【Quora】为什么中国富，印度穷 [美国媒体]

Why is China rich and India so poor?

【Quora】为什么中国富，印度穷


【答案一】Ranjan Dubey, （现居印度）
Because of their foresightedness. Both country started their journey at the same time, but one lagged behind only because of its short-sighted attitude.

因为前瞻性。两个国家都在同一时间起步，但其中一个仅仅因为目光短浅而落后了。

1、Backward-looking. Nehru was a nostalgic person. He always wanted to make Asia where both India and China becomes boss of international business. As it was in past. On the other hand China wanted a world where china is controlling everything.

第一、守旧。尼赫鲁是一个怀旧的人。他总想让印度和中国都成为亚洲的老大，就像过去一样。而另一方面，中国却想自己掌控一切。

2、Lack of study. While the Chinese did a vast study over India, Nehru failed to do so, reason may be that he never had thought that China will dominate India. He never tried to understand what ambitions chinese are cherishing. Nehru failed to acknowledge the Chinese expansionism.

第二、缺乏研究。中国对印度进行了广泛的研究，相反，尼赫鲁却没有这么做，也许因为他从没想过中国会骑到印度头上。他从未试图去了解中国暗藏的野心。尼赫鲁从没承认过中国扩张主义这个事实。

3、No Grand narrative. Chinese have a grand strategy to expand chinese idea by their grand idea. Chinese says that they are making peoples modern instead of westernizing, for this they had opened various Confucius centres, where they teach Confucius's ideas. While on the other hand Nehru blindly followed western ideas. That's the reason why many Indian becomes defensive when it comes to their History and why their is a inferiority complex.
        
第三、没有宏大叙事。中国人有一个扩展中国理念的宏伟战略。中国说他们让人民现代化，而不是西化，因此，他们开设各种各样的孔子中心，来教授孔子的理念。另一方面，尼赫鲁盲目地追随西方的思想观念。这就是为什么许多印度人在涉及他们的历史时，特别有防御心理，以及为什么他们有自卑情结。

4、No clear target. Nehru was confused on what to do with India. He had no vision. This is why Indians are still illiterate and without electricity. Nehru was clue less over what is the need and how it should be targeted. On the other hand China had (and still has) clear cut target to make China the boss, first in Asia and then in world.

第四、没有明确的目标。尼赫鲁对如何处理印度事务一头雾水。他没有眼界。这就是为什么印度仍然有很多文盲，并且缺乏电力供应。尼赫鲁对于印度需要什么以及应该设立什么目标，一无所知。另一方面，中国曾有（而且至今仍有）的明确目标是让中国成为老大，首先是亚洲老大，然后是世界老大。

5、Lack of flexibility. China is communist country and still it is fighting US to dominate world business. On the other hand India sticks to socialism and fear of capitalism. Chinese understood the need to open it's door for world while Indian politicians with no courage feared capitalism. You can now see how hard Modi have to work for business in India.

第五，缺乏变通。中国是一个gczy国家，它仍然在与美国争夺世界商业的主导权。另一方面，印度坚持社会主义，害怕资本主义。中国明白需要向世界打开大门，而印度的政客们却没有勇气接受资本主义。你现在可以看到莫迪在印度的经济工作有多困难。

6、Military muscle. Chinese learned long before that a weak nation can't grow a strong economy, that's why they pumped power to its military. On the other hand Nehru failed to understand the need of military and fell for western notion of no boundaries (irony is west who propagated it most, are most reluctant to it). It lead to 1962 and chinese phycological gain over India. If Indian leaders had pushed its military muscle, we don't had to pump money to make Army to fight from 2 front.

