巴基斯坦：信念，愤怒，恐惧 - 人类历史上最大迁徙背后的故事 [美国媒体]

In August1947, around 12-15 million people fled their homes from one side of a newborder within the former British colony of India to the other. The directionthey took depended on their faith: Hindus and Sikhs came together and separatedfrom Muslims.

1947年8月，在大不列颠南亚的殖民地上，大约1200-1500万人逃离了他们的家园，他们从新边界的一侧逃到了另外一侧。殖民地的独立秉持着这样的原则：印度教徒和锡克教徒为一个部分，而穆斯林被分成另外一个部分。

An estimated 1 million people died along the way, many facing aviolent end. It's also reported that about 75,000 women were abducted and brutally raped bypeople belonging to the opposite faith.

在这条漫漫的迁徙之路上，大约100万人死在了路上，很多是被暴力致死的。另据报道，大约有75000个妇女被另外阵营的男性诱拐和强奸。

What becameknown as partition gave birth to a new nation called Pakistan, conceived by aMuslim political party for India's minority Islamic community. But it wasfraught with problems from the moment the British hastily drew the borderline.

一个名为巴基斯坦的国家诞生了，这是由印度的穆斯林少数党所创建出来的，但是，英国人的匆忙划分边界的决定使得边界问题本身充满了潜在不确定性。

This tookplace as Britain, India's imperial ruler, was handing back power to itscolonies. The fight to gain independence for India was a tense yet tireless onefor political leaders such as Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, Jawarharlal Nehru, whobecame India's first prime minister, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who became thefounder of Pakistan.

这是由于印度的前殖民者移交权利的时候产生的问题。当时，印度的独立运动越来越激烈，独立运动分别由甘地和尼赫鲁领导以及真纳领导的。尼赫鲁在印度独立以后成为了印度的第一任的总理，而真纳成为了巴基斯坦的建立

But howexactly was the British colony split into the nations of India and Pakistan?And what led to one of the most harrowing events of the 20th century? Here aresome of the key events that led to one of global history's most definingmoments.

但是英国究竟是如何划分印度和巴基斯坦的呢？到底是什么导致了20世纪最悲惨的事件的发生呢？下面有一些标志性的事件，这些事件在一定程度上导致了悲剧的发生。



May 1857

1857年5月
 
Known as the Indian Rebellion, or the Indian Mutiny, theIndian army launches a shocking and bloody nationwide attack on Britishofficers in India.

在1857年，众所周知，印度发动了叛乱，印度的军队在全国范围内发动了对于英国官僚的袭击。

The attack occurs during the rule of the East IndiaCompany, a British corporation originally formed to facilitate trade with theEast Indies, which aggravates ties with India through a lack of considerationfor local traditions.

这件事情发生在东印度公司统治时期，东印度公司被建立起来发展与东印度地区之间的贸易，因为当地的文化传统的问题，东印度公司与印度人之间发生了严重的敌对情绪。

1858年

Although the mutiny was unsuccessful,the British empire takes overthe rule of India from the East India Company.

尽管起义失败了，大不列颠从东印度公司手中接管了印度的统治权。

December1906
A political group called the MuslimLeague is formed to look after the interests of India's minority Muslimcommunity.

在1906年的十二月，一个印度的穆斯林联盟被建立了起来，建立该组织的目的是为了维护穆斯林少数族群的利益。

1916年
  


Muslim politician Muhammad Ali Jinnahbecomes the leader of the Muslim League. He later goes on to become the founderof Pakistan and becomes known as "Quaid-i-Azam", or "GreatLeader".

在1916年，穆罕默德·阿里·真纳变成了穆斯林联盟的领袖。在接下来，他将会成为巴基斯坦的国父并被称为“伟大领袖”。

April 13, 19191919年4月13号



British troops, under orders fromcommander Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, fire without warning on a peacefulprotest of thousands of unarmed Indians in Amritsar, Punjab. Hundreds of men,women and children are killed and many injured, although the actual numbers are disputedbetween British and Indian authorities.Known as the Amritsarmassacre, or the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, it is oneof the events that spurs lawyer, politician and activist Mohandas Gandhi tofocus his efforts on separating India from the British.

