中国建立长城是为了贸易还是为了抵御外敌？ [美国媒体]

-------------译者：klqw-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Was the Great Wall of China built for trade or for protection against enemies?

中国建立长城是为了贸易还是为了抵御外敌？


-------------译者：Linsanity2018-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------



Zhibin Hong M.A. Communication & Statistics University of New Mexico (2013)
Written 4h ago
Ironically both.
A typical greatwall may look like this with defensive walls and beacon towers.
However it also has city borders and trading posts. When not in conflicts there are needs of goods (usually raw materials and/or animals get imported to China and china/tea/silk exported to border minorities like Xiongnu Mongolians Jin Liao etc).
with established border checks like these central government can easily control the trading between the middle kingdom and the outer minorities. Trading war and foreign currency is not something just being created.
Great wall was an effective border control hundreds years ago. But not now.

讽刺的是，两种目的兼而有之。
一段典型的长城看起来是图中这个样子的，有防御性的城墙以及烽火台。
然而，长城边上也有边境城市和商栈。在无战事的时候，边境两侧都有各自的货物需求。
（中国通常进口原材料或者牲畜，并向匈奴、蒙古人、辽人和金人等边疆少数民族出口瓷器、茶叶及丝绸）
建立了这些边境检查站后，中央政府就可以轻而易举地控制中央王国与周边少数民族之间的贸易。
贸易战和外汇并不是新鲜事，而是古已有之。
在几百年前，长城是有效的边境管控手段，但如今已经时移世易了。

-------------译者：龙腾翻译总管-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Patrick Edwin Moran lived in Taiwan 7 yrs studied Chinese & philosophy since 1960 && hist. culture
在台湾居住过7年，自1960年以来研究中国人及其哲学
Written 4h ago
Owen Lattimore claimed that the most important function it played was to keep Chinese people inside China. (It wasn’t a situation like the much later Soviet unx that tried to keep people from voting with their feet. See on.)
He explained that nomads entering China and pillaging a bit before being repulsed was not a big deal. They couldn’t really settle in and establish themselves as an altrernative government for the parts of China they may have taken over. They would fail because they could not figure out the society and government and how they normally worked well enough to be able to manage it themselves.
Instead he said what the Chinese leaders feared much more was that an organized group of Chinese would leave China to live among nomads and learn their ways of combat and organization that made them so problematical on the battlefield reenter China having become very competent in that mode of operation. Then they could organize a command secure soldiers and using outlander methodologies they could conquer a sizable part of China. Having seized it they would then apply their knowledge of Chinese culture and administration to make it function well. So when the central government finally got itself together it would have much more trouble rooting out a thriving military state.

Owen Lattimore称长城最重要的功能就是将中国人留在中国。（但是这与苏联想阻止人们用脚投票的情形又不一样。继续往下看。）
他解释说北方游牧民族进入中国掠夺，这不是什么大不了的事情。最终还是会被击退。因为他们无法真正的在他们所占领的中国领土上定居下来并建立新的政府。他们会失败的，因为他们搞不明白中国的社会和政府，所以也不知道自己要怎么做才能将整个的管理做得井井有条。
相反，他说，中国领导人更担心的是一个有组织的中国人团体离开中国居住在游牧民族当中，学习他们的战斗方式和组织方式，从而拥有强大的战斗力，然后这些学得一身战斗技能中国人再返回中国。然后他们会组织稳当的士兵并使用外人的战斗方法来征服一大片中国领土。之后，他们再利用他们本来就知道的中国文化和管理方式来管理那片土地。所以当中央政府再次缓过来时，他们需要面对的是一个更加棘手的军事政权了。

-------------译者：seayeah-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Luca Yang Master Economics Fudan University (2019)
Written 4h ago
For defense and "control trade".
First it’s an early warning system. The beacon towers can transfer info immediatly to the generals when barbarians invaded.
Second it’s a defense line. Many sections of the wall were built on the ridges of mountains and there’re many castles along the wall. The army can move along and fight upon the wall effectively.
Third the wall created obstacles to businessman. The Northern Grassfield relied.heavily on trade with the central plain for grains teas and irons. By building a wall along the border the Chinese government could control these trades and impose sanctions whenever it’s in need.