第六、军事力量。中国人很早以前就知道，一个弱国是无法发展强大经济的，这就是为什么他们大力增强军队实力的原因。另一方面，尼赫鲁不理解军队的必要性，并且掉进了西方无国界概念的陷阱（讽刺的是，西方既极力宣传这一概念，又最不情愿接受它）。这导致了1962年，中国人在心理上战胜了印度。如果印度领导人推动了军事力量的发展，我们就不用砸钱让陆军两线作战了。

7、Betrayal of Indian Communist. Chinese are communist but they never vote for Russia on the expense of China. But Indian Communist are different, they supported china in 1962 and they have no shame being called traitors by Indians. Only because of these communist, many development work are stopped and India is facing a serious threat to its resources and police personnels. In the name of Naxal Badi and communism they are stoping the India to become a global leader.

第七、印度gcd的背叛。中国人是gcd，但他们从来不会以中国利益为代价支持俄罗斯。但印度gcd不同，他们在1962年支持中国，他们不耻于被印度人称为叛徒。仅仅因为这些gcd人，许多发展工作都被迫中断，印度正面临着资源和警察人员缺乏的严重威胁。他们以纳萨尔巴里【译注：纳萨尔派是一支印度毛派革命武装力量】和gczy之名，正在阻止印度成为全球领导人。

8、Short-sighted leadership. Most of the leaders were not capable to think for future. Chinese started researching about internet soon after it was invented. They understood much before about IT importance and you know what many countries had alleged China to break into their Goverment computer. If India had understood this fact, I'm sure China hadn't been able to break into India's IT. India failed to understand the capitalism and nationalism.

第八、目光短浅的领导层。大多数领导人都没有能力思考未来。中国人在互联网发明不久就开始研究互联网。他们之前就已经非常了解IT的重要性，你也知道许多国家曾指控中国侵入他们的政府电脑。如果印度能清楚这一事实，我确信中国就不能闯入印度的IT业。但印度未能理解资本主义和民族主义。



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【答案二】Sunny Saurav, 【译注：与其他答案有重叠，故有删减】
[size=10.5000pt]1、The biggest advantage, in his opinion, that China had in the early 1980s was human capital. In 1982, The average years of schooling in China was far higher than that in INDIA,  literacy rate in China was 64.4 per cent, compared to India's 37.2 . In terms of healthcare - be it infant mortality, life expectancy - China had a far healthier population. Then there is gender gap. China has traditionally been a society that had encouraged gender equality. India, even today, fares badly on that parameter.

第一、中国在20世纪80年代早期的最大优势是人力资本。
1982年，中国的平均受教育年限远高于印度，中国的识字率为64.4%，而印度为37.2%。就医疗保健而言——婴儿死亡率，预期寿命——中国的人口素质要健康得多。
还有就是性别差距。中国传统上是一个鼓励性别平等的社会。即使在今天，印度在这一参数上的表现不尽人意。研究显示，在134个国家中，中国在性别平等方面排名第61位，而印度排名第113位。中国在女性经济赋权方面的排名是第50位，而印度现在是131位。中国的女性劳动力参与率为74%，而印度仅为34%。中国在女性教育方面排名第85位，而印度为121位。

2、A strong manufacturing base
China has become the world's manufacturing hub..The strong manufacturing base means that China is able to offer employment to a larger section of its population, compared to India which has shown growth predominantly in the services segment. China's approach to acquiring technological expertise was very different. Through policy, it not only insisted that foreign companies share the technology with local partners but efforts were also made to ensure that this knowledge was absorbed by local engineers efficiently. The compensation package was designed in such a manner that the engineer who had acquired technical skills from a foreign company got better emoluments if he moved to a local company and shared his knowledge.

第二、一个强大的制造业基地。
中国已经成为世界制造业中心。强大的制造业基础意味着，中国能够提供更多的就业机会，印度的就业岗位主要是服务业。
中国获得科技成果的方法与众不同。通过政策，它不仅坚持外国公司要与本土合作伙伴共享技术，而且还努力确保这些知识能被本土工程师有效地吸收。薪酬组合的设计是这样的：如果一家外资公司的工程师能跳槽到本土公司并分享他的知识，他就能得到更好的报酬。

3、High savings rate
China has a high savings rate, which is recycled and concentrates wages paid to workers into four large state banks. This capital is in turn directed by the leadership, which concentrates this available capital into key projects. This capital has consistently financed more than 85 per cent of China's infrastructure investment.

