为何蒙古没有成为俄罗斯或者中国的一部分？ [美国媒体]

Why isn't Mongolia a part of Russia or China yet?

为何蒙古没有成为俄罗斯或者中国的一部分？



1.Ajay Kamalakaran,Guest Editor at Russia Beyond The Headlines
AnsweredMay 10
Althoughit was the Mongols that had one of the greatest empires of all time, by the17th century, Mongolia was firmly under the grip of the Qing Dynasty.Russiaactually played a role in the country attaining independence from China. Thereare some areas of “greater Mongolia’ that are now in Russia, as there is InnerMongolia in China.The process for Mongolia to attain independence was full oftwists and turns and my research for this article (How a Russia-China politicalgame resulted in Mongolian independence) drove me crazy.

尽管蒙古人曾经建立了这个世界上空前的最大帝国之一 ，但是到了17世纪的时候，蒙古已经牢牢的被清王朝所控制。在帮助蒙古脱离中国统治方面，俄罗斯扮演了一个重要的角色。大蒙古包含很多地区，现在大蒙古帝国的一部分属于俄国，而另外一部分叫做内蒙古的地区，现在是属于中国。蒙古获取独立的过程充满了各种各样的迂回曲折的阴谋诡计。如果你想详细了解这些情况的话，可以参考一下我的研究文章（中俄的政治游戏是如何促成蒙古独立的），这篇文章几乎要把我给逼疯了。

Hereis the gist of the article.“The landlocked Asian country suffered decades of tumult anduncertainty in the early decades of the 20th century before attaining totalindependence from China. Both Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union were majorfactors in Mongolia becoming a free country.”Essentially, the Russians couldhave actually helped the Mongolians take Inner Mongolia as well, but didn’t.

如下是这篇研究论文的摘要：这个内陆国在20世纪前几十年里面，从中国获得完全独立之前，遭受了严重的内部动荡。无论是沙皇俄国还是苏联，他们在帮助蒙古成为自由国家这件事上，都是主要的因素。从某种意义上来说，俄国人也可以帮助蒙古把内蒙古夺取过来，但是最终他们没有这样做。

2.Darren Lee, lives in China
AnsweredApr 27
I ampretty sure some Mongolians will feel offended by the way the question isphrased.Take a look back at the history, when the Russian troops just advancedto Siberia and the Far East, Qing Empire was at its peak and successfully incorporatedtoday’s Mongolia into the empire.When Qing collapsed, the Russian Empire was atits peak and successfully turned Mongolia into its protectorate and itssatellite country until the collapse of Soviet Union.

我非常确定针对这个问题的提问方式，很多蒙古人会感觉到自己被冒犯了。我们回顾一下历史，当俄罗斯的军队到达西伯利亚和远东的时候，清王朝正好处在它的顶峰，他们成功的把今天的蒙古所在的区域纳入到他们的帝国。当清王朝最后解体的时候，俄国人正好处于他们国力的顶峰，他们成功的把蒙古转变成自己的保护国和卫星国，直到苏联最后解体的时候，蒙古才独立出来。

NowRussia and China reached an equilibrium in terms of the national power, soMongolia is kept a buffer state. In time , this geopolitical balancewill be broken again. And history can repeat itself.So Mongolians have to workhard to determine their own fate. With a population of 3 million, it won't bedifficult for Mongolia to gain prosperity only if it is open to foreigninvestment and keeps a good relationship with both sides.

现在俄罗斯和中国的在国力上达到了平衡，所以现在蒙古只是作为一个缓冲国而存在。随着时间的推移，这个地缘政治的平衡将会被再次打破。然后历史将会重演。因此蒙古人必须要努力的工作，以便于他们能够决定自己的命运。蒙古国有300万人口，对于蒙古而言，只要他能够对外资进行开放，同时与两个邻国保持很好的关系，想要去保持繁荣是很容易的！

3.Stephen Tempest
StephenTempest, MA Modern History, University of Oxford (1985)
AnsweredApr 28
Well,700 years ago it was China and Russia that were both parts of Mongolia...

