为什么美国政府从来没有为广岛和长崎道歉?（一） [美国媒体]

Why has the U.S. government never apologized for Hiroshima andNagasaki?

为什么美国政府从来没有为广岛和长崎道歉?



Charles Fletcher, Alwaysinterested in and studied the war.
TheJapanese people deserve an apology, but not from the US. They deserve anapology from their leaders that led them into that ill conceived, unnecessarywar that was waged barbarically by the empire of Japan and continued wellbeyond the point where it was militarily hopeless for the Japanese.
The use of the atomic weapons ended it in days for a fraction of the casualtiesof any other means to end it.
When the US took Okinawa earlier in 1945, the death toll was:

日本人民应该得到道歉，但这个歉意不该美国道。他们应该得到他们的领导人的道歉，正是他们导致他们人民陷入了日本帝国野蛮发动的一场构想拙劣、毫无必要的战争，这场战争远远超出了日本在军事上毫无希望的程度。
原子武器的使用在几天内就结束了它，而这对其他任何终止它的手段所造成的伤亡相比都只是很小的一部分。
1945年早些时候，当美国占领冲绳时，死亡人数是:



To the Japanese, allied soldiers, sailors and airmen who were captures werelowlife scum undeserving of being kept alive. The Japanese were mystified thatallied prisoners expected to be treated well and absolutely could notunderstand it when they actually wanted their families to be notified of theircapture. Imagine, wanting your family to know that you had disgraced them.Unthinkable.
So what did the allies demand of Japan? Surrender, unconditional surrender.They would rather die.

在日本人看来，被俘虏的盟军士兵、水手和飞行员都是卑鄙的人渣，不应该被活捉。日本人对盟军囚犯期望得到很好的待遇感到困惑，当他们实际上想让家人知道他们被捕的消息时，他们完全无法理解这一点。想象一下，你想让你的家人知道你让他们丢脸了。这不可想象。
那么同盟国对日本的要求是什么呢?无条件投降,投降。他们宁愿死。

It also helps to understand Japan's war aims. They seized a great deal ofterritory in the Pacific, China and South East Asia. Except for the Central andSouth Central Pacific they still held most of it at the end of the war. Theiraim was never to conquer the US, it was a Pacific/Asian empire. Their aim wastoinflict enough casualties on the allies such that we'd simply not be willingto pay the price to take it from them. That aim was still plausible in 1945until atomic bombs convinced them that Japan could and would be annihilatedwith few losses on the part of the US. Then they surrendered.

这也有助于理解日本的战争目的。他们占领了太平洋、中国和东南亚的大片领土。除了中环和中南太平洋，他们在战争结束时仍然控制着大部分。他们的目标从来不是征服美国，而是一个太平洋/亚洲帝国。他们的目的是给盟国造成足够的伤亡，以至于我们根本不愿意付出代价从他们手中夺走。1945年，这一目标仍有可能实现，直到原子弹让他们相信，日本能够、也将在美国几乎没有损失的情况下被消灭。
然后他们投降了。



The bombs were dropped for only one reason, to save Americanlives.
How many lives were saved is an unknown dependent entirely upon when theJapanese surrendered. While Truman wouldn't have been concerned about savingJapanese lives estimates run as high as 4,000,000 saved. The Japanese estimateis 10,000,000 of their citizens would be killed in an invasion. Estimates ofAllied lives saved run as high as 1,000,000. Howthe Atomic Bomb Saved 4,000,000 Lives - Hiroshima Saved Lives - Why Drop an Atomic Bomb? To Save Lives!

投放炸弹的唯一原因是为了拯救美国人的生命。
日本人投降时，多少人的生命被挽救了，这是完全不知道的。虽然杜鲁门并不关心拯救日本人的生命，但估计拯救了400万人。日本估计有1000万日本公民将在入侵中丧生。盟军挽救的生命估计高达100万人。

Strategic bombing was not a war crime under the Hague Conventions in forceat the time. Mass killing of civilian populations under military occupation wasa defined war crime.
All the combatants of World War II considered banning strategic bombing inDecember 1922 and February 1923 in an update of the Hague Conventions but nostate approved of the proposed measures. The Geneva Disarmament Conference of1932 entertained proposals for banning bombing by aircraft but no measure wasapproved.
While we may consider wholesale bombingof civilian centers a war crime (and itis, thanks to Protocol I of the Geneva Convention adopted in 1977), there wasno international consensus to ban strategic bombing before or during World WarII.

根据当时生效的海牙公约，战略轰炸不是战争罪。在军事占领下大量杀害平民则是一种明确的战争罪行。
1922年12月和1923年2月，在更新海牙公约问题上，二战中的所有战斗人员都考虑禁止战略轰炸，但没有一个国家批准这个提议。1932年的日内瓦裁军会议考虑了禁止飞机轰炸的建议，但没有通过任何措施。
虽然我们可能认为大规模轰炸平民中心是一种战争罪(而且，由于1977年通过的《日内瓦公约》第一项议定书，这是一种战争罪)，但在第二次世界大战之前或期间禁止战略轰炸没有国际共识。



Nagasaki and Hirohima were bombed for tactical reasons.