为了防御与控制贸易
首先，它是一套预警系统。当野蛮人入侵时，烽火台会迅速的通报给将军。
其次，它是一条防御线。大部分长城都是建在山脊上，并且沿途有很多城堡。军队可以依靠长城进行有效的行军与战斗。
最后，长城对商人设置了障碍。北方的草原严重依赖于与中央平原地区的贸易，以获取粮食、茶叶和铁器。通过建在边境的长城，中国政府就可以控制贸易，并在需要时予以制裁。

-------------译者：Linsanity2018-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

JC Zheng
Written 3h ago
As I know from history I learned the Great Wall was built for protection against enemies. Trade is just its side product whether it was positive or negative.
The build of the great wall can trace back to 5th century BC the Zhou dynasty. From the very beginning it was built to defense against the attach from northern nomad.
There are 4 major construction periods.
The Qin Dynasty defeated all the other 6 main country and built the first united centralized country. One of his wonder was that he push the people to unite all the walls into a 5 km long continuous one from which it was called “the ten thousands wall” or “the Great Wall”. The wall was built after Emperor Qinshihuang defeat the “Huns” and along the north border. So the target is obvious.
The Qin’s successor Han inherited it and built an outer line of wall after they defeated the Huns again and banished them to further north. It is a powerful dynasty and its where one of our nation “Han” derived from.

根据我所学过的历史，修建长城是为了抵御外敌。
而贸易，不论带来的是正面影响还是负面影响，都只不过是副产品。
长城始建于公元前五世纪的周朝，它从建造之初就是意在抵御北方游牧民族的进攻。
在历史上，长城有四个主要的建造时期。
秦灭六国，建立了中国首个统一的中央集权制国家。
秦朝的一大奇迹就是驱使人们将各国城墙连接成了一道5000多公里长、延绵不绝的长城，由此而得名“万里长城”。
长城是在秦始皇击败匈奴之后，沿着秦朝的北方边境修筑的，因此其针对的目标是显而易见的。
在秦朝之后，汉朝继承了秦代的长城。在又一次击败匈奴，并将其驱逐到了更远的北方之后，汉朝修建了外长城。
汉朝是一个强大的王朝，也是我们国家的民族之一——汉族的名字由来。

-------------译者：Linsanity2018-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

The Sui dynasty which is also a short-lived dynasty similar as Qin devoted most of its effort to two of the greatest wonders of China and even the human race: the Great Wall and the Great Canal. The Great Canal is built for transportation of goods and materials especially grain to the capital LuoYang. The Great Wall just like its predecessor was built to protect the borders especially the Turkut peoples from the North.
The last comprehensive repair on the Great Wall occurred in the Ming dynasty. That’s the Great Wall we see now. High pressure of national defense was the direct motivation. Even if the Wall was well done it cannot prevent the fall of the country: one of its high-ranking officer opened the gate of one of the most important gate for Manchu army from the north: Shanhaiguan which gave the Ming the last straw.
As we can see the Great Wall is built for military usage. Most of the dynasty cherish the good willing of peace and build the wall to eliminate war while even the most solid wall cannot stop the enemy from invading. Only a strong country can stand for long.

和秦朝一样，隋朝也是一个短命的王朝。
隋朝将其大部分国力都倾注于长城和京杭大运河的修建之中，
这两项工程堪居中国史上乃至是全人类史上最伟大奇迹之列。
京杭大运河的用途是运输货物和原料，尤其是把粮食运往当时的国都洛阳。
长城则与之前一样，是用来保护边境的，尤其是抵御北方的突厥人。
对长城的最后一次全面修缮是在明朝，这就是我们现今所见的长城。
国防上面临的巨大压力是明朝修缮长城的直接动机。
然而，尽管长城被修建得固若金汤，它仍然无力阻止明朝的灭亡。
一位明朝的高官（吴三桂）为北方的清军打开了长城上最重要的关隘之一——山海关的大门。
这是压垮明朝的最后一根稻草。
正如我们所见，建造长城是为了军事用途。
大多数朝代怀着对和平的美好愿望，修固长城以消弭战争。
然而，即便是最坚固的城墙也终不能阻止敌人的入侵。
毕竟，只有一个强盛的国家才能长久地屹立不倒。