美国应该试图阻止中国的技术进步吗？ [美国媒体]

Should the US try to keep China’s technology from advancing?

美国应该试图阻止中国的技术进步吗？

By GEORGE KOO JULY 9, 2018 4:17 PM (UTC+8) 
作者： GEORGE KOO 2018年7月9日



A number of commentators, including Asia Times’ own Pepe Escobar, have suggested that the trade war started by the Trump administration is not about intellectual-property theft or unfair trade but about not losing the technology race with China.

包括《 亚洲时报》旗下的佩佩·埃斯科瓦尔在内的一些评论人士认为，特朗普政府发起的贸易战与知识产权盗窃或不公平贸易无关，而是不能输掉与中国的技术竞赛。

Escobar believes Trump is feeling threatened by China’s stated goals to become the world leader in 10 fields of technology by 2025. CNBC agrees, though more narrowly focused on who will win the race to develop fifth-generation (5G) wireless technology.

埃斯科瓦尔认为，中国宣称到2025年在10个技术领域成为世界领先地位的目标正威胁着特朗普。CNBC(美国全国广播公司财经频道）也同意这一观点，但更狭隘地关注谁将赢得开发第五代无线技术( 5G) 的竞赛。

One way to slow China down is to grant one-year visas to its students wishing to pursue graduate studies in the US. Since most PhD programs take four to five years to complete, having to renew their visa every year and be subject to arbitrary rejection would discourage some from applying to US universities.

减缓中国发展速度的方法之一是向希望在美国攻读研究生的中国学生发放为期一年的签证，由于大多数博士课程需要4到5年的时间才能完成，每年必须续签证，并随时可以拒签，这会让一些人不愿申请美国大学。

The processing of visas at US consulates in China has also gotten murky lately. PhD researchers planning to present their research findings at national technical conferences in the US are finding the visa-approval process delayed without explanation. In some cases by the time they got their visa, it was too late to attend the conference.

最近，美国驻中国领事馆的签证处理也变得模糊起来，计划在美国举行的国家技术会议上展示他们的研究成果的博士研究人员发现，签证审批过程被拖延，没有任何解释，在某些情况下，当他们拿到签证时，出席会议为时已晚。

Folks like US Federal Bureau of Investigation Director Christopher Wray and Senator Marco Rubio might privately snicker and applaud these tactics as ways of deterring “non-traditional” intelligence collection, but the actual consequences will be more seriously damaging to US national interest.

美国联邦调查局局长克里斯托弗·沃雷和参议员马尔科·卢比奥等人可能会私下里窃笑并称赞这些战术是阻止“非传统”情报收集的手段，但实际后果将更加严重地损害美国的国家利益。

US universities need STEM students from China

美国大学需要来自中国的STEM学生

Every year, about one-third of international students coming to the US for graduate studies are from China. Most of them major in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects. Graduates of these majors are most needed for the US to maintain its technology leadership, and these are the same majors that many kids born and raised in the US find too challenging and thus avoid.

每年来赴美留学的国际学生中，约有三分之一来自中国。他们大多数主修STEM( 科学、技术、工程和数学 ) 科目，美国最需要这些专业的毕业生来保持其技术领先地位，而这些专业正是许多在美国出生和长大的孩子觉得太具挑战性而避免选择的专业。

Graduate schools of major universities depend on students from China to staff their research programs and uphold the quality of work. Without them, many of the graduate schools would shrivel and survival would become problematic.

主要大学的研究生院依靠来自中国的学生完成他们的研究项目，以维护其工作质量，没有它们，许多研究生院就会萎缩，生存就会有问题。

The claim that tens of thousands of students from China are sent to spy is nonsense and arises from xenophobia. Graduate research advances the boundaries of human knowledge. Such research does not get involved in militarily sensitive or national-security-related work unless the researchers qualify for appropriate levels of clearance.