700年前，中国和俄罗斯都是蒙古帝国的一部分。

Thingschanged. The Chinese rose up and overthrew their Mongol overlords. So did theRussians. The Mongols went back to their steppes.

之后，局面发生了变化，中国人反抗并推翻了蒙古统治者，之后俄罗斯人也这样做。蒙古人退回了他们的草原。

TheQing dynasty of China conquered the Mongols, in a series of bloody wars and agenocide. By the 18th century Mongolia was a tributary province of China; itsrulers were allowed autonomy as long as they paid theirtaxes and obeyed the Emperor.

清朝通过持续的流血战争后征服了蒙古，到了18世纪的时候，蒙古已经变为满清的附属国，只要蒙古的统治者支付税收并服从皇帝，他们就被皇帝允许自治。

In1911 the Qing were overthrown and the Chinese Republic proclaimed. Mongoliadeclared its independence. The Chinese Republic did not recognise this, butthey lacked the power to force the Mongolians to submit.

在1911年，清朝被推翻，中华民国宣告成立。与此同时，蒙古也宣告独立。但是，中华民国不认可蒙古的独立，但是他们缺乏使蒙古屈服的力量。

In1915, China and Russia agreed to keep Mongolia as a demilitarised buffer zonebetween their two countries. The Treaty of Kyakhta recognised a vaguely definedChinese suzerainty over Mongolia, but the area was to be self-governing in allother respects.

在1915年，中国和俄国达成协议——同意蒙古作为两国的非军事缓冲区。恰克图条约模糊的承认中国对于蒙古的宗主权，但是却承认蒙古除此之外的其它方面都实行自治。

In1919 one of the warlord factions vying for control over China, the AnhuiClique, decided to send troops into Mongolia to end its autonomy and bring itback under direct Chinese control. Russia was currently in civil war, so couldnot prevent this breach of the 1915 treaty.

在1919年，中国处在军阀混战的时期，其中的一位皖系军阀决定派军队去蒙古以便于能够结束蒙古的自治，把蒙古收回到中国的直接控制之下。那时俄国正处在内战时期，因此也无法阻止这种违反条约的行为。

Meanwhilea Russian nobleman named Ungern-Sternberg was fighting against the Bolsheviksin Siberia. When the main White army there was defeated in 1920 he led histroops over the border into Mongolia to escape.

当时，俄国的贵族罗曼·冯·恩琴男爵正在西伯利亚与布尔什维克交战，当1920年白军主力被打败的时候，他带领他的越过边境线，逃入了蒙古的境内。

Ungern-Sternbergannounced his conversion to Buddhism, defeated the Chinese occupying army, andin February 1921 proclaimed Mongolia a fully independent monarchy ruled by theBogd Khaan, a Buddhist religious figure.

罗曼·冯·恩琴男爵宣称他改信了佛教，他击败了中国军队，在1921年2月，他宣布蒙古是一个由博格达汗统治的完全独立的君主制国家, 博格达汗是一位佛教的领袖。

Thissituation only lasted six months. The Bolsheviks considered Ungern-Sternberg tobe unfinished business from the Civil War, and sent an army to deal with him.They also supplied money and guns to Mongolia's own Communist party.

这种状况仅仅持续了6个月，布尔什维克认为罗曼·冯·恩琴是内战的遗留问题，派了一只部队去解决他。布尔什维克还向蒙古的共产党提供了金钱和武器。

InJuly 1921 the Communists seized power in Mongolia, and a few years later in1924 declared the Mongolian People's Republic. Mongolia thus became a Sovietsatellite nation, notionally independent but subservient to Moscow.

