为何东南亚国家普遍不如东亚和东北亚？ [美国媒体]

Why are East Asian countries generally more developed than those in Southeast Asia?

为何东南亚国家普遍不如东亚和东北亚？





1.    Rahul Lingala, GS Intern 2016Answered May 31
It is because of thepolicies adopted by their leaders, as mentioned by Joe Studwell in hismasterpiece How Asia Works?Countries like South Korea, Japan, and Taiwanadopted very effective economic reforms and policies for their development.

这与各国领导人所采取的策略有关，正如乔·史塔威尔在他的书《亚洲如何运转》里面所说的那样。南韩，日本，和台湾为了经济的发展，进行了有效的经济改革。

Agriculture:
North-East Asiancountries’ agricultural reforms divided the agricultural land into equal partsfor all the farmers in the country. In South-East Asia, there was hugeinequality with landlords lending out their lands to poor peasants. It wasstudied that the former model is more productive in the long run and motivatedthe farmers to invest their hard-earned money for further development.

农业：东北亚的国家对农业进行了改革，他们把土地分成均匀的小块，让后将他们分给了乡下的农民。在东南亚则不同，那里的土地制度很不公平，地主拥有着大量的土地，他们将土地出租给农民。研究表明，东北亚的模式生产效率更高，农民自己拥有土地，他们就愿意在土地上投入更大的资源，这样有利于生产率进一步的提高。

Manufacturing:
North-East Asiancountries implemented ‘Export discipline’ in their manufacturing policies whichrequires the entrepreneurs to export a fixed percentage of their production tothe global market. This requires the entrepreneurs to adopt technology whichcan compete at global level. Hence, the exports of these countriessky-rocketed.

制造业：
东北亚国家实施了“出口导向”的政策，这样的话，他们的企业家必须将生产出来的东西中的固定的比例用于出口到全球市场，这就使得企业家必须要不断的去提高劳动生产率，这样他们的竞争力将会不断提高。所以，这些国家的出口不断的飙升。

South-East Asiancountries on the other hand didn’t impose any constraints like ‘Exportdiscipline’ and hence, its entrepreneurs didn’t expand their business to aglobal level. The worse part is that each industry has only one company inthese countries creating a monopolistic nature. These entrepreneurs just soldtheir products in the local market and cashed-in a lot of money. But there wasno progress in the countries’ development.

东南亚国家则不同，他们并不要求他们的企业必须要出口到全球，所以他们的企业竞争力提高的很慢。更要命的是，这些国家的很多行业都有一个自然垄断的超大型企业。这些企业都只在当地销售，这些企业自己能赚很多的钱，但是对于整个儿国家的发展来看，作用要小得多。

Finance Policies:
The finance policies inthe North-East Asian countries are well directed towards export discipline andcreating local competition in the market. The situation was exactly theopposite in the South-East Asian countries. Since the South-East Asiancountries couldn’t produce any results, they went into deep debt.

金融政策：
东北亚国家的金融政策对出口导向型的政策进行引导，鼓励他们提高竞争力。这些政策与东南亚国家的政策恰好相反。因为东南亚国家的金融几乎不能提供任何帮助，因为这些国家深陷债务泥潭。

2.    Renatus PeregrinusRenatus Peregrinus,civis mundi, ethnic Chinese citizen of Malaysia
Answered Apr 5, 2016
Some thoughts......
Sociopolitical culture -nations such as Malaysia, Taiwan and Korea had a socioeconomic culture whichfavoured trade over autarchy. Equally, this is why Korea prospers, Malaysia isfaltering, China is struggling to play catch up, and the Philippines is utterlycorrupted.
Inequal opportunity -Japan and Korea were industrialised first, while others such as the Philippinesand Burma had to face crippling insurgencies that stymied economic growth andinvestment.

谈谈我的一些想法吧：
社会政治文化方面——马来西亚、台湾和韩国等国的社会经济文化都倾向于出口导向型（译者：怀疑作者写错国家了），而不是自给自足。这就是为何韩国繁荣，马来西亚步履蹒跚，中国正在奋力追赶。菲律宾完全崩溃了。机会并不平等，日本韩国已经是工业化国家了，而其他国家比如菲律宾和缅甸不得不经常面对国内的叛乱，这妨碍了经济的发展和投资的增加。

In the case of Vietnam, it was thoroughlyNUKED to economic oblivion.
Economic opportunities -some nations like Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan benefitted from theirposition to conduct trade and industry, while others concentrated on resourceextraction (rubber, tin, palm oil for Malaysia, oil for Brunei and rice andtimber for Thailand).