长崎和广岛因战术原因遭到轰炸。

The Japanese farmed out their war production to cottage factories scatteredthroughout cities so that the only way to damage production was to carpet bombthese cities.

日本人把他们的战争生产外包分散在城市各处的小工厂，这样破坏生产的唯一方法就是对这些城市进行地毯式轰炸。

A city is bombed for tactical purposes: communications are to be destroyed,railroads wrecked, ammunition plants demolished, factories razed, all for thepurposes of impeding the military. In those operations, it inevitably happensthat non-military persons are killed. This is an incident, a grave incident tobe sure, but an unavoidable corollary of battle action. The civilians are notindividualized. The bomb falls, it is aimed at the railroad yards and housesalong the tracks are hit and many of their occupants killed. But that isentirely different, both in fact and in law, from an armed force marching up tothose same railway tracks, entering those houses abutting thereon, dragging outthe men, women, and children and shooting them.

城市被轰炸是为了战术目的:通讯被摧毁，铁路被摧毁，弹药厂被摧毁，工厂被夷为平地，所有这些都是为了阻碍军队。
这是一个事件，当然是一个严重的事件，但这是战斗行动不可避免的必然结果。平民不是个体化的。炸弹落下来，瞄准的是铁路院落和铁轨沿线的房屋，许多居民被炸死。但无论在事实上还是在法律上说，跟武装部队走向同样的铁轨，进入毗邻的房屋，把男人、女人和孩子拖出来，朝他们开枪，是完全不同的。



America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet.
We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man.A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent inexplosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission.This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it isgrimly accurate.

美国要求你们立即注意我们在这张传单上所说的话。我们拥有人类发明的最具破坏性的炸药。我们新研制的一枚原子弹的爆炸威力相当于2000枚巨型b -29轰炸机执行一次任务的威力。这个可怕的事实值得你深思，我们庄严地向你保证，它是可怕的准确。

We have just begun to use this weapon against your homeland. If you still haveany doubt, make inquiry as to what happened to Hiroshima when just one atomicbomb fell on that city.

我们刚刚开始用这个武器对付你们的祖国。如果你还有任何疑问，那就去调查一下广岛，当时广岛只有一颗原子弹。



A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalentin explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s could have carried on asingle mission. Radio Tokyo has told you that with the first use of this weaponof total destruction, Hiroshima was virtually destroyed.

我们新研制的一枚原子弹的爆炸威力相当于2000枚巨型b -29轰炸机执行一次任务的威力。东京广播电台告诉你，第一次使用这种全面摧毁的武器，广岛实际上被摧毁了。

Before we use this bomb again and again to destroy every resource of themilitary by which they are prolonging this useless war, petition the emperornow to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteenconsequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept theseconsequences and begin the work of building a new, better, and peace-lovingJapan.
Act at once or we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our othersuperior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.

我们一而再，再而三地使用这枚炸弹来摧毁军队的每一种资源，只因他们毫无意义的延长这场无用的战争，现在请求皇帝结束这场战争。
我们的总统向你们概述了光荣投降的十三个后果。我们敦促你们接受这些后果，开始建设一个新的、更好的、热爱和平的日本的工作。
立即行动，否则我们将坚决使用这枚炸弹和我们所有其他高级武器，以便迅速和有力地结束战争。



The reason Hiroshima was chosen was because it was an important army depot anda port of embarkation but there were other reasons: Hiroshima waschosen as the primary target since it had remained largely untouched by bombingraids, and the bomb's effects could be clearly measured. While President Trumanhad hoped for a purely military target, some advisers believed that bombing anurban area might break the fighting will of the Japanese people. Hiroshimawas a major port and a military headquarters, and therefore a strategic target.Also, visual bombing, rather than radar, would be used so that photographs ofthe damage could be taken. Since Hiroshima had not been seriously harmed bybombing raids, these photographs could present a fairly clear picture of thebomb's damage. The Story of Hiroshima Thismay sound cold blooded but then military decisions are often cold blooded.

选择广岛的原因是它是一个重要的陆军基地和一个登船港，但还有其他原因:
广岛之所以被选为主要目标，是因为它基本上没有受到轰炸袭击的影响，丙炔炸弹的影响可以清楚地估量出来。虽然杜鲁门总统曾希望寻求一个纯粹的军事目标，但一些顾问认为，轰炸城市地区也可能会破坏日本人民的战斗意志。
广岛是一个主要港口和军事总部，因此是一个战略目标。此外，使用视觉轰炸而不是雷达，以便拍摄损坏的照片。
鉴于之前广岛没有受到轰炸袭击的严重损害，所以这些照片可以相当清楚地显示原子弹的损害情况。——《广岛故事》。这听起来可能是冷血动物，但军事决策往往就是冷血动物。