有关数以万计的中国学生被派去从事间谍活动的说法是无稽之谈，是出于仇外心理。这些研究生们的研究推进了人类知识的边界，这种研究不涉及军事敏感或与国家安全有关的工作，除非研究人员有资格获得适当级别的许可。

Often overlooked is that in the past, most of these students upon completion of their advanced degrees have remained in the US to work. Silicon Valley would be a mere shadow of itself if Chinese with advanced technical degrees had not chosen to accept positions at Apple, Cisco, Google, Intel, Microsoft and others.

在过去，经常被忽视的是，这些学生大多在完成他们的高级学位后留在美国工作。如果拥有高级技术学位的中国人没有选择接受苹果、思科、谷歌、英特尔、微软等公司的职位，硅谷将形单影只。

Just a bit over 10 years ago, Don Pryzbyla, the FBI special agent in charge of Silicon Valley, said in an interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation that his enormous challenge was to keep track of around a hundred thousand Chinese working in the San Francisco Bay Area because they were all potential spies for China.

十多年前，美国联邦调查局负责硅谷的特别探员唐·普雷兹贝拉在接受BBC采访时表示，他面临的巨大挑战是跟踪大约10万在旧金山湾区工作的中国人，因为他们都是中国潜在的间谍。

As if buying Pryzbyla’s line of thinking, the administration of US President Donald Trump is now figuring out different ways of discouraging Chinese from remaining in the US and pushing them back to China. Instead of sticking around to add to America’s edge in technology, they will contribute to China’s instead. How smart is that?

美国总统唐纳德·特朗普领导的政府似乎接受了普利兹贝拉的思路，如今正想方设法阻止中国人留在美国，并将他们推回中国，他们不会留下来增加美国在科技方面的优势，而是会为中国做出贡献，这样的举动明智吗？

Racial bias hurts Americans with Asian ancestry

种族偏见伤害有亚洲血统的美国人。

America’s racial discrimination doesn’t just apply to students from China, but ethnic Asians with US citizenship feel the same sting. As a recent study revealed, Chinese-Americans are especially susceptible to false arrest, accusations of espionage, and jail time only to have charges dropped or dismissed.

美国的种族歧视不仅仅适用于来自中国的学生，具有美国公民身份的亚裔也感受到了同样的痛苦。
最近的一项研究表明，美籍华人特别容易遭到虚假逮捕、间谍罪指控和监禁，但却总被撤销或驳回指控。

Unfortunately for the Chinese-Americans victimized by such incidents of false arrest, they almost never receive compensation for the damage done to their reputations and careers. They simply do not get justice.

不幸的是，对于受到这种错误逮捕事件伤害的华裔美国人来说，他们几乎从来没有得到对他们的名誉和事业造成的损害的赔偿，对他们来说，根本没有公正可言。

Sherry Chen is the latest example of atrocious miscarriage of justice. She was arrested, put in jail and accused of spying for China. Before her arrest, she was an award-winning hydrologist working for the National Weather Service. After the charges were dropped, the Department of Commerce (which has oversight over NWS) would not let her return to work.

Sherry Chen就是这种残酷误判最新的一个例子。她被逮捕，关进监狱，并被指控为中国从事间谍活动，被捕前，她是一位获奖的水利学家，为国家气象局工作，在撤销指控后，商务部( 负责监管国家气象局 ) 不会让她重返工作岗位。

With the support of the Asian-American community, Chen took her case before the Merit Systems Protection Board, the judiciary body that addresses complaints from federal employees. Historically, the MSPB had ruled in favor of the plaintiff less than 2% of the time. Yet Chen won. The presiding judge wrote a 135-page opinion that overwhelmingly ruled in her favor.

