为什么中国不具备生产高品质产品的能力？ [美国媒体]

Why doesn't China have the ability tomanufacture high-quality products?

为什么中国不具备生产高品质产品的能力？



Sarah Bonaca, Quality Control Advisor in Asia
You would be surprised to know how many bigand famous companies do manufacture in China and the products are considered high-qualityand sold for thousand of dollars.
That’s a false assumption to believe Chinais unable to manufacture high quality products but it doesn’t go one-way.
All the companies manufacturing in Chinatheir high-end products, invest a lot of monet in verifying the quality of theproducts at each phase (raw materials, before, during and after production),100% inspection, defect sorting inspection … and they also invest in thefactories they work with by auditing them (1st step for knowing them) and makesure they are certified for ISO 9001 (quality management standards) and applyit by example.
In some cases, they would require thefactories to obtain the certifications so they can give them the contract withmore trust.
When you look at most importers nowadays,they try to reduce the cost by thinking “we are in China, people work fornothing”. That’s not true anymore. Go to Vietnam or other countries if that’swhat you want but don’t expect a high quality either. You get what you paidfor.

你会惊讶地发现，在中国有这么多着名的大公司，他们的产品被认为是高质量的，并以上千美元的价格出售。
认为中国不能制造高质量的产品，这是一个错误的想法，它是片面的。
所有在中国进行高端产品制造的公司，都在产品生产的各个阶段（原材料、生产前、生产中和生产后）投入大量资金来验证质量。100%检验，缺陷检验……同时，他们也会投资于他们所工作的工厂来通过审核(了解他们的第一步)，并确保他们获得ISO 9001(质量管理标准)的认证，并通过实例应用。
在某种情况下，他们会要求工厂获得认证，这样就可以给予他们更多的信任。
如今，当你看到大多数进口商，抱着“我们在中国，这里的人都没有工作”的想法来试图降低成本。那再不是真的了。如果这是你想要的，去越南或其他国家吧，但也不要期望高质量。你得到的就是你所付出的。

CameronPurdy, ceo of xqiz.it
Q: “Why doesn’t China have the ability tomanufacture high quality products?”
Arguably, in the world today, China hasthe greatest abilityto manufacture high quality products.
Your question contains an assumption, andthe assumption is wrong. Your assumption is that China manufacturespoor-quality products because China cannot manufacture high-quality products.The reality is that China manufactures poor-quality products because they arepaid to do exactly that. In other words, the buyers in companies in the USA(for example) are explicitly asking their contract manufactures in China to cutcorners that they know will make the products lower quality, so that the profitmargins are higher.
To understand this phenomenon, the firstthing that you need to appreciate is how much excess manufacturing capacityexists in China. The Chinese government hides (or at least obfuscates) thisinformation, but for many types of manufacturing we know that the output couldbe dramatically higher than it is, if for no other reason than that it was recentlymuch higher than it is today! Steel is a great example.
Second, most of the manufacturing that yousee coming from China is called contractmanufacturing. This happens when a company wants something built to somespecification, and they get a number of Chinese manufacturers to bid on thatwork. The company then chooses one (or more) of those bids, and themanufacturers produce the desired product, and they get paid for that work.
Third, the price that you pay for theproduct has no relationship to the cost of its manufacture. That $20 item youpurchase in the USA? The company that sold it to you probably spent less than$1 on that item for its manufacturing. (In other words, the manufacturer bidless than $1 to produce the item, and in that “less than $1” amount there wasenough room that the manufacturer probably realized a profit. Even somethingsuper-complex and expensive to build, like an iPhone, costs less than $100 tomanufacture — parts and all!)
Fourth, the executives of the US companyare measured (by their board and shareholders) on margin growth. They respondby asking each group within the company to cut costs and/or increase revenues.One of those groups is called purchasing,and they are the ones selecting bids from Chinese manufacturers. When they geta list of bids, and none of those bids is lower than what they paid last year,what do they do?
This creates the ideal environment for whatis referred to as “the race to the bottom.” You go to the store and expect aproduct for $20, but if a competitor has something similar for $18, you buy itinstead. Since the companies selling those two products are only paying about$1 for the item, they need to get every sale, or their revenue goes down.Remember, to increase the amount of pay that the executives of the US companycan take — and this is the only thingthat drives large company behavior! — the sales have to go up and/or the costshave to go down. Thus the buyers (“purchasing” department) are told to cut whatthey’re spending from $.93 to no more than $.89. At the same time, themanufacturers are saying that they want $.95 instead of last year’s $.93.Something has to give.
And those manufacturers are smart. Verysmart. They know this game better than anyone, because their survival depends onit. The first of those manufacturers to come back to the buyer and give them acheaper option wins, so they are all looking for areas to cut corners in. Inother words, they are creatively finding ways to change the specification in away that won’t get the purchaser in big trouble, but can get the price down towhat the purchaser needs.
So the good newsis that China is more than capable of producing excellent quality items. Thebad news is that the reason that China produces poor quality items is a combinationof (1) you wanting thecheapest possible item and (2) an economic model driven by executives of the UScompany willing to do literally anything to get a few million extra dollars inbonus a year, quality be damned.

