太空战：中美会因为资源而发生冲突吗？ [美国媒体]

-------------译者：normalone-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------



The end of 2015 witnessed three seemingly unrelated developments: the establishment of a space hotline between Washington and Beijing, the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (Space Act), and the positive decision on jurisdiction by the arbitration court in Manila’s suit against Beijing concerning the South China Sea. The hotline seeks to minimize incidents arising from satellite operations and ASAT tests, while the legislation could pave the way to private exploration and exploitation of natural resources, including asteroid mining. The court decision, however, means that China’s claims and activities in the South China Sea will come under the scrutiny of an international judiciary. The question is whether the current confrontation between China and the United States concerning the legal status of the South China Sea is a harbinger of things to come in the space commons.

在过去的2015年里，我们见证了三场似乎毫无关联的事件发展：华盛顿和北京太空热线的建立，美国太空发射商业竞争化法案的实行（大致内容是：授权NASA继续维持和运作国际空间站到2024年，期间可以从事一些商业项目，并放开对私人公司太空探索牌照的限制。https://www.cbo.gov/node/50323），以及国际法庭对中菲南海主权争议案的受理。中美太空热线的建立是为了把两国卫星运行和反卫星武器测试引起的摩擦降到最低；与此同时，新法案的实行为私人太空探索和自然资源（比如到小行星采矿）开发铺平了路；而国际法庭的决定，意味着中国对南海的主权要求和行动将在国际法官的监督之下。现在要担心的是，中国和美国因南海主权争端引起的对峙，是否会是中美太空冲突的一个预兆呢？

-------------译者：ooohmygod-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Two contradictory aspects of space have significant bearing on this question. Space has long been seen in military terms—the ultimate ‘high ground’ from which to master other battlefields. But space law has derived to a great extent from the law of the sea, including the key principle that the high seas (waters beyond twelve nautical miles from a country’s shores) can’t be appropriated by any nation, being open to navigation by ships of any flag. Thus, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST) reads that “Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.” The passage has prompted much controversy, since it’s unclear whether it restricts or even bans the exploitation of natural resources from the Moon, asteroids and other celestial bodies, given that the treaty also says space “shall be free for exploration and use by all States.”

有关太空的两个矛盾因素及大地影响了这个问题。军事用语中常常会出现太空因素－作为征服其它战场的终极“制高点”。但是太空法很大程度是衍生自海洋法，包括核心原则，即公海（离海岸线12海里以外的水域）不可以被任何国家据为己有，悬挂任意旗帜的任何船只都有航行自由。因此，外层空间条约写道：“外太空，包含月亮和其它天体，都不得由任何国家通过声明主权、使用、占用或其他任何方法来进行管制。”这段话激起了巨大争议，鉴于它提到太空“可以被所有国家自由的开发使用”，而并没有明确地约束或禁止对月亮、小行星及其它星体的自然资源的开发。


-------------译者：老子是主谋-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

TDog • 15 hours ago
Treaties are only adhered to so long as it is advantageous to do so. Expect one nation or the other to cite precedent and treaty obligations while it suits them and then ignore them or engage in legalese when it doesn't.

只有在有利可图的情况下人们才遵守条约。只有在符合本国利益的情况下，一个国家才会旁征先例和博引条约，而如果对本国无益的话，就会忽视这些条约或者用法律术语避开。
 
Spectator of Geopolitics • 15 hours ago
There is only one known resource in the outer space and it is already regulated, that is the only geostationary orbit, about 36000km above the surface of the equator of the earth. Since there is a minimum spacing, which is two adjacent satellites have to remain about 1 degree apart, there is a maximum number of satellites that can stay in the orbit at the same time, 360. The actual number of listed ones is over 400. Active ones: 200+.

 外太空只有一种已知的成熟空间资源，那就是唯一的对地静止轨道，大概距赤道36000公里远。既然两个卫星之间有最短间距，也就是说两个临近的卫星应该保持一度的距离，那么能同时在对地静止轨道上的卫星就应该有一个最大数，即360.但实际上这个数量有400多个，活跃的都有200多个了。

As of the rest, there may be coordinated effort to avoid collision. It is not as tight as Air Traffic Control, but there are too many objects, some are wastes. There was a reported collision: 2009 satellite collision

至于其他的，应该有协调措施来防止卫星碰撞。不像飞机交通管理那么严谨，因为太空中有太多物体了，包括一些太空垃圾。2009年就报道出了一例碰撞事故。

-------------译者：normalone-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------


Springfire • 14 hours ago
No one is expecting US to stick to any treaty. Americans are documented liars. They sign the treaty with China to say that they will not supply Taiwan with advanced weapons but they continue to do so. They try to fool the world on Iraqis WMD.

