评价：中国如何在太空业务中利用其“软实力” [美国媒体]

China’s state-backed satellite industry has swooped into Indonesia and suddenly signed deals with two of the country’s top three satellite operators. Indosat, in partnership with Pasifik Satelit Nusantara (PSN), has agreed to purchase a high-throughput communications satellite from China’s state-owned satellite manufacturer, Great Wall Industry Corp. The satellite will be called Palapa N-1. PSN also signed a memorandum of understanding for an additional satellite.

中国国家支持的卫星工业已经冲入印度尼西亚，突然与该国前三的卫星运营商签署协议。帕斯菲克卫星公司（PSN）的合作伙伴Indosat已同意向中国国有卫星制造商长城工业集团采购高通量通讯卫星。这枚卫星将被命名为Palapa N-1。PSN也签署了另一枚卫星的谅解备忘录。

The two deals caught many in the global satellite industry by surprise because Indonesian satellite operators have tended to buy communications satellites from North America or Europe. China’s willingness to provide financing was crucial to both deals.

这两笔交易让全球卫星工业领域的很多人眼镜大跌，因为印度尼西亚卫星运营商通常倾向于从北美或欧洲采购通信卫星。中国提供资金的意愿对这两笔交易起到了关键作用。

Despite the name, satellite services represent less than 4% of Indosat’s business; the company derives most of its revenue from terrestrial networks. Therefore, the parent board, Indosat Ooredoo, was unwilling to spend much on a new satellite. This is why Indosat’s satellite division partnered with PSN, to mitigate costs. Chinese “soft loans” sweetened the deal.

尽管Indosat的名称（有“卫星”），但卫星服务在其业务中的比例不到4%；这家公司大部分收益来自于地面网络。然而，其最大股东Indosat Ooredoo不愿意在新卫星上投入过多。这就是为什么Indosat的卫星部门要通过与PSN合作来节约开支。中国的“软贷款”为这笔交易包上了糖衣。

It is important for Indosat to have a new satellite because its current one, Palapa-D, could expire any time after mid-2020. If Indosat fails to find a replacement, it means it will be left with no satellite.

拥有新卫星对Indosat而言很重要，因为它现有的卫星Palapa-D可能在2020年代中期期满。如果Indosat未能找到替代品，意味着它可能面临无卫星可用的状况。

PSN was interested to partner because orbital slots are hard to come by, and the company has ambitious growth plans. Internet traffic in Indonesia averaged 1,250 Gbps in 2015 and is forecast to increase to 6,000 Gbps by 2020, according to PSN. Indonesia is a vast archipelago of 17,000 islands, and the company says terrestrial networks will be unable to keep up with the five-fold increase in growth. That creates an opportunity for satellite operators. PSN’s director of planning and development, Dani Indra Widjanarko, says internet penetration in Indonesia is only 20%, one of the lowest in the region. And many areas in Indonesia do not have enough bandwidth.

PSN之所以对成为合作伙伴很感兴趣，是因为轨道空档很难找到，而该公司的发展计划雄心勃勃。据PSN称：2015年印尼的平均网络流量为1250Gbps，预计在2020年增加到6000Gbps。印尼拥有广阔的群岛海区，有超过17000个岛屿，该公司说地面网难以满足5倍增长的需要。这就为卫星运营商提供了机会。PSN负责计划和开发的主管Dani Indra Widjanarko说印尼的互联网普及率只有20%，是当地普及率最低的国家之一。印尼很多地区没有足够的带宽。

China Great Wall Industry Corp. says Palapa N-1 will use the Chinese DFH-4 bus (see photo) and be launched by a Long March 3B from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. “It will provide a package solution that includes the satellite, launch service, ground system, insurance and financing support,” China Great Wall says.

中国长城工业集团说Palapa N-1卫星将采用中国东方红四号卫星平台（见图），并在西昌卫星发射中心采用长征3B发射。“我们将提供一揽子解决方案，包括卫星、发射服务、地面系统、保险和财务支持。”中国长城集团说。

If China can prove to be a reliable partner, it will further cement its newfound leadership position in Indonesia. China’s “One-Belt, One-Road” initiative to bankroll infrastructure projects in developing countries seems to have poised the Chinese satellite industry to conquer more markets.

如果中国被证实是可靠的合作伙伴，将会进一步巩固其在印尼的新方向领导地位。中国“一带一路”计划主动向发展中国家的基础设施建设提供资金支持，似乎让中国卫星工业攻克更多市场的步伐更加稳健。

Many developing nations, suffering sluggish economic growth due to the general global economic malaise and lower commodity prices, are looking to kick-start domestic economic growth with large infrastructure projects.

由于全球经济普遍萎靡和商品价格下跌，很多发展中国家深受经济萧条之苦，他们渴望利用大型的基础设施工程为国内经济制造强劲的推动力。

China has said it is willing to bankroll some of these projects, but there is also an understood quid pro quo according to which the recipient countries will be predisposed to buying high-tech products from China—such as fast trains, satellites, defense equipment and power plants.

