中国去月球开采氦资源合法吗？月球不是属于美国的吗？ [美国媒体]

Is it legal for China to mine the moonfor helium? Doesn’t the Moon belong to America, since we landed our astronautsand put our flag first?

中国去月球开采氦—3合法吗？月球不是属于美国的吗？因为我们的宇航员登上月球插上了国旗
 




C Stuart Hardwick, works at Writers andAuthors
Updated May 8
You see this plaque?
See the last line?
We came in peace for all mankind. We didnot claim the moon, nor could we have under the 1967 Treaty on PrinciplesGoverning the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space,including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies.
Of course, in the real world, law is onlywhat can be enforced. If China goes after the helium, who is going to stopthem? Given the complexity and cost of space travel (and the fact that no oneyet knows how to build a working fusion reactor) it isn’t likely to be an economicallyworthwhile task any time soon, and even then, it would be far more advantageousto work together on it, since space is deadly and bullets make holes in stuffpretty easily.

看见这个标牌了吧？
看看最后一行。
我们为了全人类的和平而来。我们没有要求拥有月球的主权，根据1967年的《各国外太空探索利用活动原则条约》我们也没有对月球的主权，也没有其他天体的主权。
当然了，具体到实际情况，法律只有执行才有效。如果中国去开采氦资源，谁能阻止他？因为太空旅行技术复杂成本高（而且实际上现在还没有人知道怎么建设聚变反应堆），现在上去开采非常的不经济，大家一起合作则好处多多，因为太空一片死寂，而用子弹在物体上穿个洞可太容易了。

Ernest W. Adams, fascinated by space travelsince the Apollo program.
Updated Jan 31, 2015
According to the Outer Space Treaty, themoon belongs to all humanity. It certainly does not "belong" to theUS. The plaque on the Lunar Lander's leg reads "we came in peace for allmankind." It's a bit unclear what will happen when people start exploitingnatural resources off the Earth at scale, but it will probably be necessary toestablish a treaty about it, just as we have about fish in the sea.
The flags, incidentally, indicate to whomthe equipment belongs. It is all still the property of NASA, and some of it isstill functioning. It doesn't claim the moon itself for the USA.

根据外太空条约，月球属于全人类。它当然不“属于”美国。月球登录器的腿上写着“我们为了全人类的和平而来”。如果开始在月球大规模开采自然资源，谁也不知道到底会发生什么事，但先签好条约还是有必要的，就好比我们已经拥有了海里的鱼。
顺便说下，那个旗只是表明登月设备是属于谁的。月球登录器现在仍是属于美国宇航局的财产，有些设备现在仍在运作。但这并不意味着月球是属于美国的。

Jerry Stone, I have given talks on spacesince 1969.
Answered May 7
At the moment, it isn’t legal for China tomine the Moon for Helium 3, but that isn’t because America owns it.
The Moon is not America’s - or anyoneelse’s. True, the Apollo Astronauts did place American flags on the Moon, butthat not in order to claim it; it was in tribute to the 400,00 people whoworked on the space program and whose efforts resulted in the landings.
Back in January 1967, 2½ years before thefirst manned landing on the Moon, the United Nations published the Outer SpaceTreaty and this went onto force on October 10 that year, making 2017 the 50thanniversary. Among other things, it states that the Moon and other celestialbodies are not subject to appropriation by any government - i.e. they cannot beclaimed - and are instead “the common heritage of all mankind”. It also bansweapons in space.
It is accepted that samples may be obtainedfor scientific study, so the rocks and soil brought back by the astronauts, aswell as the soil samples brought back by automatic Russian craft, are notregarded as claiming the Moon in any sense.
However the limitations of the treaty posesome problems in view of changes in the way space activities are being carriedout, and with regard to our future plans - which include mining the Moon forHelium 3.
Firstly, a lot of space activity is nowbeing carried out by private companies - such as SpaceX - rather than bygovernments. However it is taken that any such company operates under theconstraints of the government of the country in which the company legallyoperates. So the treaty applies to their activities as well. Yet being able toobtain material from the Moon to construct things such as large space habitatsand solar power stations is far more efficient than launching that materialfrom the surface of the Earth, and it is also calculated that Helium 3, whichcould be used as fuel for fusion reactors, can be more easily obtained from theMoon than on Earth.
So the question is how the UN Treaty mightbe amended to permit activities that would be of benefit to mankind. That issomething to be discussed at a symposium I am arranging in London in October on10 October. See UN Space Treaty Symposium