问:“为什么中国不具备制造高品质产品的能力?”
可以说，在当今世界，中国制造高品质产品的能力是最强的。
你的问题包含一个假设，而这个假设是错误的。你的假设是，中国制造劣质产品是因为中国不能生产高质量的产品。事实是，中国制造的产品质量低劣，因为他们的报酬就是这样。换句话说，美国公司的买家(举例)明确要求他们的合同制造商在中国生产中偷工减料，他们知道这会使产品质量降低，但这样利润率就会更高。
要理解这一现象，首先需要理解的是中国制造业产能过剩的程度。中国政府隐瞒(或至少混淆了)这一信息，但对于许多类型的制造业，我们知道，如果没有其他原因，产出可能会显着高于今天的水平。钢铁就是一个很好的例子。

第二，你看到的大多数来自中国的制造业被称为合同制造。当一个公司想要某种规格的东西时，就会出现这种情况，而且他们会让一些中国制造商竞标这项工作。然后选择一个(或更多)公司投标，制造商生产所需的产品，并得到报酬。
第三，你为该产品支付的价格与它的制造成本无关。你在美国买的20美元?卖给你的公司可能在这个产品上花费不到1美元。(换句话说，制造商出价低于1美元来生产该商品，而在“不到1美元”的金额中，制造商可能得到了利润。即使是像iPhone这样的超级复杂和昂贵的东西，制造也要花费不到100美元。)

第四，美国公司的高管(董事会和股东)对利润率增长进行了衡量。他们的回应是要求公司内部的每一个部门削减成本和/或增加收入。其中一个部门被称为采购，他们是选择来自中国制造商的投标。当他们收到一份投标清单时，没有一个投标比去年的报价低，他们会怎么做?
这就为所谓的“底层竞争”创造了理想的环境。“你去商店买了一件20美元的产品，但是如果你的竞争对手有类似的18美元的东西，你就会买它。”由于销售这两种产品的公司只报了1美元的价格，他们需要得到每一笔销售订单，否则他们的收入就会减少。记住，要增加美国公司高管的薪酬，这是唯一能推动大公司行为的因素!——销售额必须增加，或者成本必须降低。因此，买家(“采购”部门)被告知要削减他们的支出从93美元到不超过89美元。与此同时，制造商们说他们想要95美元。而不是去年的93美元。必须有所付出。

这些制造商很聪明。非常聪明。他们比任何人都更了解这个游戏，因为他们的生存依赖于它。第一批制造商要回到买家那里，给他们一个更便宜的选择，所以他们都在寻找可以偷工减料的地方。换句话说，他们创造性地找到了改变规范的方法，这种方式不会让购买者陷入大麻烦，但可以把价格降到购买者所需要的。
因此，好消息是，中国有能力生产高品质产品。坏消息是,中国生产低质量产品的原因是(1)你想要最便宜的商品(2)一个由美国公司的高管们驱动的经济模式,为了获得每年几百万美元的奖金可以做任何事，质量就成了替罪羊。