第三、中国有很高的储蓄率。
这是循环利用的，并将工人的工资集中在四家大型国有银行。在领导层的指导下，将获得的资金集中在关键项目上。这为中国基础设施投资提供超过85%的资金。

4、Investment in models and showcases
China's leadership has always focused on investment in models and showcases. All this has helped greater foreign direct investment into the country and helped create local economic development. China created awe-inspiring gateways for visiting foreign investors: the Beijing and Shanghai airports, Pudong Development Zone, and Beijing's Financial Street are just a few examples.

第四、中国领导层一直致力于投资样板工程。
所有这些都促进了更大规模的外资直接投资，帮助了当地的经济发展。中国为来访的外国投资者建造了令人惊叹的门户：北京和上海的机场，浦东开发区，以及北京的金融街等等。

5、Creation of zones and infrastructure for businesses
China has created many flexible investment zones, export processing zones, free trade zones, high tech zones, complete with tax incentives and good infrastructure. India has tried to replicate this with its creation of export processing zones and software technology parks.
But the difference lies in some key areas like creation of infrastructure and quick approval of investment proposals.

第五、商业基础设施和区域的创建。
中国创建了许多灵活的投资区、出口加工区、自由贸易区、高科技园区，包括税收激励和良好的基础设施。
印度试图通过建立出口加工区和软件技术园区来复制这一过程。但在一些关键领域存在区别，比如基础设施的建立和投资方案的快速审批。

6、The business-above-all attitude
China always set aside political, social, and ideological differences in the interest of getting investment, technology, and export channels,"
However, in India, trade and economic growth have never been paramount.
India's economic growth has always given in to the sentiments of the local industry; like in cases where foreign investments have been restricted.In contrast, India has yet to counter the problem of brain drain or promote itself as a destination for entrepreneurs who want to set up companies.

第六：“商业至上”的态度。
中国为了获得投资、技术和出口渠道，总是把政治、社会和意识形态的差异放在一边。然而，在印度，贸易和经济增长从来不是最重要的。
印度的经济增长总是屈服于本地行业的态度，在这种情况下，外资总是受限。相比之下，印度还没有解决人才流失问题，也没有将自己提升为企业家设立公司的目的地。

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【答案三】Balaji Viswanathan, Knowledge lover.
Neither country is rich. Both are grouped under the same low-income category. China ranks 93 in the list of countries by income below Ecuador, Dominican Republic and Tunisia. India at 133. List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita. 100s of millions of poor exist in both countries.

这两个国家都不富。两国都属于同一低收入阶层。中国在按人均国民收入排名中位列第93名，排在厄瓜多尔、多米尼加共和国和突尼斯之后。印度排在第133名。这两个国家都有数百万穷人。

In 1940s, both countries started from scratch after 2 centuries of foreign interference. When they started literacy rates were in single digits, famines were quite common and people were dirt poor. Europe on the other hand had 200 years of headstart. Although the World Wars damaged a lot of the infrastructure, with the help of US and the previous state of human development things were quickly built back.

上世纪40年代，这两个国家在经历了200多年的外国干涉后，从零开始——识字率不足10%，频繁发生饥荒，人民极度贫穷。而另一方面，欧洲有200年的领先地位。尽管世界大战破坏了许多基础设施，但在美国的帮助下，很快就恢复了以前的发展状态。

So, I will answer the question, why is China ahead of India in development. For the first 30 years of "independence" both countries had a very similar growth pattern. By late 1970s, both countries were at the same stage of growth. However, since then they accelerated dramatically with the economic reforms by their premier Deng.