Nagasaki also had industry. The bomb detonated over the industrial center. Thecity of Nagasaki had been one of the largest sea ports in southern Japan andwas of great war-time importance because of its many and varied industries,including the production of ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other warmaterials. The narrow long strip attacked was of particular importance becauseof its industries. The Atomic Bombings ofHiroshima and Nagasaki

长崎也有工业。炸弹在工业中心上空爆炸。长崎曾经是日本南部最大的海港城市之一，由于其众多的工业而在战时具有重要意义，包括军械、船舶、军事装备和其他战争物资的生产。这条狭长的狭长地带因其工业而受到特别重视。——《广岛长崎原子弹轰炸》



Kelly La Rue
SacrificingAmerican lives to save the lives of our enemy would never fly with the publicand is extremely poor military strategy. Truman would have had to been crazy topass up an attempt to end the war and reduce the slaughter of our soldiers.Wasting our resources and extending the length of time we are at war isirresponsible and inviting a disaster, perhaps even an unexpected defeat.
Besidesending the war early saved Japanese lives.
In thecase of Japan we were engaged in a war we neither started nor wanted with aninsanely fanatical and brutal enemy.
Irecognize these arguments are unconvincing to you but will carry a lot ofweight with the soldiers who might have died or been crippled unnecessarily andto the families of these men back home.
To use themugging example if you actually get your mugger down on the ground you do notstep back and let him up in order to keep the fight fair.
I've beenthe intended victim of a mugger and got out intact but if I had to injure him Iwouldn't not have hesitated rather than risk being hurt myself or worse.
After allhe started it, I simply finished it.
Inaddition the bombs did not kill millions of Japanese. The fatalities numberedin the hundreds of thousands which is about the same as our conventionalbombing raids.
Had weinvaded then millions of Japanese would have died.
Also wewere bombing military targets, the civilians were simply in the way, and wedropped leaflets encouraging the civilians to evacuate the cities.

牺牲美国人的生命来拯救我们的敌人的生命将永远不会得到公众的认同，这是非常糟糕的军事战略。如果杜鲁门拒绝结束战争并减少对我们士兵的屠杀，那他一定是疯了。浪费我们的资源，延长我们在战争中的时间，是不负责任的，会招致灾难，甚至是出乎意料的失败。
只能早点结束战争拯救了日本人的生命。
以日本为例，我们参与了一场战争，我们既没有与一个疯狂狂热和残暴的敌人开战，也不想与之开战。

我知道这些论点对你们来说是无法令人信服的，但对那些可能不必要地死亡或致残的士兵以及这些士兵在国内的家人来说，这些论点具有重大意义。
举个行凶抢劫的例子，如果你把行凶抢劫者推倒在地，你不能后退一步，让他站起来，这样才能公平地进行战斗。我是一个抢劫犯的目标受害者，而且毫发无伤地逃了出来，但如果我不得不伤害他，我不会犹豫，宁愿冒着伤害自己或更糟的风险。
毕竟他开始了，我只是结束。



Before we dropped the first bomb, we publicly warned them that they were facing"complete and utter destruction" if they didn't give up the war--awar that they knew they had already lost. They could have gotten the same terms(surrender, but keep the Emperor as a figurehead) before August 6, 1945 thatthey got afterwards.

在我们投下第一颗炸弹之前，我们公开警告他们，如果他们不放弃这场他们知道已经输掉的战争，他们将面临“彻底的毁灭”。 在1945年8月6日之前，他们可以得到和后来一样的条件(投降，但天皇得剥夺权力)。

Anyone who says that Japan was already defeated and would have surrendered soonanyway needs to remember that even after Nagasaki, several Japanese officersattempted a coup against the Emperor that would have prevented the broadcast ofthe Imperial Rescript ordering Japanese soldiers to lay down their weapons.They were going to kidnap Hirohito--the only person in Japan with the authorityto end the war--and not let him issue the orders. And they very nearly pulledit off.

任何说日本已经被打败并且很快就会投降的人都需要记住这一点，即使是在长崎之后，几名日本军官试图发动一场反对天皇的政变，那样的话，日本天皇下令日本士兵放下武器的命令就不会播出了。
他们打算绑架裕仁天皇——日本唯一有权结束战争的人——不让他发布命令。他们几乎成功了。

It wasn't until after Hirohito saw photos of what had been done to Hiroshimathat he resolved to end the war on whatever terms Japan could get. If we hadbeen forced to invade the Home Islands to force him to give up, a lot moreJapanese would have died than those who perished in the two atomic attacks. Inhis autobiography, Harry Truman said he allowed the bomb to be dropped in orderto save lives, both American and Japanese. That was true 70 years ago and stillis today.
God forbid those weapons are ever used again.

直到裕仁看到广岛被毁的照片后，他才下定决心以日本能得到的任何条件结束战争。如果我们被迫入侵自己的岛屿迫使他放弃，那么日本人的死亡人数将远远超过在两次原子弹袭击中丧生的人数。
哈里·杜鲁门在自传中说，他允许投放原子弹是为了拯救美国和日本的生命。70年前是这样，现在也是这样。上帝禁止那些武器再被使用。