JosephWang, ChiefScientist, Bitquant Research
It does. However, the level of quality is determined by the company sourcing the productand a lot of vendors want cheap rather than high quality.  The other thingis that Chinese factories will generally manufacture to spec so if you givethem a bad design, they'll build it for you.  If you give them a gooddesign, they'll do that.  Since good design can be expensive.....
If you go to a Chinese factory, they can give you expensive and high quality orcheap and low quality, and often the two different levels will come from thesame assembly line with different levels of testing.

它能做到。然而，质量水平是由公司采购的产品决定的，很多供应商都想要便宜而不是高质量的产品。另一个事实是，中国工厂通常会规范的制造，所以如果你给他们一个糟糕的设计，他们业会为你制造。如果你给他们一个好的设计，他们就会这么做。因为好的设计可能是昂贵的……
如果你去一家中国工厂，他们可以给你昂贵又高质量的、或者便宜又低质量的，而且通常两种不同的水平将来自相同的装配线，又不同程度的测试。

ChristopherOliva, Living inChina (Shenzhen and Shanghai) since 2008
It definitely can.
This is all about what the importer wantsto buy. I can perfectly manufacturer some high quality goods in China as longas:
1./ It is deeply specify what quality meansto a manufacturer. I am an engineer so I believe in data and figures. Highquality doesn’t mean anything… “having product being able to be used 20 hours aday non stop daily for 3 years without breakdown” is a qualification.
2./ I keep an eye on the manufacturer tomake sure the materials and processes used to manufacture products arerespected and in accordance with what it takes to manufacture a high qualityproduct.
The problem isquite often importers are pulling too much on the price string which push themanufacturer to cut corners on some cost to accept this squeezing rather thansaying “no I can not do it at this cost unless we make some changes on theproduct !”. The first costs they cut is on materials by doing some substitution(without necessary letting know the buyer who believe that by having done ahard and talentuous negotiation with a manufacturer succeeded to negotiate agood pricing, while they don’t know that manufacturer just found a solution tosatisfy the price of the buyer another way by downgrading) and while cuttingcorner on processes and procedure….

它肯定是可以的。
这都是进口商想买的东西。我完全可以在中国制造一些高质量的产品，只要:
1.它深刻地说明了质量对制造商意味着什么。我是工程师，所以我相信数据和数字。高质量没有任何意义…“有产品能够一天不停的使用20小时而3年没有出问题”是一个条件。
2.我密切关注制造商，以确保制造产品所用的材料和工艺得到保障，并符合制造高质量产品的要求。
问题是，进口商经常在价格上牵扯得太多，迫使制造商为了接受这种压榨而降低成本，而不是说“不，我不能这样做，除非我们对产品做一些改动!”第一成本削减就是在材料上做一些替换(没有必要让买家相信他们已经做过努力了,与制造商谈判成功协商好价格,虽然他们不知道制造商只找到了一个解决方案,以满足买方另一种方式的价格下调),同时在工艺流程和加工上偷工减料。

GwydionMadawc Williams, retired computer analyst and widely read on history and science
Factually mistaken. China produced its ownH-bomb in 1967, and the first satellite in 1970. Both of these without anyoutside help, whereas the later human flight systems owe something to theSoviet program. But all of these were manufactured in China, and there has notyet been a major failure. (Everything now is reported well ahead of the event.)
Massmanufacturing did of course start off at a fairly basic level, with a largelyuneducated workforce and few indivuduals with higher education. But has beenbuilding up steadily. China has successfully been moving up the quality chainon mass-marketed products.