因此，我将回答这个问题，为什么中国的发展领先于印度。在“独立”之后的前30年，两国的增长模式非常相似。到上世纪70年代末，两国的经济处于同一增长阶段。然而，自那之后，他们的总理邓小平的经济改革大大加快了中国的发展速度。

India on the other hand, had no such acceleration. Although, we opened up a bit in 1991, the reforms are relatively feeble. Our populace still don't give economic reforms the top priority. We are still debating whether to bring Walmart in or not, while China has successfully brought foreign players 3 decades ago. And 2 of the top 3 contenders to our Prime Minister post are clueless about the economy. India's economy will grow, when Indian voters care about the economy.

另一方面，印度却没有出现这样的加速度。虽然我们在1991年搞了点改革开放，但改革相当薄弱【译注：1991年，在时任财政部长的曼莫汗·辛格主导下，印度开始了新经济政策】。我们的民众仍然不把经济改革放在首位。当中国已经在三十年前成功地引入外资后，我们却仍在争论是否要引进沃尔玛。在总理职务的前三位候选人中，有两位对经济一无所知。当印度选民开始关心经济时，印度的经济就将会增长。



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【答案四】Glenn Luk,（现居纽约，曾就职于一家印度公司董事会）
1、China began its economic reforms 12 years before India and thus had somewhat of a head start.  Nevertheless, even if you normalize for that, China has still grown faster than India.

第一、中国开始经济改革要比印度早十二年，因此有一些领先优势。虽然如此，即便印度实现了正常化，中国的发展还是要快于印度。

2、By instituting the one-child policy, China benefited earlier from a "demographic dividend" - effects of which should start to level off and then reverse in the next five to ten years.  India's demographic dividend is still to come.

第二、通过实行独生子女政策，中国更早从“人口红利”中受益——这种“人口红利”效应开始趋于平稳，未来的五到十年内将发生逆转。而印度的人口红利还未到来。

3、From the start, China focused policy on attracting investment that would leverage its main advantage - a vast and inexpensive labor pool.  Government policy was very focused on upgrading (i) human development index (HDI) factors such as education, literacy and health, and (ii) infrastructure - both of these were crucial in attracting foreign investors to tap into this labor pool.By contrast, India has not done as good a job at improving its mass labor pool, and you can see that in its low HDI rankings.  Similarly, its infrastructure notoriously lags behind, and that is another key component in basic economic development.  China has simply done a better job improving HDI and infrastructure.

第三、从一开始，中国就将政策重点放在吸引投资上，这利用了它的主要优势——一个庞大而廉价的劳动力储备。
政府的政策重点是一方面、提升人类发展指数因素，如教育、识字以及健康；另一方面、发展基础设施——这两方面都是吸引外国投资者开拓劳动力市场的关键因素。
相比之下，印度在改善其庞大的劳动力储备方面做得还不够好，这体现为印度的人类发展指数排名较低。同样，印度的基础设施也非常落后，这是经济发展基础的另一个关键因素。中国在提升人类发展指数和完善基础设施方面做得很好。

4、Many years after the initial reforms, many industry sectors in India are still held back by bureaucracy and over-regulation.  Sectors that were not burdened by over-regulation, such as business process and IT outsourcing, have thrived and will continue to do so.  Still, that provides only 3 million jobs out of a country of 1.2 billion people.  India has not been as successful in spurring job creation and drawing people from the non-productive rural areas into the cities.

第四、在初步改革后的很长一段时间里，印度的许多工业部门仍然受到官僚主义和过度监管的阻碍。那些没有过度监管的行业，如业务处理和IT外包，已经蓬勃发展，并将继续维持这样的势头。尽管如此，在这个拥有12亿人口的国家里，这只提供了300万个就业机会。印度在刺激就业和吸引非生产性农村人口进入城市方面一直不像中国那么成功。

5、China's development, particularly in the last decade, has been investment-centric.  Contrast that with India, which has been consumption-driven.  It is easier to control investment-driven growth (e.g. forcing the state-owned banks to lend) - and thus grow very rapidly over a short to medium-term horizon - than it is to control consumption, which is driven by individual decisions of millions of consumers (and is largely correlated with growth in disposable income).

