with 70,114 reactions is another pseudonym for An Engineer
Well Choo Choo
If standing up for the American worker here at home is isolating the US so what? Dummycraps are more interested in illegals and climate change than they are in US citizens, especially those citizens who work for a living. I know Choo Choo you are an unemployed liberal living at home with mom and are not impacted by any of this. There are many who have to go to work in order to provide for their families little snowflake.

有70114个反应的UkroReich是工程师的另一个笔名。
Choo Choo
如果在国内支持美国工人是孤立美国，那又怎么样呢？笨蛋们比起美国公民，尤其是那些以工作为生的公民，他们对非法移民和气候变化更感兴趣。我知道Choo Choo 你是个失业的自由主义者，和妈妈住在家里，没有任何影响。有许多人为了养家糊口不得不去上班。

UkroReich
idiotic post.

愚蠢的帖子

UkroReich
6 hours ago
Freaky American regime has tensions with China Russia North Korea Syria Saudi Arabia Egypt Brazil Venezuela Iran France Germany Hungary turkey Egypt Cuba Mexico c the list is endless. Only Israel is safe from American freakish belligerence

畸形的美国政权与中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜、叙利亚、沙特阿拉伯、埃及、埃及、巴西、委内瑞拉、伊朗、法国、德国、匈牙利、土耳其、埃及、古巴、墨西哥等无穷尽的国家都关系紧张，。只有以色列不受畸形美国交战的威胁。

Fasthugger
Vladimir with 3,897 reactions is another pseudonym for An Engineer
Hey Choo Choo
Trump 2020. the only people who hate Trump are dummycraps and the rest of America's enemies.

有3897个反应的Vladimir是工程师的另一个笔名。
你好Choo Choo
特朗普2020。唯一讨厌特朗普的人是笨蛋和美国的敌人。

Vladimir
REALITY CHECK.... DA DJT...ADMINISTRATION... CIRCUS ...HAS PEAKED....WHAT A WASTE OF TIME WAITIN FOR DA NEXT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION....... ￠￠|•÷√™,°{^©.™

等待下一届总统选举是浪费时间

Eric1

4 hours ago
A fat orange toad who hasn't the SLIGHTEST idea how the global economy works.
一个胖胖的橙色癞蛤蟆，对全球经济如何运作一窍不通。

Dom
with SIX bankruptcies we know of....

我们知道六起破产案…

K1
Trump to dumb to deal with China, a sad fact

特朗普哑口无言地对待中国，一个悲哀的事实

bigjohn
Coercion in any form especially military one against CHINA will have suicidal consequence for those hate CHINA white racists warmongers in washington and that is the underlying statement from CHINESE side.

任何形式的对中国的胁迫，特别是军事胁迫，都会给华盛顿仇视中国的白人种族主义好战分子带来自杀性后果，这是中方的基本声明。