中国称愿意为某些这种工程提供资金，而也有心照不宣的补偿物，即收货国有倾向从中国采购的高科技产品，例如高铁、卫星、国防装备和发电厂。

China has also been very effective at using soft power to win over countries. In the case of Indonesia, China’s state-owned satellite industry sent monthly delegations to Jakarta to meet with Indonesian operators, and it worked to win over the Indonesian government through community programs as well. In an interview with Chinese national broadcaster CCTV immediately after the signing ceremony, Indonesia’s minister for communication and information, Rudiantara, thanked China for introducing a program under which Indonesian students will be sent to China to learn about the space industry and space technology.

中国在利用软实力来赢得他国支持方面也富有效率。以印尼为例，中国国有卫星企业每月向雅加达排出代表团，与印尼的运营商开展会谈，也通过社区活动方面的工作赢得印尼政府的支持。签字仪式后，中国立即安排了中国国家广播公司CCTV对印尼部长的采访活动，以进行沟通并获得信息。Rudiantara感谢中国提出了学生培养项目，在这个项目里印尼学生将被送到中国学习太空工业和太空技术。

Rudiantara says it is important for Indonesia to develop the next generation to help further Indonesia’s expertise in this area. In his speech at the conference, he also mentioned that China’s offer of financing was key.

Rudiantara说通过发展下一代来提高印尼在该领域的专业技术是很重要的。他在会谈上的讲话中也提到中国提供资金是交易达成的关键。

It is clear from China’s two Indonesian satellite deals that the rules of engagement have changed. Western satellite manufacturers, particularly those from the U.S., must step up their game if they are to remain competitive.

通过中国与印尼的两笔卫星交易，很明显达成交易的规则已经改变。西方卫星供应商，尤其是美国的那些，如果想要保持竞争力，必须改进他们的游戏方式。

The gridlock in Washington over the Export-Import Bank has put U.S. manufacturers at a severe disadvantage and means the U.S. has been losing important deals to other countries, such as China, that can offer cheap financing.

进出口库存的积压已经让美国制造商处于极端不利的境地，意味着与其他能够提供低廉资金的国家如中国相比，美国已经损失了很多重要交易。

North American satellite manufacturers are still considered the best in terms of technology and reliability. But as the situation in Indonesia has proven being the best is no longer good enough. 

北美的卫星供应商在技术和可靠性方面仍然公认为是最好的。但印尼这种情况证明最好的不一定足够好。

Leithen Francis is managing director of the public relations agency Francis & Low, which specializes in aviation, defense and space and is based in Singapore. 

Leithen Francis是Francis & Low公共关系事务所的总经理，专注于航空、防务和太空问题，总部位于新加坡。

The views expressed are not necessarily those of Aviation Week. 

本文不代表航空周刊的观点。


[email protected] Jul 7, 2017
"China’s willingness to provide financing was crucial to both deals."
- AW&ST
"The gridlock in Washington over the Export-Import Bank has put U.S. manufacturers at a severe disadvantage and means the U.S. has been losing important deals to other countries, such as China, that can offer cheap financing."
- AW&ST
To modern Republicans Ideology is more important than reality.
Get used to it.

“中国提供资金的意愿对这两笔交易起到了关键作用。”
——AW&ST（航空航天技术周刊）
“进出口库存的积压已经让美国制造商处于极端不利的境地，意味着与其他能够提供低廉资金的国家如中国相比，美国已经损失了很多重要交易。”
——AW&ST（航空航天技术周刊）
更新共和党的意识形态比现实更重要，要习惯这一点。

SE Jones Jul 8, 2017
Mark Lincoln is usually quick with an (occasionally interesting) history lesson, but with this comment, he demonstrates an 8th grader understanding of the Ex-Im Bank.

Mark Lincoln在历史问题上往往很敏锐，偶尔也会很有趣，但在这个评论里，他对进出口库存的论证是8年级学生的水平。
Both conservatives and liberals have had a love/hate relationship with The Ex-Im Bank for decades, but oh yeah...Trump is a poopy head and Republicans are evil is all you need to know.

保守党和自由党几十年来都对进出口库存爱恨交加，但呵呵……唯一需要知道的是，特朗普脑壳里都是屎，共和党人都是鬼。

[email protected] Jul 9, 2017
Got the wrong site, Mark. Try thedailybeast.com

Mark，你的文章发错网站了，试试《每日野兽》吧。
（《每日野兽》（thedailybeast.com）美国新闻网站，由《纽约客》前总编蒂娜·布朗创办，被称为“野兽”级《新闻周刊》。现已与《新闻周刊》合并。）

gwroble Jul 8, 2017
If you are an American under thirty learn Mandarin. Then study history and become familiar with how a vassal state behaves in its relations with the Middle Kingdom.