第五、中国的发展，尤其在过去十年，一直以投资为中心。与印度的消费驱动型增长相比，投资驱动型增长更加容易被控制（例如,迫使国有银行放贷），从而在中短期达到快速增长——而消费，是由数百万的消费者个人决策（主要与可支配收入相关）来驱动的，并不那么容易被控制。

6、China benefited from its cultural and business ties to its Diaspora - in particular, Hong Kong and Taiwan, which had blazed the trail as two of the original Asian Tigers and provided investment capital, expertise, and trade channels.  It was a win-win game as China got the capital and jobs it needed to move up the economic ladder while the Hong Kong and Taiwanese businessmen could massively scale their operations (and profits).  China's export-centric development has benefited tremendously from globalization and trade in the post-Cold War era.

第六、中国受益于其与海外侨民的文化和商业联系——特别是香港和台湾，这两个亚洲四小龙是开路先锋，提供了投资资金、专业知识和贸易渠道。这是一场双赢游戏，中国（大陆）获得了攀登经济金字塔所需的资金和就业机会，而香港和台湾的商人可以大规模扩大它的业务(和利润)。中国以出口为中心的发展在冷战后的全球化和贸易中受益匪浅。

7、China's one-party system enables faster decision-making than India's democratic process.  When you are playing catch-up to the advanced nations of the world, what needs to get done is often pretty obvious and so the nation that can make decisions more quickly will simply get more done.  It remains to be seen what will happen to this advantage when you are no longer playing catch-up, and need innovation to move the economy forward.  Democracies are better in fostering innovation, but at the lower rungs of development, it's more of a catch-up game, and China has done a good job climbing up the first few rungs.

第七、中国的一党制使决策速度比印度民主程序更快。当你在追赶世界上的先进国家时，你需要做的事情往往是显而易见的，因此，决策速度更快的国家，将会完成更多任务。但当你不再需要追赶，而是需要创新来推动经济前进时，这种优势将会发生什么变化还有待观察。民主国家在培育创新方面做得更好，但在发展阶梯的底层，这更加像一场你追我赶的游戏，而中国在攀登最初的几个梯级时，做得很好。

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【答案五】Abhimanyu Ghosh, （出生于印度，现居美国）
Political leadership

（原因在于）政治领导层。

A lot of Indians might understand this to mean the pervasiveness of corruption in the administration but that's not what I am talking about. Corruption is as widespread or even more so in China.

很多印度人可能以为这说的是印度政府中无处不在的腐败，但这不是我所谈论的。在中国，腐败现象也很普遍，甚至更严重。

The difference lies in the fact that the leadership in China is effective and gets work done. Indian leadership cannot get work done, with or without corruption. This is pretty much the gist of it. All other differences are minor or offshoots of the same problem.

不同之处在于，中国的领导层是有效的，可以完成工作的。而印度的领导层不管有没有腐败，都不能完成工作。这才是关键。其他所有差异都是同一问题的次要或分支。

As a side note, democracy in much of the modern world has been suffering for some years now. Their latest session has been the least productive in the history of the US House of Representatives. Plenty of important bills in the US are stuck due to political stalemate. Most democratically vocal European countries are in dire straits and the ones who are doing well, with the exception of Germany, are much more socialist and rigid than most democratically structured nations of the world. Japan is another example of ineffective democratic leadership. Latin America surged to middle-income status in the 80s, mostly with new democratic leadership, but has been stuck there ever since.

顺便一提，近年来，世界大部分地区一直在遭受民主的折磨。美国众议院最近一次会期是历史上效率最低的。美国的许多重要法案因政治僵局而停滞。大多数民主的欧洲国家都处于水深火热之中。而除了德国之外，那些表现良好的国家，比世界上大多数民主结构的国家都更加得社会主义和僵化。日本是无效的民主领导的又一个例子。拉丁美洲，主要在新的民主领导下，于80年代崛起为中等收入水平后，就一直裹足不前。

Look at the latest success stories. China has a single-party system, Russia is an oligarchy which has pulled itself from the mess of the 90s and much of the Arab world has an amazingly high standard of living despite their religious and other forms of dictatorship.