在1921年的七月，共产党员掌握了蒙古的权利，几年以后，在1924年宣布成立蒙古人民共和国。蒙古国因而成为了苏联的卫星国，表面上独立，但是实际上屈服于莫斯科。

Chinadid not abandon its claim to the territory until 1945, when Chiang Kai-shek agreedwith Stalin to recognise Mongolia's independence from China in return for apromise that the USSR would cease supplying the Chinese Communist Party withaid. (In the 1950s the Nationalists, now expelled to Taiwan, declared thatsince Stalin clearly had not kept that promise, they did not need to keep theirside of the bargain either. As such, maps published in Taiwan until veryrecently still showed Mongolia as a province of China. This was only symbolic,however.)

中国直到1945年才放弃他对于蒙古的主权声明，蒋介石与斯大林达成协议承认蒙古从中国独立，作为回报，俄国人承诺将停止对中国共产党的提供援助。（在20世纪50年代，被驱赶到台湾的民族主义者蒋介石宣称“因为斯大林没有遵守承诺，他们也不会再去遵守协议。因此，直到最近，台湾印刷的地图依然显示蒙古是中国的一个省，不管怎么说，这也就是个象征意义吧。”）

In1949 the People's Republic of China also recognised the independence ofMongolia. (It is said that Mao did ask the Soviets to give Mongolia to China,but was refused.)

在1949年，中华人民共和国也承认了蒙古的独立。（据说毛曾经向苏联要求归还蒙古，但是被拒绝了。）

Thecollapse of the Soviet Union allowed Mongolia to gain full independence. Thelast Soviet troops left in 1992. Modern Mongolia tries to maintain a carefulbalance between Russia and China, staying friendly with both. In the 1990s itsigned Treaties of Friendship and Cooperation with both its neighbours.

苏联的解体使得蒙古获得了完全的独立。最后一支苏联军队在1992年离开。现在蒙古尽力的去在中俄之间保持平衡，与双方都保持着友好的关系。在20世纪90年代，蒙古与中俄双方都签订了友好互助条约。

4.Joaquín Olvera Almazán
JoaquínOlvera Almazán
UpdatedJun 10
Well,Mongolia has a language of its own, traditions of its own, a history of itsown, a culture of its own, many “of its own”s so it is only natural that it’snot part of any country but of itself.Now Mongolia won’t be a part of Russia orChina for as long as those two are strong. Neither Russia nor China will letany of them take it over, there’s a lot of wealth to be made out of it. That iswhy Mongolia is not a part of neither of those two and will continue like thatand it’s not going to be part of any of those countries for a very, very longtime.

蒙古有自己的语言，有它自己的传统，有它自己的历史，有它自己的文化以及很多只属于它自己的东西，它不属于任何国家，只是属于它自己的一部分。今日，蒙古不会属于俄国或者中国两者当中的任意一个，因为两个国家都很强大，中俄都不希望对方将蒙古吞并，蒙古本身有很大的价值。这就是为什么蒙古不归属于任何一方，并且在未来很长很长的一段时间内都会保持这种独立。

5.E. Shami
E.Shami, just like kids arguing in the playground
AnsweredApr 27
Mongoliais a part of neither exactly because it cannot be of both. It’s all about thepower balance between China and Russia and the need for a buffer zone betweenthem.

蒙古没有归属于两个国家中的任何一方完全是因为它不能这样做。这主要取决于中俄两方的力量平衡，这个两个国家之间需要缓冲区。

6.Tulga Ariuntuya
TulgaAriuntuya
AnsweredApr 28
Mongolianethnics are living in Russia(Buryat, Tuva) and in China(Inner Mongolia).Literally we speak almost same language and understand each other. If theyinvade Mongolia, there is an possibility of unrest in invader country itself.

蒙古族现在生活在俄罗斯的布里亚特和图瓦以及中国的内蒙古。毫不夸张的说我们说着几乎相同的语言，彼此能很顺利的沟通。如果他们侵略蒙古，他们自己国家的内部都会产生骚乱。

Wehave excellent diplomacy to Russia and China. Both of countries are visa freefor us. Almost half century ago, we solved dispute on border of China, so it’sunlike South China Sea. We helped Russia during WW2 a lot, unless they forgetour help they won’t attack. Also it is Russia who made world acknowledge ourindependence.