如果你是个小于30岁的美国人，那么你应该学习中文。然后研究一下历史，了解仆从国应该如何在与中央王国的关系中举止得体。

123dcp Jul 8, 2017
If the current leadership in the US succeeds in undermining the international organizations the US led in creating over the last 70 years to promote largely rules-based international relations, we could return to the competition of great powers and their oppression of and forced alliances with adjacent lesser powers. If that happens, China will be able to exert power over a huge share of the Earth''s population and, as it''s GDP grows to substantially exceed that of the US, the US will find itself in an unaccustomedly weak position, particularly with the alliance with Europe being undermined every day that the US is led by historically ignorant buffoons. I am hopeful that we will not proceed too far Doan Trump''s road of emasculated US diplomatic power, but I am not sure how we avoid that without Trump dying of natural causes very soon. The damage he does to US power every week is appalling

美国领导的国际组织在过去70年创造了主要以规则为导向的国际关系，如果现在美国的领导地位被削弱，我们可能回到那种强权国家与受其压迫并被迫结盟的毗邻弱国之间的竞争状态。如果发生这种情况，中国将能够在向很大一部分的全球人口施加其强权，而其GDP增长明显超过美国，美国会发现自身处于不习惯的弱势地位，尤其是美国领导的与欧洲的联盟关系将被历史无知的愚者日复一日的削弱。希望我们不会在特朗普阉割美国外交力量的路上走的太远，但如果特朗普不能在短时间内自然死亡的话，我不知道我们该如何避免这种情况。他每周对美国力量造成的伤害都让人震惊。

123dcp Jul 8, 2017
To be clear, I don''t think that story ends poorly just for the US. It also ends poorly for Europe, Russia, China''s neighbors, and even China itself. International relations based on the strong subjugating the weak will probably lead to some efforts to determine which nations are strong in the traditional way, all-out war, using the most potent weapons available. So, while I don''t see any possibility of nuclear war driving our species extinct, I do think the road we are headed down is bad for the whole species.

澄清一下，我觉得这件事不止会对美国造成伤害。同样会对欧洲、俄罗斯、中国的邻国，甚至中国自己造成伤害。以强者征服弱者为基础的国际关系，很可能引发那些用传统的方式决定哪个国家为强权的行为，即投入可以获得的最强大的武器，进行全面战争。所以，虽然我并不认为会发生灭绝我们物种的核战争，但我的确认为我们正走上一条损害全人类的道路。

gxbow Jul 9, 2017
123dcp,
I for one would be interested to see an edit of your comments based on a Hillary presidency and also a Sanders term without comparison to Trump. These should each stand alone and be based on your personal thoughts and feelings as was seemingly done in the original.

我个人很乐意看到你们的一位编辑对希拉里还有桑德斯的执政发表评论，不要与特朗普对比。那些评论要独立，而且出于你们个人的下意识的想法和感觉。

Ruddy Jul 10, 2017
I doubt the road ahead turns backwards to the colonization and exploitation of undeveloped countries like when western powers ruled the world. However there is far more fear in western world of it happening, then in Asian countries who have been subject to such treatment in past centuries.

我怀疑世界会走上殖民主义和剥削不发达国家的老路，就像西方强权统治世界的那个时期。然而西方世界更害怕这件事成真，然后才是在前几个世纪曾受到如此对待亚洲国家。

[email protected] Jul 9, 2017
Those international organizations have largely undermined themselves - especially the United Nations - by behaving corruptly. The United States has has, repeatedly, to convince the UN to live up to its Charter by withholding funds until that happened. As far as the Paris Accords are concerned, the fact that some nations are allowed massive carbon footprints while others are not is a valid criticism of the agreement. It''s the very prototype of "an unequal treaty" that ought never to have been signed or allowed to govern US internal policy.

那些国际组织在腐败行为方面大大的低估了自己，尤其是联合国。美国一次又一次通过扣押会费来迫使联合国遵守自己的宪章，直到确实执行才会上交会费。就像巴黎协定所关心的，事实是允许某些国家拥有大量的碳足迹而不允许其他国家拥有，这是对协定的正当批评。这正是“不平等条约”的雏形，美国政府国内政策绝对不应该签署或者批准。

[email protected] Jul 9, 2017
". . . but with this comment, he demonstrates an 8th grader understanding of the Ex-Im Bank."
- SE Jones
I guess SE Jones failed to read my comment correctly. I said nothing on Ex-m Ban aside from a quotation from the article
My observation remains, amplified by the comment of SE Jones.
"To modern Republicans Ideology is more important than reality.
Get used to it."
- Mark Lincoln

“……但在这个评论里，他对进出口库存的论证是8年级学生的水平。”
——SE Jone
我猜SE Jones并没有正确的理解我的评论。我并没有提到“禁止进出口”，除了文中的一次引用。
我的评论不变，只不过意思被SE Jones的评论放大了。
“更新共和党的意识形态比现实更重要，要习惯这一点。”
——Mark Lincoln@