看看最新的成功案例。中国有一党制；俄罗斯是寡头政治，它从90年代的混乱中摆脱出来；而阿拉伯世界的大部分地区，尽管有他们的宗教和其他形式的独裁，但生活水平却出奇得高。

Right now, democracy seems like the most messy and ineffective system of governance.

现在，民主制似乎是最混乱和低效的政府管理体系。

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【答案六】Rahul Sharma
First neither of the two country is rich but China is much richer than India.There are many reason for this but i would only specify the top reasons.

首先，两个国家都不富裕，但中国比印度富裕得多。这其中有很多原因，但我只列举最主要的原因。

1、Efficiency of social institutions.The success of any country lies in the efficiency of Legislative,Judiciary and Executive.

第一、社会机构的效率。任何国家的成功都取决于立法、司法和行政的效率。

China have 2 lakh judges in comparison to 21 thousand judges of India and there pace of declaring result is also commendable.I can even go up to say that Indian judiciary is not worth more than my shit and even my driver is more qualified than so called cabinet ministers.

与印度的两万两千名法官相比，中国有二十万名法官，宣判结果的速度也值得称道。我甚至可以进一步说，印度的司法不值一文，连我的司机都比所谓的内阁部长更有资格。

2、Resources. China is more than thrice the size of India with way more water, energy and mineral resources。

第二、资源。中国的水资源、能源和矿产资源远超印度不止三倍。

3. Religion and diversity. Most of the Chinese are atheists and 92 percent of Chinese belongs to Han ethnicity.No CCP member is allowed to become religious and all religious organization which spread rumors and hate is banned while in India it is fashion to vote on the basis of caste and religion.

第三、宗教和种族多样性。大多数中国人是无神论者，92%的中国人属于汉族。在中国，任何一个gcd成员都不允许加入宗教，任何一个宗教组织都禁止散布谣言和仇恨言论。而在印度，以种姓和宗教为基础进行投票是一种流行。

4.Hukou system. CCP strictly controls the migration of people from countryside to main cites hence they have very less slums in comparison to that of India。

第四、户口制度。中国严格控制从农村到主要城市的人口流动，因此，与印度相比，他们的城市贫民窟更少。

5. Censorsip laws. CCP controls the flow of information.Websites like twitter and google are banned and replaced by there Chinese replica like youko tudou. It increase the internet penetration and helps in developing IT industry today revenue of Chinese IT industry is 20 times more than Indian IT industry.

第五、审查制。中国控制着信息的流动。像推特和谷歌这样的网站被禁止，取而代之的是像优酷、土豆这样的中国复制品。这提高了互联网的普及率，有利于发展IT产业。如今，中国IT产业的收入是印度IT产业的20倍。

6.Freedom of speech. China displaced and resettled millions during the construction of three gorges dam and nobody even think of protesting against government while in India when government tries to construct sardar sarovar dam N number of organizations came up to halt progress.

第六、言论自由。在三峡大坝的建设过程中，中国迁移并重新安置了数百万人，没有人想过去抗议政府。而在印度，当政府试图建设沙达沙洛瓦大坝的时候，许多组织都跑去阻止项目进展。

7、Land acquisition laws. India has 160 million hectare of arable land China only has 128 million but China produces 620 million tons of food while India produces only 128 million.As per the NCRB 5650 farmers committed suicide in India on the year 2014.

第七、土地征用法。印度有1.6亿公顷的可耕地，中国只有1.28亿公顷，但中国生产了6.2亿吨粮食，而印度只有1.28亿吨。根据印度国家犯罪记录局的数据，仅在2014年，印度就有5650名农民自杀。

China has higher land productivity as they grant land only to those who wants to work in field.If you would not work in field you are not able to pay rent to the government and your land would be acquired for using it as a industrial project or it would be granted to other landless farmer for agriculture purpose moreover what you produce is also decided by government.