我们和中国及俄罗斯都有着很好的关系，两个国家对我们都实行免签证的政策，在大约半个世纪以前，我们与中国解决了边界纠纷，这和中国南海不同。我们在二战的时候帮了俄罗斯很多忙，除非他们真的忘恩负义，否则他们绝不会攻击我们。是俄国通过努力让全世界承认了我们的独立。

7.Allen Wang
AllenWang, works at London
AnsweredApr 27
Becauseboth parties are rejecting the proposal.Due to historic reasons, Mongolians arevery not friendly to Chinese, although they were the invaders and had killed6.7 millions of Han people. They have a totally different culture, history andlife style from China. So it is quite obvious they wouldn't change it just to bea part of another country.

因为两个国家都对合并持否定态度。这要追溯到历史原因，蒙古人对中国人是非常不友好的，尽管他们曾经入侵了中国并屠杀了670万的汉族人。他们有着完全不同的文化，不同的历史，不同的生活习惯。因此，蒙古绝不会希望改变这些东西，仅仅是使自己成为别的国家的一部分。

Onthe other hand, China is looking at Mongol with a mixed feeling, as Mongol washer conqueror and also her previous vassal state. Mongol has the valuablenatural resources she needs, but also have a hostile population come along withpoverty and a vast territory that she needs to invest billions, if nottrillions, of money. Moreover, if Mongol merges with China, it means Chinesepolitical/military influence reach to the belly area of Russia, and both Russiaand China couldn't afford the consequences.

另一方面，中国对于蒙古有着复杂的感情，因为蒙古曾经征服过中国，曾经蒙古也是中国的附属国，蒙古有着中国需要的自然资源，但是却有着大量敌视中国的贫穷国民，蒙古还拥有者中国想要去进行数十亿投资的广阔国土。此外，如果蒙古和中国合并的话，这就意味着中国的政治军事影响力到达了俄罗斯的腹部，中国和俄罗斯都无法承担这样的后果。

Mostimportantly, we are living in a world that peace is the main stream andconquering is no longer desired. Unless the merge is agreed by both partiesrelated, by that I mean not just China and Mongol but also other countries thatcould be geopolitically affected in the neighborhood, China would not take therisk.

最关键的是，我们生活在一个以和平为主流价值观的一个世界里面，征服已经不再受到欢迎。除非这种合并能够被所有的相关方所认同，我的意思是说不仅仅是中国和蒙古，也包括其它在地缘政治上可能被影响的国家，中国不会冒这个险的。

8.Alan Gao
AlanGao
AnsweredMay 2
Itacted like a buffer zone, Russia don’t want China to have Mongolia to threatits weak Siberian Railroad, while China don’t want Russia to put Beijing underits reach. Nobody want the other to take it.

蒙古是作为缓冲区存在的，俄国人不想要中国拥有蒙古，这样的话，中国将会威胁到俄罗斯脆弱的西伯利亚铁路，就好像中国不希望俄国将北京置于其力量影响范围之内一样。没有任何一方希望对方拥有蒙古。

9.Yuchen Pei
YuchenPei, lived in China
AnsweredApr 28
First,a buffer zone between two major powers can avoid many potential conflicts. Lookat the world map, and imagine a long boarder line ranging from far east tocentral asia. Pretty scary right?

首先，两个主要强权之间有缓冲区的话，可以阻止很多潜在的冲突。看看世界地图，设想一下一条长长的边界从从远东一直延伸到中亚，很恐怖，对不对？

Secondly,why bother taking care of a group of people who will hate you if you canalready use their resources? Annexing a country brings far more trouble thanbenefits. Does America bother occupying Mexico? Their military can’t evendestroy the drug dealers.

第二点，如果你可以使用他们的资源，为何还要费力去为这些讨厌你的族群操心呢？吞并一个国家带来的麻烦远远的超过了收益。美国会为了占领墨西哥烦心吗？他们的军队甚至不能摧毁那些毒贩。

10.Anonymous
Anonymous
AnsweredApr 28
Thesame reason with why Nepal is still around despite of being sandwiched by Chinaand India. The same reason with why Thailand was left independent despite beingsandwiched by British India and French Indochina. The same reason why thepetulant North Korea has not been razed to the ground.