至于说到越南的经济，则完全是一个灾难。新加坡，香港，和台湾从他们各自的位置当中收益，他们凭借优越的位置来发展工业和贸易。其他国家则建立在资源开采之上，比如橡胶，锡，马来西亚的棕榈油，文莱的原油以及泰国的木头和大米。

The effects of UScontainment strategy in Asia - containment policies by United States and needfor military resupply meant that periphery nations like Japan and Korea had tobe self-sufficient to support the USA and suppress communism.

美国对亚洲国家的遏制战略也非常重要。美国的遏制政策，美军需要军事补给基地，这意味着像日本和韩国这样的西方外围盟国必须自给自足，这样的话，既可以帮助美国，也可以镇压共产主义。

3.    Luong Manh Tuan (梁孟俊)Luong Manh Tuan (梁孟俊),East Asian researcher
Answered Nov 26, 2015
Personally, I think ithas to do with both a country's potential, culture and history. Let's comparefour countries: China, Korea, Vietnam, Singapore (I apologize for including andexcluding some countries, but these are just cases in mind).

我认为，这个问题与一个国家的发展潜力，文化及历史都息息相关。让我们来比较一下四个国家：中国，南韩，越南及新加坡，其他国家暂不考虑。

China is an (North)eastAsian country with a communist political system since the 1950s and adeveloping economy from the late 1970s. China achieved land reform programwhich redistributed land to the poor farmers. 

中国是一个东（北）亚国家，从1950年代开始就是一个共产主义的体系。从上个世纪的70年代后期，中国开始发展起来。中国进行了土地改革，每个贫穷的农民都获得了自己的土地。

It was economically poorand developed less back in the Cold War, but broke free of its communisteconomic system in the late 70s. Thanks to its large population, economicprivatization and attraction of investment and help from overseas Chinese, itis now a very quickly developing country.

在冷战时期，中国发展缓慢且比较贫困。但是从70年代末中国开始进行经济改革。因为大量的人口，鼓励发展个体私营经济，吸引外部投资，包块海外华人的投资，现在中国已经变成了一个快速发展的国家。

Korea is a (North)eastAsian country with a youthful liberal political system since the 1990s and arecently developed economy from the 1990s. Korea achieved land reform programafter the Korean War which distributed land owned by Japanese to Koreanlandowners. 

南韩是一个东北亚的国家，他的自由主义的政治体系的寿命非常的短，从上个世纪90年代开始，韩国已经成为了一个发达国家。在朝鲜战争之后，韩国将原来被日本人掌控的韩国土地收回，将他们分配给韩国的农民。

It survived thedesolation of the war and developed quickly thanks to its economic policy,American investment and working productivity. Like Japan, it also benefitedfrom the Vietnam War, in which it shortly participated but mostly took on therole of logistics. The quick pace of economic development launched Korea to theplace of developed country.

韩国在一片废墟当中发展起来，这要感谢他的经济政策，美国的投资以及韩国人自己的工作效率。韩国也从越南战争当中获益，当时韩国也参加了越战，但是大多数时候，韩国承担的是后勤的角色。（译者注：韩军也参与了作战，韩军作战时，对有可能藏匿游击队的村庄，会集中火力彻底摧毁，极其惨无人道。韩军打了败仗会把怒气都撒在越南百姓的头上。韩国当时参战53000人，5099人死亡、10962人受伤，4人失踪。韩军对平民侵扰行为也非常厉害，韩军驻扎在越南的这几年里，至少给越南留下了十万韩越混血，这些人曾一度被越南人辱为：“Lai Dai Han”。）
韩军参加越战照片：

Vietnam is ageographically Southeast Asian/culturally East Asian country with a communistpolitical system since the 1950s and a developing economy from the mid 1980s.Vietnam achieved land reform program in 1955 in the north and 1970 in thesouth, which distributed most land to poor farmers. 

在地理上，越南是一个东南亚国家，但是在文化上，越南是一个东亚国家，越南持有的是社会主义的政治体系。从上个世纪80年代中期，越南的经济开始发展。越南1955年在北部实行了土地改革，1970年，在南部开始了土地改革。土改使得南部的贫穷的农民获得了土地。

It was economically poorand less developed back in the Cold War, and fought wars up until the 1980s,but broke free of its communist economic system in the mid 1980s. Thanks to itsprivatization and to foreign investment, it is now a quickly developingcountry.

