为什么中国人倾向于用“中国VS西方/外国”的二分法角度看待世界？ [美国媒体]

-------------译者：龙龖龘-审核者：高斯------------

Why does China/Chinese people tend to perceive the world in a dichotomous view as "China vs the rest/the West"?

为什么中国人倾向于用“中国VS西方/外国”的二分法角度看待世界？


-------------译者：668-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Kevin Sun Get a bachelor degree of economics in China and lived there for 20 years.
Answered 20h ago
It relates to the statistic fact mordern Chinese mentality and Asian culture.

这涉及到统计学事实，现代中国人的心态和亚洲文化。

Statistically China is a huge country with 1.3 billion population. Chinese Poplulation = 2* EU. Population + a U.S. Popupaltion

据统计数据显示，中国是一个拥有13亿人口的大国，中国的人口=2倍的英国人口+1倍的美国人口

Victim mentality due to the humiliation of Chinese history in the past 200 years. (Being invaded and conolized being and forced to be isolated the history between 1840–1949 was considered as humiliation by the most Chinese.)

这种受害者心态归根于中国过去200年的屈辱史（被侵略、殖民、孤立，大多数中国人认为1840年-1949年的这段历史是中国的屈辱史）

Eastern Asian culture. I’m living in Japan. I’m always hearing Japanese people saying Japan and kaigai(overseas). “Japan is like bla bla bla kaigai is like blablabla” I corrected them that there is no foreign country called oversea. There are about 200 countries overseas.

东亚文化，我现在住在日本，我经常听到日本人说关于日本和海外的事情，“日本怎么怎么样，海外怎么怎么样。”我纠正他们说国外没有一个叫海外的国家，海外大约有200个国家。

Mervyn Locke Enlightened laowai/Decade-long China resident/Permanent China bull
Answered 21h ago
Probably because China is a big country - if you’re from San Marino this wouldn’t make sense as you would then depend on the world in a totally different fashion. Second Chinese people are quite nationalistic fiercely defending their national interests and domestic policy.

可能是因为中国是一个大国，如果你来自圣马力诺，你可能无法理解 。 因为你会用一种完全不同的方式去看待世界。第二，中国人相当的民族主义，狂热地保护他们的民族利益和国内政策。

 -------------译者：fdv-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Collin Anthony Spears I be known' thangs 'bout dat Middle Kingdom...yep...
Answered 14h ago
As some have pointed out it is historic and demographic.

有些人已经指出这是由历史和人口原因造成的。



Huaxia are the ancestors of the Han Chinese the majority ethnic group in China today (like ~90% of China so ~1 billion people).

华夏是汉族中国人的祖先，目前也是中国主要的族群，大约占中国人口的90%，10亿多。

As the Han spread out from the Yellow River in all directions they constantly found themselves encountering various “barbarians” people usually people who were less advanced technologically not literate or not settled agriculturalist in almost every case they looked down on these people and usually had some conflict with them especially the people to their north and west.

当汉族人从黄河开始向四周发展时，他们不断的遇到各种各样的“蛮夷”人，这些人通常不先进，没文化，或者是游民。在几乎所有的情况下，汉族人看不起蛮夷通常会和他们发生争斗，尤其是在北方和西方的蛮夷。

-------------译者：yoy119-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Someone mentioned that America and all large nations have some xenophobia. That is true but this is a difference of degree not kind. America’s history is not as long so we know our ancestors came from somewhere else in recent history. We also have far more immigration especially in major urban areas which causes conflict but at the same time I think in some ways temper xenophobia. America is a large country so tends to be inward looking but that is not the same as xenophobia.

一些人谈到美国和所有大国都有某种的恐外心理。这是真的，但是在程度上有差异。美国的历史没有那么长，我们都知道自己最近的祖先来自何方。在主要的城市地带，我们还有许多外来移民，那里纷争不断，但是同时，我认为这种方式也缓和了恐外心理。美国是个大国，因此趋向于内向，不过这和恐外心理是两回事。

Unlike some large Western nations most people’s ancestors have been in China or “became Han” or “were Han” since before modern memory. They did not migrate to some place else. China has also not received significant immigration since the Yuan Dynasty (700 years ago)…most of the non-Han ethnic groups are conquered peoples or people who found themselves surrounded by Han and someone acculturated. Most of them live in border areas and do not look significantly different from their Han neighbors. That means that most Han even when they encounter non-Han people they don’t see a great difference in appearance more so a slight difference in culture and maybe a difference in language or wealth.