中国拥有更高的土地生产率，因为他们只把土地提供给那些想在田间劳作的人。如果你不在田里干活，你就不能向政府支付租金，你的土地将会被征用作工业项目，或者被授权给其他无地农民用于农业目的，而且你种植什么也由政府来决定。

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【答案七】G. Bhat【译注：因与其他答案有重叠的内容，故有删减】
Let's get real. What China has achieved since the 1980s has never ever been done by any other country in the world. It is down right silly to twiddle with nationalistic egos and not learn any lessons.

让我们认清现实。自上世纪80年代以来，中国所取得的成就从未被世界上其他任何国家实现过。玩弄民族自尊心而不吸取任何经验教训，是彻头彻尾的愚蠢。

It wasn't like the Chinese ventured into virgin territories and exploited the natural resources and got rich. Neither did they suddenly discover a subterranean ocean of oil. Nor did they colonize half the world and transfer the riches of their colonies.In fact, they were one of the most disadvantaged of countries. Exploding population, extreme poverty and illiteracy, lack of infrastructure not any different from India.

中国并不是冒险进入了处女地，开发了自然资源而致富。他们既没有突然发现深海石油，也没有殖民半个世界并转移殖民地的财富。实际上，中国是世界上最劣势的国家之一。人口激增、极度贫困、文盲、缺乏基础设施，这些方面和印度没有两样。

How did they do it? First of all by being pragmatic. Jettisoning ideologies that did not work. Adapting new thoughts and methods. Planning very carefully and meticulously. Working hard to achieve their goals. They were focussed on the future and not looking back at their past. They didn't indulge in validating themselves from what their ancestors had achieved millenia ago.

他们是怎么做的？首先，要务实。抛弃不起作用的意识形态。适应新的思想和方法。非常小心细致地计划。努力工作实现他们的目标。他们关注的是未来，而不是回顾过去。他们没有沉湎于对其祖先千年前所取得的成就的认同中。

Chinese and Indians share a lot of common values. Like respecting parents, obedience, loyalty to family, valuing education, at the same time extremely superstitious, craving for a male child, valuing boys over girls, greed for wealth or looking down on races other than their own. Always comparing themselves with their neighbors and desparately participating in the rat race of keeping up with Jones.

中国和印度有着许多共同的价值观。比如尊重父母，服从，忠于家庭，重视教育，同时极度迷信，重男轻女，对财富的贪婪，或者对其他种族的轻视。总是把自己和邻居比较，拼命参与到毫无意义的群体攀比之中。

The difference between India and China lies in the mind. In the attitude. Where the two diverge is when it comes to religion. Chinese are materialistic. Indians are big on religion. Even in the realm of religion, Indians and Chinese weren't different for a long time. They were not dogmatic and rigid, they were flexible and opportunistic with respect to gods.

中印之间的区别在于思想，在于态度。当涉及宗教时，两者就出现了分歧。中国人是唯物主义的，印度人热衷于宗教信仰。但是，即便是在宗教领域，印度人和中国人长期以来也没有什么不同。他们都不是教条死板的，他们对神的尊重都是灵活的、机会主义的。

So, how to account for the change?

那么，怎么解释这种改变呢？

Even though China came under western domination, it was not directly colonized and ruled like India. I dare say, Indians were even more like the Chinese before the coming of Islam in India. Religion was not rigid. You could believe in whatever you wanted. You could pray whenever, if at all you wanted to. Sex and sensuality was not criminalized. Alcohol and intoxicants were not banned. Women were not forced to segregate or veil themselves.