在冷战时期，越南在经济上是很贫穷的，越南一直到80年代都一直在打仗，但是，在80年代中期，越南开始了经济改革。多亏了越南的私有化政策及鼓励外资的政策，现在越南是一个经济快速发展的国家。

Singapore is a SoutheastAsian country with a significant population of East Asian ancestry with aliberal political system since the 1960s and a developed economy.

新加坡是一个东南亚国家，他们的主要人口是华裔，这些华裔的祖先来自于中国。从60年代开始，新加坡开始了他的自由主义政治体系，现在新加坡已经是一个发达国家了。

Its place as an internationalport, investment from other countries and sound economic policy allowed it todevelop very quickly. It is also a major location for overseas Chinese andutilize this to many effects. Singapore was not much involved in the Cold Warand, being a small country, did not create any military threat.

新加坡本身就是一个国际港口，他们从外部吸收投资，合理的经济政策让他们本身快速的发展。新加坡也是一个海外华人聚集的一个主要场所，利用这一点，新加坡做了很多事情。新加坡本身没有很深入的卷入冷战，作为一个小国，他们也没有什么军事威胁。

So, comparing fourcountries, it could be seen that:
(1) they are all, forthe most part, East Asian in culture
(2) three out of fourachieved land reform, which should create a stable class of new landowners
（3） twoout of four are communist and the others liberal, but all embracedprivatization by the 1980s

所以，看看四个国家吧，我们可以得出以下几个结论：
（1）他们都是，或者绝大部分都是东亚文化
（2）基本都实行了土地改革，这样的话，他们创造了一个稳定的拥有土地的阶级
（3）中越属于共产主义国家，其它的新加坡和韩国属于自由主义，但是他们都在80年代的时候实行了私有化

Above, I have statedthat a country's development has to do with its potential, culture and history.Out of the four countries (two East Asian and two Southeast Asian), China got agood start, but its communist economy held back its potential until it brokefree of it, while Singapore got a good start and kept its pace throughout theperiod. 

以上，我已经强调一个国家的发展与它的潜力，文化和历史相关。这四个国家中，中国有一个好的开头，但是囿于意识形态，直到他打破这个束缚为止。新加坡有一个好的开始，并将这种势头一直保持了下来。

Korea got a bad startbut escaped it early and got good conditions, so it caught up with the pace ina short time and prospered since, while Vietnam got a good start but sufferedfrom the communist economy and war until the 1980s. Vietnam is thus the last onthe list of the four.

韩国的开局非常的坏，但是他很快的调整了政策，所以他很快的扭转形势，开始进入发展的快车道。越南有一个好的开始，但是因为战争和意识形态的问题，越南改革的很晚，所以越南在这四个国家当中只能屈居末位。

I do not know much aboutThailand, Burma or the Philippines, but it seems they have their own start.Thailand was not touched by war for most of the period from the 1950 to 1990and made much of it in economic development. Burma never actually ended itscivil war and only recently made a move to a stable economy and privatization. 

我对泰国，缅甸和菲律宾了解的不多，但是似乎他们都有自己的独特的状况。泰国从来没有被战争波及，在1950年和1990年之间取得了很大的经济成长。缅甸从来没有结束他们的内战。直到最近，他们才开始采取行动去建立一种稳定的经济，开始进行私有化。

The Philipines enjoyedsome economic development, but the recent dictatorship created many hardshipsfor the economy. Thailand and Philippines both gained from the Vietnam War butneither made the most of it like Korea or Japan did. And none of thosecountries seemed to have any measures of land reform.

菲律宾享受了一段时间的经济成长，但是，政治的混乱最终使得菲律宾的经济受到了很大的影响。泰国和菲律宾都从越南战争中获益了，但是这两个国家并没有像韩国那样发展起来。这些国家没有任何进行土地改革的意向。

By contrast, Japan andTaiwan, like Korea, did not have a good start. Japan and Taiwan was bothdevastated by World War II, and Taiwan faced threat from China, but both made acomeback by the late 1950s. Both enjoyed degrees of land reform whicheffectively created a class of free landowners. Their economic policy,technological acquisition and productivity were testaments to why they achievedtheir now developed economies.

相反，日本和台湾也没有什么好的开局。日本和台湾都被二次世界大战破坏掉了，台湾面临来自中国的威胁，答案是这两个地区都在50年代末期恢复了过来。这两个地区也进行了土地改革，使得贫农拥有了土地。他们的经济政策，技术投入以及生产力提高，这些都是他们能够获得今日经济发展的原因。