和一些大的西方国家不同的是，在现代的记忆之前，（中国）大多数人的祖先已经生活在中国，或“汉化”或“本身就是汉人”。他们没有移居到其他地方。自元朝起（700年以前）中国也没有大规模接受外来移民。大多数的非汉族群体都是被征服的人们，或者是那些被汉人和汉化的人所包围的人们。他们大多数人生活在边缘地带，外表看起来和他们的汉人邻居没有显着的不同。这意味着，大多数的汉人甚至当他们看到非汉人的时候也不会在外表上看出多大的不同，顶多有一点文化上的差异，也可能有一些语言或者富裕程度上的差异。

-------------译者：fdv-审核者：LOLYASASIN------------

Language

语言

The Chinese language is based on characters and characters have meaning. Most English speakers don’t think about the root meaning of the words they use on a daily basis but Chinese constantly see it because most complex Chinese words are obvious compounds.

中文是基于汉字的，汉字又都是有含义的。大多数讲英语的人不会去思考他们日常所用的单词的根本意思，但是中国人会频繁去了解，因为大多数复杂的中文词组是明显的混合词组。

Foreigner -老外， 外国人
Foreign country - 外国
Domestic - 国内
International/foreign - 国际， 国外
China - 中国

Most of these word have nouns and then an adjective that indicates direction.

这些词中大多数有个名词+一个指示方位的形容词。

国 - country
外 - outside foreign beyond
内 - inside internal
际 - border edge
中 - central middle inside

if there was ever a language designed to emphasize “us and them” it is Chinese.

如果有一种语言着重强调“我们和他们”，那一定是中文。

-------------译者：fdv-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Education
Nationalistic education that teaches Chinese people they have a superior and old culture but at the same time have been robbed of their prestige and ruined by “foreigners” (Westerns Japanese) since the 19th century. So basically they are the greatest people on earth and victims at the same time but also destined to be recognized and respected again as the greatest (not sure they were ever recognized world wide as the greatest as the world was not configured that way until recently but whatever).

民族主义教育教中国人他们拥有优越而古老的文化，但同时这些从19世纪起被“外国”（西方和日本）强盗抢去和毁掉。基本上，他们认为自己是地球上最伟大的人，同时也是最大的受害者，但是注定又要重回巅峰。（层主不确定‘中国曾被认定是世界上最伟大的国家’直到近些年还没有形成共识，但这又怎样）

You can see how all this creates a type of toxic nationalism that often borders on racialism/ethnic supremacy and I’m afraid it is actually getting worse in China.

从中你可以看到这一切是如何创造出一种有毒的民族主义的，这种民族主义几乎就是种族主义/民族至上主义了，恐怕中国的民族主义会变得更糟糕。

-------------译者：fdv-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

What’s funny is that in Confucius’ time he said the difference between barbarians and the Chinese (Hua (华) and Yi (夷)) was li (礼) - basically cultural norms it was not biology per se. Many former “barbarians” in recorded Chinese history even people who were previously racially distinct (like Sogdians: 粟特) were absorbed into the Han.

有趣的是在孔子那个时代，孔子说野蛮人（蛮夷）和中国人（华夏）的区别在于"礼"——基本上是基于其文化标准而不是基于血统。许多记录在中国历史中的前“野蛮人”，即使是不同种族的，如粟特都被汉族吸收了。

Overtime maybe in part (but not totally) thanks to ethno-nationalism that came out of Europe in the 19th century Chinese people began to solidify “race” in a way that was not done previously. They went about “grouping ethnic groups” that were only marginally related as well until you got the 56 or so officially recognized groups. At this time you became Han by “blood” not by “culture” and this ethno-nationalism was a key component of the first Republic under Sun Yat Sen.