在亚裔美国社区的支持下，陈女士将她的案子提交给了联邦雇员投诉的司法机构——“ 功绩制保护委员会”(Merit Systems Protection Board)，保护委员会历史性的在不到2%的时间里做出了有利于原告的裁决，陈赢了，主审法官写了一份135页的意见书，最终以压倒性多数宣告她胜诉。

This should have been the bittersweet happy ending for Chen, but it was not to be. Despite a letter from a congressional caucus and another from more than 130 Asian-American organizations to Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross urging rectification for Chen, a Commerce Department spokesman said on June 18 that it would appeal the MSPB decision.

对陈来说，这本应是苦乐参半的大团圆结局，但事实并非如此，尽管国会(众议员)专题研究核心小组和130多个亚裔美国组织的另一封信敦促对陈的判决进行整改，但美国商务部的一位发言人在6月18日表示，将对“ 功绩制保护委员会”的决定提出上诉。

The announcement gave no new arguments that would justify the cynical decision to appeal.

这份声明没有给出任何新的论据来证明其上诉决定是合理的。

With the bench lacking appointments to replace missing members, the Commerce Department knows that the MSPB panel does not have enough judges to form a quorum and rule on the appeal. It will be years before the appeal can be heard. In the meantime, Chen will not get her job back, not her back pay, and will remain in limbo.

由于缺乏填补损失成员的任命，商务部知道，“ 功绩制保护委员会”（MSPB） 没有足够的法官组成法定人数，无法对上诉作出裁决，上诉要过几年才能审理，在此期间，陈将不会重新找回她的的工作，没有工资，并将继续处于不确定状态。

Sherry Chen is totally in the right, but because she is a Chinese-American, justice is not served. That’s the way it is in the US.

Sherry Chen完全没有任何错误，但因为她是华裔美国人，正义没有得到伸张，这就是美国的现状。

Chinese-American kids punch above their weight

美籍华人孩子非常重要

However, if the US hopes to maintain its technological edge over China in the years to come, Congress and the federal government need to face an inconvenient reality. Asian-Americans make up less than 6% of the population but earn more than 25% of all the STEM PhDs awarded in the US every year.

然而，如果美国希望在未来几年保持其相对于中国的技术优势，国会和联邦政府需要面对一个令人不安的现实，亚裔美国人占美国人口的不到6%，但每年获得的STEM博士学位却超过25%。

A recent article in The New Yorker reported that Asian students made up 16% of the public school student body but occupied 62% of the enrollment to the elite high schools of New York City. Admission to those schools is based on competitive test scores.

“纽约客”最近的一篇文章报道说，亚洲学生占公立学校学生总数的16%，但占纽约市精英高中入学人数的62%，这些学校的入学依据是竞争性考试成绩。

Rather than wrinkle their noses at the supposed personality flaws of Asian kids, white Americans need to encourage their development and not penalize them by depriving them of opportunities for superior higher education.

与其对亚洲孩子所谓的个性缺陷嗤之以鼻，美国白人需要鼓励他们的发展，而不是通过剥夺他们接受高等教育的机会来惩罚他们。

We now live in a world of fast-developing and ever changing frontiers in technology. It’s time the American white mainstream abandons century-old racial bias against Asian-Americans and reconcile with the reality that the future of the United States will need every one of these Asian-American kids to realize his or her full potential.

我们现在生活在一个快速发展和不断变化的技术前沿的世界，现在是时候了，美国的白人主流应该摒弃一个世纪以来针对亚裔美国人的种族偏见，美国的未来需要每一个亚裔美国孩子实现他或她的全部潜力。

Richard L King
Dr. Koo your article is right on. We need to do more to encourage students to study STEM courses and fund more R&D if we wish to be competetive.