这和尼泊尔位于中印之间却能够保持独立的原因是相同的，这和泰国能够在英国殖民时期的印度以及法国统治时期的中南半岛之间保持独立的原因是相同的。朝鲜没有被夷为平地的原因也是相同的。

Whena country is sandwiched between 2 great powers, that country will be leftalone. China would be furious if Russia invaded Mongolia. Similarly, Russiawould be furious if China invaded Mongolia. As long as Mongolia is not much ofa trouble, both Russia and China will be happy with the status quo. The fancyterm of this is “buffer state”.

当一个国家被两个大国夹在中间的时候，这个国家将会保持独立。如果俄国入侵蒙古，中国将会有激烈的反应。类似的，如果中国入侵蒙古的话，俄国也会反应很激烈。只要蒙古没有成为大麻烦，俄罗斯和中国都会很乐意保持现状的。这种理想的状态就是”缓冲国”。

Everyonehates the petulant North Korea, but neither the US-backed South Korea nor Chinahas razed North Korea to the ground.

每个人都不喜欢暴躁的朝鲜，但是无论是美国支持的南韩还是中国都没有将北韩夷为平地。

11.Alex Ladov
AlexLadov
AnsweredMay 2
InSoviet Union Mongolia was considered not as quite foreign country but rather asa remote and sparsely populated Soviet Block republic, nobody really caredwhether it is a part of Russia or not. I guess even if it becomes China thenRussia will not really care because China is not a threat to Russia, it is ourgood neighbour and trade partner.

在苏联时期，蒙古并不是被当成一个国家，而是被当成一个遥远的人口稀少的苏联加盟共和国。没有人在意它是否是属于苏联的一部分。我猜想如果蒙古变成中国的一部分，俄罗斯人都不会介意，因为中国并不是俄罗斯的威胁，中国是我们的好邻君，是我们的好的贸易伙伴。

IfMongolia will submit to US and they will start building military bases thenRussia will be outraged for sure, as well as China I guess.

如果蒙古人屈服于美国，美国人将会在蒙古建立军事基地的话，俄罗斯人将会大为光火，我猜中国应该也会很生气的。

12.Bevin Chu
BevinChu, veteran commentator on Sino-US relations
AnsweredMay 1
Longstory short:Mongolia WAS in fact part of China for quite some time.The Mongolians conqueredChina and ruled it for just under a century.They merged Han China and theMongolian Empire. The Mongol regime became a Chinese dynasty.

长话短说：事实上蒙古长期是属于中国的，蒙古人征服并统治中国只是持续了一个世纪而已。他们把中原王朝中国和蒙古帝国合并起来。蒙古帝国变成了一个中国的王朝。

Laterthe Han Chinese overthrew the Mongolian Chinese and established the Mingdynasty. The Mongolian region remained part of the new Han Chinese ruled Mingregime.Eventually part of Mongolia became independent of China in the early20th century. The rest of it, known as “inner Mongolia” remained part of China.

其后，汉人推翻了蒙古人并建立了明朝。蒙古作为明朝的一部分仍然被明王朝统治。最终，在20世纪的早期，蒙古有一部分独立了，剩下的一部分被称为“内蒙古”被保留在中国。

overthe centuries, Mongolians and Manchus have become fully integrated within theever multi-ethnic Chinese nation. The situation is somewhat comparable to theway the Norman conquerors were integrated with the conquered Saxons in Britain.Today, no real distinctions are made between Chinese of Han, Mongol, or Manchubackgrounds.

几个世纪以来，蒙古人和满族人又被重新的整合到了一个多民族的中华民族国家当中。这有点类似于诺曼征服者与不列颠的萨克逊人的整合。今天，蒙古人，汉族人以及满族人已经没有什么显着差别了。