也许在某种程度上（不是完全的），由于在19世纪欧洲民族主义的兴起，中国开始以一种前所未有的方式来巩固“种族”。他们也对只有轻微联系的族群分类，直到有了大约56个官方认可的民族。此时，你依靠血统变成汉人，而不是依靠文化。这种民族主义也是孙中山领导的第一个共和体制中国的关键组成部分。

 -------------译者：Rockonmarco-审核者：ltlily------------

Greg Blandino works at Beijing China
Answered 21h ago
Part of it is language: 国外，外国人，老外 (outside of the country outside-country person and “old outsider”) are in direct contrast to 国内，中国人 （inside the country Chinese）. Linguistically Chinese define the world as such and in common use these sort of distinctions are seen as meaningful. There is a China and then there is a “outside-China” filled with “outside-Chinese.” When it is common to casually lix those 6.5 billion not-Chinese into one big lump for everything of course when people talk about international politics those concepts will be carried over.

在他们的语言中，“国外、外国人、老外”是正好和“国内、中国人”的意思相对的。从语言学角度上来说，中国人用这样简短的区别去定义这个世界，有着意味深长的意义。这里是中国，而这里有个“外国”一个充满了“除中国人以外的人”的地方，笼统的把除中国以外的所有6.5亿人归为一类。当然的，这种理念也会体现在当他们讨论国际政治的时候。

It is not just “foreigners” either but the Chinese habit of using family and age in society affects how they view international relations as well with certain countries being “big brothers” and “daddies” while other ones being well not “big brothers” and “daddies.” Language influences thought which influences how people view the world as a whole.

这不仅仅是个“里/外”的概念，也是中国人的一种习惯，利用家庭和年龄来看待国际关系，将强大的国家看做“哥哥国”或“爸爸国”，而其他（弱小的）国家则不是。语言习惯影响中国人看待世界的思维。

The concept of “the West” is also big here as one big amorphous mass although it is often just used interchangeable with America for the most part (to the constant chagrin and frustration of Europeans and the silent and not-so-silent amusement of Americans). The West is distant distant philosophically and spatially and thus it is rather natural for the Chinese to lump it all together as one big mass. You see this a lot in America too with “Confucian Cultures” being used to lump together a whole bunch of very different countries.

“西方世界”的概念也是一样笼统，并且经常用来指代美国（不论美国对此表达默许或反对，欧洲人都会不开心）。欧洲和美洲不管是哲学意义上还是现实意义上距离中国都如此遥远，也不怪中国人把其他国家都混为一谈了。其实你也可以看到美国也把“儒家文化”作为每一个东亚国家的标签，尽管那些国家各自间有着很大的差异。

-------------译者：yoy119-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Simon Gao B.A. Liberal Arts St. John's College (2020)
Answered 19h ago
There are mainly 3 reasons:

这里有三个原因：

Natural Xenophobia that exists in every culture/nation: Ancient Greeks called non-Greeks “barbarians” Old Testament distinguis Jewish people from all other people many Americans also view the world in a US/Us’s allies/US’s enemy view and pay less respect to Asians or other colored people than to white people. Xenophobia exists naturally in every society that is not diverse and equal enough. No exception for China.
Historical reasons and nationalistic education: Because the communist government use national stability as an excuse to justify their authoritarian regime 100 years of humiliation plays a key role in Chinese history education. Even having that in mind I still feel hurt when I see any scar (e.g. The Old Summer Palace) “the west” left for China not to mention historical facts like Britain invading China when China banned opium trade and Japan invading China with fake casus belli and commiting the “"rape of Nanjing”. The history made Chinese people unable to fully trust the rest of the world yet people are being ignorant of their past mistakes and still antagonizing China. This leads to the third reason.

