中国制造：美国对攻击性武器的需求 [美国媒体]

Made in China: America’s Appetite for Assault Weapons

中国制造：美国对攻击性武器的需求



In May 2000, Representatives Nancy Pelosi, Pete Stark, and Carolyn McCarthy wrote a letter to their House counterparts urging them to deny China a far-reaching and highly-coveted trade status called Permanent Normal Trade Relations. In their warning, the three Democrats didn’t mention the potentially damaging economic or political ramifications of such a relationship with China or even invoke the country’s infamous human-rights record. Instead, they focused on one specific issue: semi-automatic weapons.

2000年5月，众议院议员Nancy Pelosi, Pete Stark以及 Carolyn McCarthy给众议院的其他同僚写了一封信，敦促他们不要授予对中国来说意义深远而又梦寐以求的贸易地位，即永久正常贸易关系。在这封信中，三名民主党人没有提及与中国建立这样的关系会产生怎样破坏性的经济或政治影响，也没有提及该国臭名昭着的人权记录。他们提及的是：半自动武器。

From 1987 until 1994, some 42 percent of all rifles imported into the United States had come from China. The representatives noted that an embargo had been imposed in 1994 because, in just a few years, China “had exported almost one million Chinese rifles to the United States—more than made by all U.S. manufacturers combined in 1992.” Conferring this new trade designation, they argued, would effectively unravel the embargo and allow assault rifles like the SKS semi-automatic to become cheaply available again. “What made them attractive was their power and inexpensive price, only $55.95,” they wrote of the SKS, noting its popularity among neo-Nazis, gangs, and white supremacists. The letter concluded, “Don't give China the power to decide gun policy in the United States.” The bill was signed into law that October.

从1987年到1994年间，美国进口的步枪中有42%来自中国。三名议员称1994年实施了禁运，因为在几年时间里中国就“向美国出口了将近100万支中国步枪，这比美国制造商1992年全年产量总和都多。”他们称如果授于中国这个贸易地位，那么将对禁运造成抵消，从而像SKS这样的半自动步枪将再次变得廉价可得。“这些枪支的吸引力在于其火力和不贵的价格，只要55.95美元，”他们这样评价SKS步枪，还称这种步枪很受新纳粹，帮派以及白人至上主义者欢迎。这封信最后总结道，“不要给予中国权力来干涉美国的枪支政策。”这项法案当年10月通过议会变成了法律。

Heated talk about semi-automatic weapons is, relatively speaking, only a somewhat recent development. After being adopted by the army in the 1960s, assault rifles were modified for sale to civilians in the late 1970s, but as late as the mid-’80s, American consumers didn’t express much interest in them. They were pricey and exotic, and to hunters, using a modified army weapon that fired lower caliber bullets than hunting rifles emblemized inefficiency.

对半自动武器的热烈讨论相对来说是近来的事情。1960年代被军队采用后，突击步枪得到改良并于70年代向大众出售。但是到了80年代中期，美国消费者对他们没有什么兴趣了。因为价格高而且不好用，对于猎人来说，使用这种子弹口径比猎枪子弹口径小的军队改良武器根本干不成事。

Here is how Robert Spitzer, a professor of political science at SUNY Cortland and the author of several books on gun policy, frames the way Americans went from being uninterested in assault weapons to being passionate about them. “There’s no real market for the guns [in the ‘70s]. They’re not selling very well,” he says. “Part of it is that they’re expensive and people aren’t really acquainted with them.” But China’s relations with the United States began to improve around the same time that American manufacturers were introducing these semi-automatic weapons. “In the mid-to-late 1980s, the Chinese dump a lot of cheap, knock-off assault-style weapons on the American market,” Spitzer explains. “The cost is far less and there begins to be an appetite for these weapons.”

来自纽约州立大学科特兰分校的政治学教授兼几本枪支政策书籍的作者Robert Spitzer诉说了美国人如何从对突击步枪不感兴趣到对它们充满热爱。“70年代几乎不存在枪支市场。销售情况并不好，”他说。“部分原因是昂贵而且人们不了解这种枪支。”但是同一时间中国和美国的关系开始升温，所以美国厂家开始引进这些半自动武器。“在80年代中后期，中国向美国倾销了很多廉价仿制的攻击性武器，”他解释道。“价格更低，于是人们对这种武器的需求开始增加。”


EA • 5 days ago
One hugely disingenuous point in here. What this article notes as a "modification" of true assault rifles to be sold to the public is in fact a rather dramatic redesign - a conversion from automatic or burst fire to being semi-automatic. That's like taking a Mustang and dropping in a 4-cylinder. The resulting weapons are "military grade" only in appearance, and various semi-automatic weapons have been prent for over a century. "Assault weapons" as in common parlance today are no different than grandpa's hunting rifle except in their aesthetic features. If you're more scared of a black gun than one with a walnut stock, your risk uation skills are questionable.