在1919年的四月十三号的阿姆利则地区，英国军队的军官雷金纳德·戴尔准将在毫无预警的情况下对数以千计的和平示威的群众进行了射击，尽管印度和英国之间在伤亡人数上有争议，但是，数以百计的男人，女人及孩子被杀死，此外还有很多人受伤了。

1919年


 
Jawaharlal Nehru joins and becomes aprominent figure in the Indian National Congress party, which campaigns forindependence from the British. He is deeply inspired by Gandhi, whom hemet in 1916.

在1919年，贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁加入国大党并成为了国大党的杰出人物，该政党一直在与英国殖民者之间进行独立斗争。他在1916年遇到了甘地，并受到了甘地的极大鼓舞。

1921年



Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, betterknown as Mahatma Gandhi, becomes the leader of India's independence movementand revamps theIndian National Congress Party.
Promoting non-violence and civil disobedience, he alsobegins the Quit India Movement, calling for the British to withdraw from India.Believing in unity, he is wholly against the partition of the country.

莫罕达斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地有一个众所周知的称呼叫做“圣雄甘地”，他成为了国大党的领袖并重组了国大党。他推动了“非暴力不合作”运动，并且开启了“退出印度”的运动，他要求英国撤离印度。他是一个统一主义者，他坚决反对分裂国家的做法。

1935年

TheBritish Parliament passes the Government of India Act, whichdivides the country into self-ruling territories, creating a unitedfederation similar to Australia and Canada. But India still does not have thesame independence as these countries.

在1935年，英国议会通过了印度法案，将印度划分为自治的区域，创建一个类似于澳大利亚或者加拿大那样的联邦。但是，印度本身并没有类似于加拿大或者澳大利亚那样的独立性。

1940年

Followingmarked differencesbetween the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, tensionsbetween Hindus and Muslims rise. Jinnah makes the first demand for a separatenation for Muslims.

鉴于印度国大党与穆斯林联盟的巨大差异，两者之间的紧张关系在快速升温。真纳第一次有了为穆斯林另组国家的想法。

August 1946


  
The Muslim League provincial government in Calcutta, nowknown as Kolkata, makes a call to Muslims for a "Direct Action Day" -ostensibly a day of strikes, although it has been open to differentinterpretations - to support the creation of Pakistan.

穆斯林联盟的省政府位于加尔各答，他们号召穆斯林参与了“直接行动日”行动，这是一个发动袭击的日子，当然，对此也有不同的解释，这个行动导致了巴基斯坦的建立。

It endsup becoming a harrowing day of violence between Muslims and Hindus. At least 4,000people are killed and more than 10,000 injured.

这个行动导致了印度教徒和穆斯林教徒之间的冲突，大约4000被杀害，10000人受伤。



March 1947
 
Lord Louis Mountbatten becomes the viceroy of India,responsible for overseeing the handover of power from Britain to India. Hetries to maintain a united India, but the opposition from Jinnah and hissupporters forces Mountbatten to reluctantly agree to divide the country.

1947年的3月，蒙巴顿爵士被任命为印度的总督，全权负责将英国的权利移交给印度动作。他尽量的想去保持一个统一的印度（此文来自cnn，译者对此表示怀疑），但是真纳和他的支持者们粗鲁的拒绝了蒙巴顿的想法，他们想要将国家进行划分。

Jujune 3, 1947


  
The plan to partition the Indian subcontinent is announcedby then Prime Minister of Britain, Clement Attlee, to the House of Commons byradio, which is then broadcast to India from Delhi.
Attlee says power will be handed to the Indian peoplebefore June 1948, but it happens far sooner than that.

1947年6月3日，划分南亚次大陆的计划由英国首相克莱门特·艾德礼向下议院正式宣布，然后通过广播的形式传播到了德里，最后传到了整个印度。

July 8, 1947


  
Cyril Radcliffe, the British judge responsible forsketching the line that would divide the nation, arrives in India. He doesn'tvisit the points where the land will be divided and stays in the country foronly six weeks.