虽然中国曾在西方人的支配下，但它没有受到像印度这样的直接殖民统治。我敢说，在伊斯兰教来到印度之前，印度人更像中国人：宗教不是死板的，你可以相信任何你想相信的；只要你愿意，你可以随时祈祷；性和好色并不犯法；酒精和麻醉品并没有被禁止；妇女并没有被迫隔离或戴上面纱。

Arrival of Islam had a tremendous impact on North India - both positive and negative. Positive influences brought about many reforms and improvements. The negative impacts will probably take a long time to go. The negative impact was for the North Indian religion to become harder, more dogmatic and muscular - a mirror reflection of Islam. Segregation of women and veiling. Change in attitudes towards sex, alcohol and fashion. A thousand years under Islamic rule made the mind similar to that of the overlord. Islamic sensibilities were appropriated by the North Indian elite.

伊斯兰教的传入对印度北部产生了巨大冲击——既有积极的也有消极的。积极影响是带来了许多改革和改进。而消极影响将会持续很长时间。它使得印度北部的宗教变得更加严厉、更加教条、更加顽固——这正是伊斯兰教的折射：妇女被隔离、被迫带上面纱；改变了人们对性、酒精和时尚的态度。在伊斯兰教统治下的一千年里，人们的思想与封建君主的思想相契合。伊斯兰的精神信仰被印度北部的精英阶级所利用。

That wasn't enough. Now, came the British. Their rule virtually erased the last vestiges of self confidence and pride of the natives. Indians, still haven't got out of the Victorian prudishness nor have they entirely abandoned the English of the period.

而这还不够。英国人来了。他们的统治几乎抹去了本土居民的最后一丝自信和骄傲。印度人，至今还未走出维多利亚时代的保守，也没有完全放弃这段时期的英语。

The key difference is China escaped the damaging exposure to Semitic religions. It is hard to meld eastern and middle-eastern religions. It can only result in the eastern religion becoming more like the Semitic one rather than the other way around. In terms of attitude, there is little difference between Islamic and Hindu fundamentalism.

关键不同在于中国逃过了闪米特人宗教【译注：本来指基督教、犹太教和伊斯兰教。不过根据上下文，答主在这里应该是特指伊斯兰教】的破坏。东方的宗教【译注：印度教】和中东的宗教【译注：伊斯兰教】很难融合在一起。结果使得东方的宗教更像是闪米特人宗教，而不是相反。在态度方面，伊斯兰教和印度教原教旨主义几乎没有区别。

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【答案八】Shuo Yang, Coding peasant and civil economist
First China is not rich, but it is true that China is much richer than India.Why?

首先，中国并不富裕，但中国比印度富裕得多。为什么?

Because Indians are too proud of their culture and ethnicity. I saw many Indians' Quora profiles are with sentences like "Proud to be Indians". Indian people would like to say "In history, we Indians invented this, that,..." "India was the richest country in history..." etc.

因为印度人对他们的文化和种族感到骄傲。我看到许多印度人在Quora的个人简介上都有诸如“以印度为荣”的句子。印度人喜欢说“历史上，我们印度人发明了这个，那个……”“印度是历史上最富有的国家……”等。

China used to be arrogant in the 19th century and look down upon western civilization. But at that time, Japanese felt inferior to the western civilization. So they began to strip or change their traditions, religions, political institutions, education, blabla and quickly follow the west. This is why they become so successful. Then Chinese people begin to build a self-criticism culture, which lasts for more than 100 years.

在19世纪，中国曾经傲慢自大，看不起西方文明。但当时，日本人觉得自己不如西方文明。因此，他们开始改变他们的传统、宗教、政治制度、教育等等，迅速追随西方。这就是他们如此成功的原因。于是，中国人开始建立自我批评的文化，这种文化持续了100多年。

This is not going to say that western culture is superior for ever, but when you lag behind the west for a long time, there should be problems in your own culture at that very period. Islam world has been in downturn for a long time, and the biggest reason is that it resists western civilization. It doesn't, at least actively, face up to its own problem.

这并不是说西方文化永远都是优越的，但是当你落后了西方很久的时候，你自己的文化应该是有些很严重的问题。伊斯兰世界长期一直处于低迷状态，最大的原因是它抵制西方文明。它至少不积极地面对自己的问题。

So the first step towards development is to build a self-criticism culture.

因此，发展的第一步是建立自我批评的文化。