文章中出现了一个错误，所谓的突击步枪的改良版其实是进行了重新设计——从自动或者连发模式变成了半自动。这就像开四气缸的野蛮汽车。重新设计后只有在外观上才像军用武器，而且在这之前已经有好多半自动武器流行100多年了。按照一般说法，如今的“突击武器”和祖父那辈的猎枪没有区别，只有审美特点上的区别。如果你对一把黑色枪支的害怕程度超过了一把胡桃木把手的枪支，那么只能说明你的风险评估能力是有问题的。

kronzypantz  EA • 4 days ago
It also ignores semi-automatics like the M14, m1a1 carbine, garand, and other "assault rifles" that have similar or even greater deadly capability to AR15's and were originally designed for the battlefield, but look like grandpa's hunting rifle.

文章还忽视了M14，m1a1 卡宾枪以及兰德步枪这样的半自动步枪以及其他的“突击步枪”，这些枪支威力和AR15自动步枪相当甚至更甚，刚开始时都是为战场设计的，但是外表看起来都像祖父辈的猎枪。

EA  kronzypantz • 4 days ago
Absolutely true. The deadliest weapons in civilian hands are almost exclusively *not* considered in the amorphous "assault weapons" category. Moreover, rifles as a whole simply aren't a statistically significant portion of crimes committed with firearms.

Frankly, it proves that the people advancing the policies either aren't doing their homework or only care about the political points they can score - likely both.

对的。平民手中所拥有的最致命武器几乎不被列为“攻击性武器”类别。此外，从总体的统计数据上看，在使用火器的犯罪中步枪的使用率并不高。
坦白说，这证明政策制定者要不就是没有做好功课，要不就是只关心自己的政治加分——我看二者都有。

marathag  kronzypantz • 4 days ago
The Remington Model 8 of 1906 was a magazine fed semiautomatic rifle in .25 Remington, a round similar in performance to the .223, and 30 Remington, similar to the 7.62x39. It was a popular deer rifle, made till the 1950s.

1906年的雷明顿模型8是一款自动传输的半自动步枪。25英寸雷明顿具有口径为.233，30英寸雷明顿口径为7.62x39毫米。在当时是很流行的猎鹿枪，50年代还有生产。

kronzypantz  marathag • 4 days ago
Its so odd that it would exceed military standards of the time and still be considered a hunting weapon. Maybe it was just too expensive?

奇怪的是这种枪支当时已经超过了军用标准，但还是被当成了猎枪。难道是因为价格太高了？

marathag  kronzypantz • 4 days ago
Those rounds were less powerful than the 30-06, Army was 50 years away from seeing the advantages of an 'intermediate' rifle cartridge, though later the rifle was available in 300 Savage, that was the parent of the .308 NATO round.
The real problem was cost, at $90 for the base model, vs $20 odd Dollars for a M1903 bolt action. Another was it was difficult to take apart the receiver, though the barrel was easily removable. 
It's biggest legacy was it inspired the AK-47, that used the trigger and safety setup almost unchanged, and a modified version of its rotating bolt.

这些口径的威力比30-06小，军队50年来都没有看到“中级”步枪弹的好处，尽管后来的步枪弹达到了300，那是.308北约口径之母。
真正的问题是成本，花90美元买普通版本还是话20多美元买一把M1903栓式枪机？
另一个问题是很难拆机匣，虽然枪管很容易移除掉，
雷明顿最大的遗产在于其激发了AK47的创造，板机和安全设置几乎没有改动，但是滚转式枪机得到改良。

kronzypantz  marathag • 4 days ago
Did it really inspire the AK? Seems like a leap from American hunting rifle to Soviet military mainstay. Was it indirect inspiration through the sturmgewer, or maybe just parallel invention?

AK47真的受它启发吗？看来是从美国猎枪向苏联军事砥柱的飞跃吖。是间接启发吗，还是说是平行发明？

Awory  kronzypantz • 4 days ago
Well, Mikhail Kalashnikov admits that the M1 Garand helped to inspire the development of the AK-47. He had various ideas and influences in his development of the weapon. The inventor of the Garand and Kalashnikov were both from cold winter areas (Canada and Russia) so they favored loose operating mechanisms that wouldn't seize up in cold weather. This translated to ease of operation.

卡拉是尼科夫本人承认M1加兰德步枪帮忙启发了AK47的开发。这款武器的开发受到不同想法的影响。兰德步枪和AK47的发明者都来自冷战时期（加拿大和俄罗斯），所以他们都喜欢松散的运行机制，这样在寒冷的冬季就不会失灵。所以才易于操作。