遇到同样的欧洲殖民者，为什么中国人和日本人没有像美洲的部落那样遭受他们所带来的疾病的折磨呢? [美国媒体]

Why did Japanese/Chinese people who met Europeans not suffer from disease the way tribes in the Americas did?

遇到同样的欧洲殖民者，为什么中国人和日本人没有像美洲的部落那样遭受他们所带来的疾病的折磨呢?



Did they have immunity already? I don't remember reading anything about massive outbreaks of sickness when Europeans arrived in Asia, South East Asia and Japan. But first contact with Native Americans seems to have resulted in massive devastation of local populations. Why?

他们已经有免疫力了吗? 我不记得读过任何能够说明欧洲人抵达亚洲、东南亚和日本时，有大规模疾病爆发的文献材料。但是，欧洲人第一次与美国原住民的接触似乎导致了原住民的大规模死亡。这是为什么呢?

sstefanovv
long story short: Asia, Europe & possibly (northern) Australia was in frequent (indirect) contact through trade and thus diseases spread back and forth a lot, creating a combined disease pool.
Most notoriously would be for example the black plague, having been brought to Europe by the Mongolians from asia.
The Americas on the other hand was almost completely isolated aside from some sporadic contact before colonization. their diseasepool was a lot different than the Eurasian one.

长话短说：亚洲、欧洲，可能包括的澳大利亚（北部）之间通过贸易频繁地接触（间接地），因此疾病来回传播，形成了一个混合的疾病库。
比如说，最臭名昭着的是黑死病，最早它是由亚洲的蒙古人从亚洲带到欧洲的。
而另一方面，美洲在殖民化之前除了一些零星的接触之外，几乎是完全孤立的。他们的疾病库与欧亚大陆有很大不同。

TienKehan
Wasn't it recently discovered that Indigenous Australiens had genetic influence from India dating back to about 4200 years ago?

最近不是发现澳洲原住民有4200年前来自印度的遗传基因吗？

korpy_vapr
Interesting, Can you please share your source please?

有趣，你能分享你的消息来源吗？

TienKehan
https://www.nature.com/news/genomes-link-aboriginal-australians-to-indians-1.12219
Sure, here is the link.

https://www.nature.com/news/genomes-link-aboriginal-australians-to-indians-1.12219
可以啊，这就是链接。
（链接内的主要内容）

Some aboriginal Australians can trace as much as 11% of their genomes to migrants who reached the island around 4,000 years ago from India, a study suggests. Along with their genes, the migrants brought different tool-making techniques and the ancestors of the dingo, researchers say.

一项研究表明，一些澳大利亚土着居民的基因组中有11%可以追溯到大约4000年前从印度来到该岛的移民。研究人员表示，这些移民连同他们的基因，带来了不同的工具制造技术和澳洲野狗的祖先。

This scenario is the result of a large genetic analysis outlined today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It contradicts a commonly held view that Australia had no contact with the rest of the world between the arrival of the first humans around 45,000 years ago and the coming of Europeans in the eighteenth century.

这是《美国国家科学院院刊》刊登出的一项大型基因分析的结果。人们普遍认为，在大约45,000年前第一批人类到达澳洲大陆之后，到十八世纪欧洲移民到来之间的这段时间里，澳大利亚一直是与世孤立的。而现在这项研究的结果与人们的这一普遍观点互相矛盾。

Demanter
Interesting. Was there any notable diseases passed on to Europeans from native Americans?
Also when you said northern australia are you meaning the aboriginees or indonesians?

有意思。有没有什么病是由美洲原住民传染给欧洲人呢？还有，你说的澳大利亚北部是指澳洲原住民或者印尼人吗？

loveshisbuds
Syphilis is thought to be a disease taken back from the New World.

梅毒被认为就是由新大陆带回欧洲的。

mference123
Fascinating. I had no idea.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_syphilis

真是令人着迷啊。我一点儿都不知道啊。

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_syphilis
engr2454
Ahhh wikipedia, the true fountain of knowledge

呵呵。。。维基百科啊，才是知识的源泉啊。

mference123
Simply the most accessible to us plebes. Please advise me on a more reliable online source in history.
Are you aware that most esoteric entries in Wikipedia are the result of college exercises overseen by professors to expand the accuracy of the site?

对于我们普通人来说，这是最容易得到的渠道。请告诉我一个更可靠的、有关历史方面的在线资源。
你知道为了提高网站的准确性，维基百科上最深奥难懂的条目都是大学教授监督的吗?

RobBrown4PM
Malaria and other tropical diseases wrecked havok on Europeans before and during the colonization period

疟疾和其他热带疾病在欧洲殖民时期之前以及殖民期间就已经肆虐于欧洲了。

leviathonlx
Malaria isn't a New World disease though and was so bad in the Roman Empire that it was called Roman Fever and is attributed to its decline.

但是疟疾不是来自新大陆的疾病，在罗马帝国时四处肆虐以至于它也被称作罗马热病，也是罗马帝国衰败的原因。

Anarcho-Totalitarian
It has been suggested that syphilis came from the Native Americans.

有证据显示疟疾来自美洲原住民。

lawyerjsd
Although we refer to Europe, Asia, and Africa as separate continents, they're all connected via landmass, and have been interconnected for thousands of years. During the height of the Bronze Age, Greek (European) olive oil was traded for Egyptian (African) gold and grain, or Afghan (Asian) tin. So, diseases could travel throughout the populations and those populations could develop immunities.