1947年7月8号，英国的西里尔·拉德克利夫法官到达了印度，他将负责印巴两国边界的划分。他并没有去待划分的区域看看，知识在该国仅仅待了六个星期。

August 9, 1947



Though planned to take place before June 1948, Pakistangains independence on August 14, 1947 and India the day after -- ten monthsbefore the scheduled date, and without the border finalised.Jinnah becomesPakistan's first governor-general.Before the strike of midnight on August 15,Nehru, appointed India's first Prime Minister, delivers his famous and rousing'Tryst with Destiny' speech from inside Parliament in the country's capital ofNew Delhi.

尽管最初计划在1948年四月份独立，但是巴基斯坦实际在1947年的8月14日便获得了独立，而印度紧随其后，在8月15日获得了独立。尼赫鲁被任命为印度的第一任的总理，在首都新德里他实现了他的与命运共舞的宣言。

August 17, 1947

The border line, cutting through Bengal in the east andPunjab in the west, is confirmed two days after India becomes independent. Theline is quickly marked on maps using censuses of "minority" and"majority" populations.

印度与巴基斯坦的分界线从东部的孟加拉到西部的旁遮普，在两国独立后的2天日，区分主体民族和少数民族的两条边界线在地图上很快的就被画出来了。以人口普查来确定该地区的归属，该地区的主体人口决定其是属于印度还是属于巴基斯坦。

Anestimated 500,000 -- 1 million men, women and children perish in partition, although thisfigure varies.
Individualmurders are barbaric, often involving disfiguration and dismemberment. "Itseems that the aim was not only to kill, but to break people," historian Yasmin Khan wouldlater note.

据估计，两国分立的过程中，大约50万至100万的男人女人和孩子死亡，对于这个数字本身也是有分歧的。在谈到这一段的历史的时候，历史学家说“对一个人谋杀是非常野蛮的，经常会发生毁容和对人体的肢解的行为。”

October 1947
  


The first war between India andPakistan takes place over Kashmir --a region in the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges that both countries arestill fighting over today.

印巴之间的第一次冲突发生在克什米尔，这是一个位于喜马拉雅山脉和咖喇昆仑山脉之间的一个地方，两个国家都对此地志在必得，直到今天依然在为争夺此地发生交火。

November 21, 1947   



The number of evacuations in Punjabexceeds 8 millionpeople.
About 12-15 million people flee between India and Pakistan; Muslims toPakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs to a newly-shaped India.

在旁遮普，需要被疏散的人口接近八百万人。在印度和巴基斯坦，大约有1200-1500万逃离家园，穆斯林去巴基斯坦，印度教徒和锡克教徒去新成立的印度。

December6, 1947

An operation to recover and restore abducted women isagreed at an inter-dominion conference in Lahore, Pakistan.Women are victims ofviolent sexual attacks, with approximately 75,000 women abducted and raped.Many are also reported to be disfiguredor dismembered.

在巴基斯坦的拉合尔地区的一场主权会议上达成了一个有关释放妇女的协议。妇女成为了暴力性犯罪的受害者，大约有75000的妇女被诱拐和强奸，一些妇女被毁容或者被肢解。

January 30, 1948

Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist, NathuramGodse, as he walks from Birla House, where he lives, through the gardens forhis prayer meeting. He is 78.
"Our light has gone out," mourns Nehru, in aradio announcement of the death, as a nation plunges into mourning.
"When top leaders of Congress, with the consent ofGandhi, divided and tore the country - which we considered a deity of worship -my mind was filled with direful anger," Godse says in a speech on November8, 1948.

在1948年的1月30日，甘地被一个印度教的极端分子高德西暗杀， 时年78岁。当尼赫鲁通过广播向印度人民发布甘地死讯的时候，尼赫鲁悲伤的说道——“我们生命的光明从此消失了，到处是一片黑暗。我不知道说什么，更不知道怎么表达……”1948年11月8号，高德西在谈到暗杀甘地的原因的时候说道，当国会的领袖们，在甘地的同意之下，将整个国家分裂开来，而我们却把他当作神一样崇拜。每当想到此处，我的内心便充满了怒火。

February 28, 1948


  
The last British troops depart India.