当前看来，中国去月球开采氦-3是不合法的，但原因不是因为美国拥有月球。
月球不属于美国或者任何人。阿波罗号飞船确实将美国国旗插到了月球上，但插国旗不是为了声称对月球拥有主权；这是为了向在月球上项目上付出努力并成功让飞船登陆的40000名工作人员致敬。
回到1967年一月，也就是人类登陆月球前的两年半，联合国发布了《外太空条约》，同年10月10日条约生效，2017年刚好是条约发布50周年。条约中提到月球和其他天体不是任何政府可占有的对象物，也就是说任何国家和政府都不能声称对其拥有主权，而是作为“全人类的共同遗产”。条约同时禁止在太空中使用武器。
条约中允许出于科学研究目的开采样品，所以宇航员可以把石头和土壤带回来，就和俄罗斯的无人驾驶飞船把土壤样品带回来一样，这些行为都和月球主权没有丝毫关系。
然而，随着太空活动方式的变化，出现了很多问题使得条约有了局限性，这和我们的未来计划有关——包括去月球开采氦-3。
首先，很多私人公司而不是政府开始涉足太空活动——比如SpaceX。然而这些公司都是在其国家内合法运行的，受到该国法律约束，所以这些公司的活动是可以被接受的。条约当然也适用于这些公司的活动。从月球就地取材建造诸如大型居住地和太阳能电站远比从地球发射过来要高效的多，这些材料当然也包括氦-3，它可以作为聚变反应堆的燃料，从月球上获取氦-3当然要比地球上容易得多。
所以现在的问题是，如何修改联合国条约以允许这些造福全人类的活动。

Allen Wang, works at London
Updated May 8
I guess we dare not to, because medias willimmediately yelling that because of our mining, the mass of moon has beenchanged, therefore the tides are affected. Then every damage relating to tideswill be counted on China. A space version of green house gas emission in China.Bad China! Evil China!
Ok, jokes aside. I don’t see this is goingto be reality in foreseeable future, given the limit of China’s technology andher will to do so. For legality, Article II of the Treaty states that"outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is notsubject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use oroccupation, or by any other means".— Outer Space Treaty - Wikipedia
As I just took a glance at the article, Icouldn’t conclude anything. However, to me, this statement is very vague thatit seems every country is able to take advantage of the grey area. Happy to becorrected if anyone has more details.

我猜我们是不敢去开采的，因为媒体很快就会大肆报道因为我们的开采月球质量发生了改变，地球上的潮汐收到了影响。然后任何由潮汐造成的损害都会算在中国的头上。在中国就会出现太空版的温室效应问题。坏中国！邪恶的中国。
好了，笑话先搁一边。我觉得在可预见的未来内太空开采还是不现实的，因为中国受到科技水平的限制，还有这么做的意愿也不足。至于合法性，《外太空条约》的第二条说：外层空间，包括月球和其他天体，都不能依据国家主权要求，或者通过使用或占领，又或任何其他方法据为己有。
我刚才又看了一下该条款，没总结出什么东西来。对我来说，这个声明非常的模糊，看起来每个国家都能利用一下这片灰色领域。如果有一天能改的详细点就好了。

Gwydion Madawc Williams, Read a lot aboutthis
Answered Oct 17, 2015
Since no one owns the moon, it probablywould be legal to mine there.
The notion of mining for helium-3 isspeculative.  It might be useful forfusion power if this were ever developed, but it so far has remainedexperimental.
China has also not yet got as far as evenexperimental return of material from the moon. No indication they see it as economically useful.

因为没有人对月球拥有主权，去那开采应该合法吧。
说到开采氦-3也都是推测。如果开发出了聚变发电装置，氦-3可以作为燃料，可是到目前为止，聚变反应堆还停留在试验阶段。
中国到目前为止甚至还没有从月球带回过样品。没看出氦3现在有什么经济价值。

John Houston, Higher level maths, 2 gradesabove in computer science.
Answered May 5
No, the moon doesn’t belong to America.That’s as ridiculous a proposition as saying: “Doesn’t the whole Earth belongto Great Britain, as they were the starter of modern life?” Or; “Doesn’t thewhole universe belong to Russia, as they were the first to get into space?”
The moon belongs to the inhabitants ofearth, it’s presence and and alteration will affect all the colonies on theEarth. Your second question doesn’t make any sense, why would people think thatthe USA didn’t land on the moon merely because someone is mining resources?

不，月球不属于美国。就如同说“地球属于英国吗？因为是英国开启了现代生活，”或者说“整个宇宙属于俄罗斯吗？因为是俄罗斯人第一个进入太空的”一样可笑。
月球属于地球上的全体居民，月球的存在和改变将会影响到地球上的每一个生命。你第二个问题问的毫无意义，如果其他人已经先在月球上采矿，因此美国无法在月球上登陆，人们会怎么想？

Austin Schopper, studied at Emporia StateUniversity
Answered May 4
Not only is it legal, but it’s an excellentidea.
Sure, China might benefit from the extrahelium, but you know who else will? Anyone who uses the tech that Chinadevelops and is able to go to the moon and mine it for themselves. In fact,lets go further. Why stop at the moon? Do you know how much money there is tobe made by mining asteroids? Trillions of dollars would be at our disposal. Allthat we need is the technology to do it.
That’s the great thing about no countrybeing able to claim a celestial body as their own (legally). We all get to worktogether to profit.

先别说合法不，开采月球这主意多好啊。
中国当然可能会因为得到了氦而获益，但其他人会怎么做呢？任何使用中国发展出来的技术的人都可以去月球自己开采。实际上，我们可以想的更远一点，不要把目光只停留在月球上。你知道开采行星能赚多少钱吗？上万亿的美元都会落入我们的口袋。现在唯一需要的就是相关科技了。
任何国家都不能拥有月球的主权（法律上来说）真是太好了，我们可以一起合作发财。