虽然我们把欧洲、亚洲和非洲称为独立的大陆，但它们都是在陆地上连接着，并数千年来他们之间一直存在某种形式的互通。在青铜时代的鼎盛时期，希腊(欧洲)的橄榄油被用来交换埃及(非洲)的黄金和谷物，或者阿富汗(亚洲)的锡。因此，疾病可能通过人群得到传播，进而这些人发展出免疫力。

quaz1mod
Your premise is shaky, as the "Black Death" traveled from Asia to Europe, then back again. The Silk Road worked both ways to carry pathogens between Europe and Asia, along with sea routes. Also, many diseases jump from domestic animals to humans, and many of the same animals were present in both Asia and Europe. There were no pigs, chickens, cows, or horses in the Americas. I'm guessing that may have had some effect as well (I'm no scientist).

你所说的前提是不可靠的，因为“黑死病”从亚洲肆虐到欧洲，然后又回到亚洲。丝绸之路以及海上丝绸之路在欧洲和亚洲之间传播病原体的过程中起到了双向作用。此外，许多疾病从家畜传染给人类，而这样的动物在亚洲和欧洲都有。美洲没有猪、鸡、牛或马。我想这些可能也有一定的影响 (我不是科学家哦)。

RomanStashkov
Yes this is exactly why. Diseases natural to a species don't tend to kill the species unless they're already very weak (the cold is a natural human disease) but when a disease crosses over to another species it can be very deadly. This is a very unlikely event but unsanitary conditions and close proximity between animals and humans makes it more likely.
Also this is a bit off topic but the lack of domesticable animals in north America and southern Africa is why those areas were less developed than Europe and Asia. Once you could have an animal help plow a field or carry a burden then it freed other people up to do things other than food production. Once that happens natural human ingenuity takes over and you get philosophy metalworking, pottery and all sorts of specialisation.

是的，这才是准确的原因。一个物种的自然疾病往往不会杀死这个物种，除非它们本身就已经很虚弱了(感冒是人类的自然疾病)，但是当一种疾病传播到另一个物种中时，它可能是非常致命的。这是一个可能性很低的事件，但是不卫生的环境以及动物和人类之间的近距离接触使这样的事有更大的可能性发生。
这有点离题，但北美和南非缺乏家畜，这就是为什么这些地区不如欧洲和亚洲发达。一旦你能让动物帮忙犁地或搬运重物，它就能让其他人去做除了食物生产以外的事情。一旦这样，人类的聪明才智就会占据主导地位，你就会得到哲学、金属加工、陶器和各种专业知识。

Atharaphelun
You may notice that Europe, Asia, and Africa are part of the same landmass, while the Americas are a completely separate, disconnected landmass. Conditions are thus completely different.

你可能会注意到，欧洲、亚洲和非洲是同一块大陆的不同部分，而美洲是一个完全独立的、没有与其他大陆相连的大陆。因此，条件是完全不同。

Clinically_Intrigued
The societies of Europe, North Africa, and Asia have been engaged in extensive trade for centuries. This continuous contact would have also spread communicable diseases, which over time the various societies would have acquired at least some immunity.
The case of Japan is interesting as it was fairly isolated even before the Tokugawa Shogunate. I heard in a Gresham College lecture on Youtube that an epidemic of smallpox in the eighth century may have killed about a third of the Japanese population at that time. Since Japan was at this time adopting certain Chinese customs and practices, it would appear that enough contact existing between them and other peoples of mainland Asia to spread disease. Interestingly, it does not appear that Japan was affected by the bubonic plague in the fourteenth century, although by this time Japan was likely weary of a Mongol-dominated East Asia and did not allow much contact. I imagine that the Japanese must have had enough general immunity to prevent the kinds of demographic catastrophes experienced in the Americas.

欧洲、北非和亚洲的社会几个世纪以来一直从事广泛的贸易活动。这种不断的接触也会传播传染病，随着时间的推移，各种社会怎么也能获得一些免疫力。
日本的情况很有趣，因为它在德川幕府之前相当地与世孤立。我在Youtube上的讲座上听说，八世纪的一场传染病天花的爆发可能导致当时三分之一的日本人口死亡。由于当时日本采用了中国的某些习俗和做法，所以似乎他们与亚洲大陆其他人之间存在着足够多的接触，从而让疾病得以传播。有趣的是，日本似乎并不受14世纪黑死病的影响，尽管此时日本可能已经厌倦了蒙古人主导的东亚，不允许彼此之间太多的接触。我想，日本人一定有足够的免疫力来抵抗在美洲发生的人口灾难。

Bakanogami
They're on the same continent. Even if they rarely talked directly, there were still plenty of vectors for them to share the same diseases, such as the silk road and indian ocean trade. The bubonic plague hit China before it came to Europe.
If you're looking for an old-world group that was largely cut off, you'd be better looking at sub-saharan Africa instead of East Asia.

他们在同一个大陆上。即使他们很少直接交谈，但对他们来说，仍然有很多的病菌携带者来传播同样的疾病，如丝绸之路和印度洋贸易。黑死病在进入欧洲之前就已经在中国肆虐了。
如果你正在寻找一个基本上被隔绝的、来自旧世界的某个地方，你最好去看看撒哈拉以南的非洲，而不是东亚。

Cozret
Because there have been trade routes between Europe and Asia since before recorded history?

因为在历史上有文字记录之前，欧洲和亚洲之间就有贸易往来了吗?

WindForestFireMtn
Japan had been in contact with Europeans for centuries and had occasional outbreaks such as Cholera. But maybe since the contacts were in smaller numbers, they could have only affected small populations?

几个世纪以来，日本一直与欧洲人接触，偶尔爆发霍乱等疾病。但也许因为接触者的人数较少，他们可能只会影响到一小部分人?