天生的仇外性存在于每一个文明/国家：古代希腊人把非希腊人称作“野蛮人”。《旧约圣经》将犹太人与所有其他人区别开来。许多美国人也用一种美国/美国盟友/美国敌人的方式看待世界，并且相比白人而言不大尊重亚洲人或者其他有色人种。仇外性天然地存在于每一个不够多元和平等的社会，中国也不例外。
历史原因和国家至上教育：因为Tg政府用国家稳定作为他们保持独裁政体的借口；百年耻辱在中国人的历史教育中扮演了重要角色。即使心里认识到了这些（原因），当我看到任何“西方”留给中国的历史创伤（例如圆明园），我还是感到刺痛，更别提其他的历史事实，如中国人禁止鸦片贸易时英国人的入侵，还有日本人用伪造的开战理由进攻中国并且犯下“南京大屠杀”罪行。历史使得中国人不能完全信任世界上的其他国家，而（其他国家）人们又总是对他们过去的错误轻描淡写并且继续敌视中国，这是第三个原因。

-------------译者：fdv-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Constant media attack from the rest of world: because China has a limited freedom of speech most people were not exposed to media that antagonizes China so when they look at western media like BBC CNN Reuters even reasonable criticism seems intentionally slanderous not to mention unreasonable attacks. Therefore Chinese people think that it’s the western world that has a problem with China (sometimes it’s true) not them having problem with the western world.
In conclusion all 3 reasons point to one thing: mutual ignorance between China and the rest of the world. If both side can be more open to diversity and take time trying to understand each other rather than picking meaningless fight we all would be promoting world peace.
，
不断来自世界其他地方的媒体攻击：因为中国限制言论自由，大多数人不能接触到那些敌视中国的媒体。所以当他们看到西方媒体，如BBC，CNN 路透社，尽管是一些合理的批评看上去也似乎是故意诽谤，更不用说那些不合理的言论攻击了。因而中国人认为这是西方国家看待中国有问题（有时是对的），而不是他们看待西方国家有问题。
总之，3个理由都指向一件事：中国和世界其他国家对彼此都无知。假如双方都以更开放的态度去对待彼此的差异，花时间去相互了解彼此而不是进行毫无意义的争斗，我们将促进世界更加和平。

-------------译者：fdv-审核者：ltlily------------

Casanova Escobano studied at The University of Texas at El Paso
Answered 7h ago
SImple answer. It is the ideology that works for the ruling party. China is not a homogenous nation/people. In fact it is made up of historically different countries kingdoms and tribes Even today various areas speak their own dialect and/or language. Creating a China vs. the World dichtonomy was one way for the CCP to unite the populace into uniting for a common goal. The whole idea that “we may be from different ethnic backgrounds but we are still Chinese and everyone else is still the “other” or “foreigner”.

简单点说：这是执政党需要的意识形态。中国不是个同质的民族，实际上它是由历史上不同的王国和部落组成的，即使是今天，很多地区都拥有他们自己的方言/语言。创造出中国 VS 全世界 二分法是CCP用来联合大众团结起来实现一个共同目标的途径。整体上大致是“我们或许有不同的种族背景，但是我们都是中国人，其他人是外国人”

Many countries do this. It’s kind of like the US and it’s idea of “fighting and protecting its freedom”. It’s an ideology to rally the populace around.

许多国家也做过类似的事。这和美国‘维护自由，为自由而战’类似，这是一种凝聚民众的意识形态。

 -------------译者：fdv-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Troy Herrera Animal Technician at Baylor College of Medicine (2016-present)
Answered 21h ago
It's actually the opposite. Having lived in both the US and China I can tell you that more Americans have uninformed views of China than Chinese have of America. Many Americans believe China to be a communist hell hole akin to the USSR in their glory days. Meanwhile plenty of Chinese view the US in admiration whether it be because of NBA stars less crowded cities etc.

实际上是相反的。我在美国和中国都呆过，我可以告诉你，美国对中国的无知比中国对美国的要多。大多数美国人相信中国是个共产主义地狱，跟前苏联一样。同时很多中国人是羡慕向往美国的，不管是基于美国有很多NBA球星还是不怎么拥挤的城市等理由。

Elena Ledoux Founder (2017-present)
Answered 12h ago
One of the oldest tricks of governing an immense country and controlling a vast amount of people is to unite them against a common enemy. It’s very effective as far fewer people are going to turn their gaze inward and ask their own government uncomfortable questions when there is a formidable enemy outside.

管理一个巨大的国家和控制广大人民的一个古老的伎俩就是把他们联合起来，对付共同的敌人。这是非常有效的，因为当存在一个强大的外敌时，很少有人会把目光转向国内，向政府提不合宜的问题。