最后一批英国军队撤离印度。

September 11, 1948

Jinnahdies from tuberculosis in his birthplace, the Pakistan city of Karachi. It'sreported his health wasstrained because of his work.

1948年9月11日，真纳在他的出生地——巴基斯坦城市卡拉奇逝世。由于繁重的工作，他的健康状况一直处于糟糕的状态。

September 30, 1948

Indian banknotes are no longer legal tender in Pakistan.

1948年9月30日，印度钞票在巴基斯坦不再允许继续流通。

January1, 1949

A UN-sponsored ceasefire is announced in Kashmir. However,tensions and fighting persist.

1949年1月1日，一份联合国发起的停火协议在喀什米尔地区开始执行。然而战斗和紧张局势一直都在持续进行。

1951

Followingpartition, an estimated 14.5 million people become migrants withinfour years. But that number could be even higher as millions mayhave not been accounted for in census statistics.India becomes home to 303.5 million Hindus and 35.4 million Muslims.

伴随着次大陆的分裂，四年之内有大约1450万人变成了流民。但是，由于统计的原因，实际的人数可能更多。

May 27, 1964

Nehrudies from a heartattack. He is cremated at RajGhat, where Gandhi was also cremated. Many Indians are leftconcerned about the country's future.

1964年5月27日，印度的总理尼赫鲁因心脏病而去世，他被火化后放在了甘地陵，甘地的骨灰也被放在了那里。

January 19, 1966


  
Nehru'sdaughter, Indira Gandhi, becomes the first female prime minister of thecountry. She is assassinated in 1984. Her son, Rajiv, who succeeds her in 1984, will also be killed in an assassination.

1966年的1月19日，尼赫鲁的女儿——英迪拉甘地成为了印度的第一任女总理。她于1984年的时候，被锡克教徒暗杀身亡。而他的儿子拉吉夫甘地，在其后继任了印度的总理职位，但是最终也被暗杀身亡。

December 16, 1971



After a brutal and bloody war, East Pakistan gainsindependence from West Pakistan.It becomes the nation of Bangladesh, founded bySheikh Mujibur Rahman.

1971年12月16日，在经历了一番残酷的流血冲突之后，东部巴基斯坦从西部巴基斯坦独立出来。东部的巴基斯坦就是其后的孟加拉国，他是由谢赫·穆吉布·拉赫曼所建立的。

Seventy years have passed since India was divided and Pakistanwas born. And tensions have persisted between the two nuclear powers,especially over the disputed region of Kashmir - a picturesque region in theHimalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges.

从印巴分治以来，已经过去了70多年了。两个有核国家之间却依然保持着紧张的关系，尤其在喜马拉雅和阿拉昆仑山脉之间的克什米尔争议区。

Fourwars have been fought since 1947. The conflict in 1971 that led to the creationof Bangladesh, formerly known as East Pakistan, was the bloodiest of all。

自1947年以来，印巴之间已经发生了四场战争，1971年的印巴战争催生了孟加拉国 ，这个地区在此之前被称为东巴基斯坦。这是所有战争之中最血腥的一次。

Butthere have been glimmers of hope. When he was elected in 2014, Indian PrimeMinister Narendra Modi made various attempts to strike a bond with hiscountry's neighbor. He invited his Pakistani counterpart Nawaz Sharif to his inaugurationceremony in 2014. And the following year, a surprise stopover madehim the first Indian PMto visit Pakistan since 2004.

但是，局面也不都是糟糕的。在2014年的时候，莫迪当选为印度总理，他做了很多的努力尝试着去强化与邻国之间的关系。他邀请他的竞争对手——巴基斯坦的总理纳瓦兹·谢里夫来参加他的就职典礼。在2015年，有一个令人惊喜的变化发生了——印度总理自2004年之后再次访问了巴基斯坦。

Relationshave gone back and forth between attempts at dialogue and frequent spats acrossthe Kashmiri line of control.Partition was about enabling peace. But afterseven decades, this goal is yet to be achieved.

两国之间的关系开始解冻，印巴关于克什米尔控制线的问题也开始进行相互磋商。这个地区正在努力达成和平。在印巴分治的70年之后，这个目标看起来依然感觉很遥远。