确实错了。中国在1967年制造了自己的氢弹，并于1970年发射了第一颗卫星。这两者都没有任何外部的帮助，而后来的载人航天计划应该归功于苏联。但所有这些都是在中国制造的，而且还没有出现重大的失败。(现在所有的事情都在事件发生之前进行了报道。)
大规模制造业当然是从一个特别基础的水平开始的，很大程度上都是没有受过教育的劳动力，很少有受过高等教育的劳动力。但它一直在稳步增长。中国已经成功地在大众营销的产品上提升了质量。

JimmyRicardo Rosano Keesee, worked at China
China manufactures everything from theworlds cheapest stuff to the world’s most high tech gadgets. They are better,faster, and more flexible that US manufactures and do it for less $.
So why does everyone think China just makescrap? 2 main reason:
Companies with great products try to hidethat they manufacture in China. Apple, for example, pushes “Designed inCalifornia” not “made in china”. Same applies for all your brand new kick asskickstarter gadges, your great new andriod phone and lots of other stuff. Thatmeans that you don’t hear about the cool things they manufacture. just thecheap stuff.
The second is that many of the greatestChinese products aren’t being exported. There an amzing market in China andmany of Chin's top companies targeted home first. Some are just now starting tolook outside China or are beginning to Buy foreign brands. Many still don’tcare. They have all the growth they need in China’s 2nd and 3rd tiers cities.
Here are a few of China’s top and mostinnovative brands. How many have you heard of?

从世界上最便宜的东西到世界上最先进的科技产品，中国制造了这一切。它们比美国制造更好、更快、更灵活，并有更低的生产价格。
那么，为什么每个人都认为中国只是制造垃圾呢？2个主要原因:
拥有伟大产品的公司试图隐藏他们在中国制造的产品。例如，苹果推出“加州设计”，而不是“中国制造”。同样适用于你伟大的安卓手机和许多其他的东西。这意味着你不会听到他们制造的很酷的东西。只会知道廉价的东西。
第二，许多最伟大的中国产品都没有出口。在中国有一个市场，许多中国的顶级公司首先瞄准了国内市场。一些人刚刚开始在中国以外地区寻找，或者开始购买外国品牌。许多人仍然不在乎。他们在中国的二三线城市都需要增长点。
以下是中国的一些顶级和最有创意的品牌。你听说过多少?



WillWilliams, Founder ofFreighteo.com
China makes someof the highest quality products in the world (as already mentioned, the world'smost valuable company Apple manufactures a large range of their products inChina).
Factories in China export products with specifications requested by the buyer,because it is the buyer/importer's choice to either go super cheap and lowerquality, or spend more for higher quality and better materials &workmanship. The quality of products is in the end dictated by what the endcustomers (eg. shoppers in the United States) are willing to pay.

中国制造了世界上一些质量最好的产品(如前所述，世界上最有价值的公司苹果公司在中国制造了大量的产品)。
中国的工厂以买方要求的规格出口产品，因为它是买方/进口商的选择，要么是超级便宜，质量更低，要么是为更高质量和更好的材料和工艺花费更多。产品的质量最终取决于最终的顾客（美国的购物者）愿意支付的价格。

LuisM. Gonzalez, lives in Buenos Aires, Argentina
You probably entered a coma 15 years agoand woke up today. I understand, all the dirt cheap things came from China andthey didn't last long.
But, today, everything is made in China. When I say everything, I mean the good and the bad stuff.Your cellphone, your laptop, your TV, most parts of your car, tools, machines,everything.
You may be fooled into thinking that justbecause you consume American or European brands you're not buying Chineseproducts. Think twice. The brands may be American or European, but thefactories are in China. You know Apple, right..? China.
Today, China is the factory of the world.

你可能在15年前进入昏迷状态，今天终于醒来了。我知道，所有的便宜东西都来自中国，而且这个过程没有持续太久。
但是，今天，一切都是中国制造的。当我说一切的时候，我指的是好的和坏的东西。你的手机，你的笔记本电脑，你的电视，你汽车的大部分，工具，机器，一切。
你可能会认为，仅仅因为你消费了美国或欧洲的品牌，你就不会购买中国产品。三思而后行。这些品牌可能是美国或欧洲的，但工厂在中国。你知道苹果吧… ?中国制造。
今天，中国是世界工厂。