Koo博士，你的文章是正确的，我们需要做更多的工作，如果我们想要竞争的话，应该鼓励学生学习STEM课程，并资助更多的研发。

Syed Abbas
In the 19th century England tried its best to stop America from acquiring steel and manufacturing technology. She failed. England later lost its colonies, and America became a world power.
In the 20th century England/France tried their level best to stop the Germans and Russians from acquiring technology. They failed and lost their shirt. Germany now controls Europe, and Russia was a world power for a while.
Later in the 20th century America tried its level best to stop the Soviets from acquiring nuclear technology. She failed and is now beset with financial meltdown. Russia is on the upswing for the second time.
What are the chances of the Corporate Capitalists preventing newcomers in the 21st century to acquire technology? Nil, Zilch, Nada, Cipher.
Knowledge is a public good, not private as made by Corporate Capitalist West. Share and it will increase. Playing God you can lose your shirt. The Lord does not like to share his Power with anyone.

19世纪，英国尽力阻止美国获得钢铁制造技术，她失败了，英国后来失去了殖民地，美国成了世界强国。
20世纪，英国/法国尽力阻止德国人和俄罗斯人获取技术，他们失败了，德国现在控制着欧洲，俄罗斯曾经一度是世界强国。
20世纪后期，美国尽最大努力阻止苏联获得核技术，她失败了，现在被金融危机所困扰，俄罗斯正在第二次崛起中。
企业资本家在21世纪阻止新来者获得技术的可能性有多大？ ——零，零，零，零（Nil, Zilch, Nada, Cipher，这四个字都是零的意思）。
知识是一种公共利益，而非西方资本主义企业所创造的私人物品，共享才会壮大，上帝不愿意与任何人分享祂的能力，但扮演上帝可能会让你输得精光。

Michael Brownrigg
Agreed. America's single largest competitive advantage over every other country (with the possible exception of Israel) is that we have always taken the best and brightest from around the world and invited them to build their dreams here, hiring a lot of Americans along the way and creating vast wealth and innovation. Consider Andrew Carnegie, born a poor Scotsman, migrated to the US as a 13 year old in 1848, by 1900 his US enterprises created more steel than all of Great Britain. This is also, by the way, our single greatest advantage over China, which has historically not been so welcoming to immigrants or outside cultures. And yet this Administration is not just frittering the American advantage away, it is actively engaged in a fire sale of our future.

赞同。
美国相对于其他所有国家( 可能以色列除外 ) 最大的竞争优势是，我们总是从世界各地挑选最优秀、最聪明的人，邀请他们在这里实现自己的梦想，在此过程中让许多人成为美国人，并创造巨大的财富和无数创新。
以安德鲁 · 卡内基为例，他出生于一个贫穷的苏格兰人家庭，1848年13岁时移居美国，到1900年，他的美国企业制造的钢铁比整个英国都多。
顺便说一句，这也是我们相对于中国的最大优势，中国历来不那么欢迎移民或外来文化。
然而，本届政府不仅在浪费美国的优势，它还在积极地贱卖我们的未来。

Walter Christman
Brilliant article, George. As always. The points lead up to one thing. America Great is not America Alone, because America Alone is not Great. Yet that is exactly where this Administration is taking us.

很棒的文章，乔治（文章作者George Koo）， 一如既往。 
这些观点指明了一件事： 伟大的美国并不是孤立的美国，因为孤立的美国并不伟大， 然而，这本届政府正将我们带向这种“孤立”境地。

Cyrus K. Hui
Trump's is irrational & fear-monging, little to do with rational policy decision making. Co-operation is win-win, not who being first.

特朗普是一个非理性的&恐惧的商贩，完全不懂什么是理性的政策和决策。
合作是双赢，而不是谁一定要第一。

P Hoong Chan
The world is now a small village. Apparently HUMANS HAVE BEEN STUNTED in their evolution, unable to live cooperatively and on friendly terms with each other and also cannot live harmoniously with nature.
Humans, in a way, are worse than the animals in the wild. Humans have the propensity to destroy civilisation.

世界现在是一个小村庄。
显然，人类在进化过程中受到了阻碍，无法相互合作和友好相处，也无法与自然和谐相处。
在某种程度上，人类比野生动物更坏，人类有摧毁文明的倾向。