 没有人期望美国会遵守任何协议。美国人的不守信用已有前车之鉴了。他们曾与中国签订条约，承诺不再给台湾提供先进武器，但他们仍然提供；他们还试图在伊拉克的大规模杀伤性武器问题上愚弄全世界。

They can't be trusted to do anything.

 他们不值得被信任做任何事。
 
Spectator of Geopolitics • 16 hours ago
which furthermore provides a tripwire, with states often ready to use non-lethal force while remaining prudent not to open fire on each other’s personnel.

 此外，就是使绊子。国与国之间博弈经常会使用不致命的手段，会保持小心谨慎不去开枪杀死对方的人员。

The rogue state, the Philippines has repeatedly opened fire on fishermen from other countries.

 但是像菲律宾这样的无赖国家，已经屡次对其他国家的渔民开火了。
 
Jose Rizal  Spectator of Geopolitics • 5 hours ago
Hahahahahaha, what a great bullshiter you are, and Springfire is actually describing China with extreme precision.

回复楼上：哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈，你TM在胡说八道什么？另外，Springfire（楼上上）对中国的描述倒是挺准确。
 
Spectator of Geopolitics  Jose Rizal • 4 hours ago
Wasn't what I said truth?

回复楼上：难道我说的不是事实吗？

-------------译者：normalone-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------
 
O_Pinion • 32 minutes ago
Lucky that the US got to the moon first rather than the 9 dash line guys. Otherwise the plaque that says"we came in peace for all mankind", would say "China have moon festival for long time so this rock ours"

 幸好是美国先登上月球而不是那个九段线仔（中国）。否则，留在月球上的铭牌上不会写“我们为全人类的和平而来”，而是写“中国自古以来就有中秋节，所以这块石头（月球）是我们的。”
 
WHOHE • 15 hours ago
We already own space.

 我们已经拥有太空了。
 
Michael Nunez • 15 hours ago
Using the SCS for an example , Confrontation is just a matter of Time .

 以南中国海为例，（太空）对峙仅仅是时间问题。
 
Terry "Death to Equality" Xu • 15 hours ago
Ultimately it'll come down to habitation. Wherever people live, there will be claims and delineations of territory

 最终，就连住宅都要划界。不论人们住在哪里，他们的所在之地都会被索取主权和划界。

I can see a future with international space, similar to international waters - but if humans were ever to actually live on the moon, there's going to some form of sovereignty one way or another

 我能够预见到以后的国际太空就像现在的国际海域一样（纷争不断）——但是如果人类真的在月球永久性的定居，那将会出现某些形式的主权国家或者其他东西。

Maybe the colonists will declare independence, who knows?

可能这些殖民者会宣布独立，谁知道呢？（像美国一样吗，有意思的想法） 

As far as economics goes, nations will probably stake out ownership, but not sovereignty. Kind of like how countries can own mines abroad without exercising legal jurisdiction over them

经济一直在发展，（地球上的）国家可能会对月球实行股份制，而不是以主权国家形式存在。这有点像是，国家可以拥有海外矿山却没有那些地区的司法权。

-------------译者：normalone-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

JayWye  Terry "Death to Equality" Xu • 11 hours ago
"The Moon is a Harsh Mistress",by Robert Anson Heinlein.
One of my most favorite sci-fi books. TANSTAAFL.

回复楼上：罗伯特·海因莱恩写的《严厉的月亮》，是我最喜欢的科幻小说之一。没有免费的午餐。

the Sci-fi genre is full of books and stories about space law,space piracy,space war,etc.

 书里充满了科幻的气息，故事里囊括了：太空法律，太空海盗，太空战争等因素。（地球流放罪犯到月球，最后月球闹独立，月球版的独立战争）
 
JayWye • 11 hours ago
the Moon is the "high ground",an excellent observation and weapons platform overlooking the entire Earth,and at the top of a steep gravity slope. Easy to defend and difficult to attack. The Outer Space Treaty will be discarded once the first nation that develops the capability to make regular flights to the Moon establishes a manned base there.

月球是一个“制高点”，一个绝佳的观察站，一个俯瞰着整个地球的武器平台，一个陡峭斜坡的顶点——易守难攻。一旦，有国家率先发展出正式的月球作战部队，并且在月球上面建立基地驻军，所谓的外太空条约将会被抛弃。