quora网友: 为什么中国比印度富有?印度和越南能从中学到什么?

why is China richer than India? What lessons can India and Vietnam learn?

为什么中国比印度富有?印度和越南能从中学到什么?

QUORA网站读者评论：

来源：三泰虎       http://www.santaihu.com/45936.html    译者：Joyceliu

外文链接：https://www.quora.com/Why-is-China-richer-than-India-What-lessons-can-India-and-Vietnam-learn

 

Kshitiz Sinha, lived in India

1-Good Jury system -i have visited china last year , i will definetly say that one of the main reason of their sucess is their jury system , unlike india where a single judgment will takes year to come .

1-优秀的陪审团制度-我去年访问过中国，我敢肯定地说，他们成功的主要原因之一是他们的陪审团制度，不像印度，一个判决需要拖上一年的时间。

ex even we have full proof that kasab is involve in mumbai blast but even his hanging leter takes year to come

例如，即使我们有充分的证据证明卡萨布参与了孟买爆炸事件，但即使他的绞刑令也耗费了一年的时间才下达

b- you already know the case of salman khan ]

b-你已经知道萨尔曼汗的情况了吧

2-Strict law

2-严格的法

3–Corporrative people- i want to give you one example of india their are some pepole who always mock modi that he help adani and ambani to grow , some time i fell shame when i heard this statment , pepole of india do not want to grow indians what is wrong if he is helping the indian company to grow into mnc . we are happy that our indian pepole are CEO of big company like microsoft , google but we not want that indian should have their own mncs ! please my indian fellows we have to come out froum this habbit .

3-公司法人-我想给你一个例子,印度一些人们总是嘲笑莫迪他帮助印度阿达尼和阿巴尼发展壮大，有时当我听到这个说法时，我感到很羞愧，印度人不想发展，如果他帮助印度公司成长为跨国公司，有什么问题呢。我们很高兴我们的印度人是像微软，谷歌这样的大公司的CEO，但我们不希望印度人拥有自己的跨国公司!拜托，我的印度同胞们，我们必须从这个陋习中摆脱出来。

4-RESEARCH AND DEVLOPMENT

4-研究与发展

Gagandeep Shukla, India, its my identity.

I'm not numbers guy to give you figures.

我不是给你一堆数据的人。

But if our temples decide to give away their wealth to indian government, I am sure India would leap like anything. If not cross china, it would certainly be much much closer to china.

但如果我们的寺庙决定把他们的财富交给印度政府，我相信印度会迅速飞跃。就算超越不了中国，肯定也会离中国更近。

That's how much wealth the temples in India are sitting on.

这就是印度寺庙所坐拥的财富。

 

Bommisetty Venkateswara Rao

Corruption is the most major hurdle for the development of India and the role of politicians. Recently the Govt. of India took daring step to curtail the black money with the weapon of Demonisation but it didn't get success only because of the weaknesses of ruling politicians. With of this weapon common people suffered a lot but not any of the even low level of politicians. Even the GST also lead to malpractice because heavy taxation slabs. This also leads to corruption. Our present economic system is just but Bullock Cart speed system. So India never runs with China in development.

腐败是印度发展和政治家发挥作用的最大障碍。最近，印度政府采取了大胆的措施，用废钞令的武器来遏制黑钱，但它的成功并不仅仅是因为执政政客的弱点。这一武器让老百姓吃了不少苦头，连低级别的政客也吃不消。即使是商品及服务税也因课税过重而导致渎职。这也会导致腐败。我们目前的经济体制只不过是牛车速度的体质。所以印度从来没能和中国同步发展。

 

Ustransh Tamiri

China has more resources than India

中国比印度拥有更多的资源

China has better policies than India to monitor the expenditure of the money government grants, so less possibility of corruption and better control.

在监督政府拨款支出方面，中国的政策比印度更好，因此腐败的可能性更小，控制也更好。

China actually has punishment if you do something wrong, India's law system is just for the books. People will do any crime they want and get away with it. The case will go on for years without any result (to time constraint).

如果你做错了什么，在中国就会受到惩罚，而印度的法律体系只是纸上谈兵。人们会做任何他们想做的事，然后逍遥法外。案子会持续数年而没有任何结果(直到时间期限)。

China has controlled it's population crisis which India didn't.

中国已经控制了印度未能控制的人口危机。

India do not have much manufacturing in India, most of the things are mainly assembled only (which I think is about to change because of "made in India" policy) if it's implemented correctly.

印度在印度的制造业并不多，大部分产品主要是组装的(我认为由于“印度制造”的政策，这种情况将会改变)，如果它得到正确实施的话。

This is totally from an economical perspective but India has many things better than china especially liberty.

这完全是从经济角度来看的，但印度有很多东西比中国好，尤其是自由。

 

Kishor Shah, works at Self-Employment

Chinese economy is about 3.5 times that of India.

中国经济规模大约是印度的3.5倍。

 

Anshul Kumar Dhiman, works at Upwork

What is definition of "Richer" according to you...Richer in what...??? Money, Culture, Heritage, History????

在你看来，“更富有”的定义是什么?在哪方面更富有…? ? ?资金、文化、传统、历史? ? ? ?

 

Sanjay Kash

becoz China is China and India is still busy in politics

因为中国是中国，而印度仍然忙于政治

 

Michael, lives in China

Because India is a democracy country.

That's all .

因为印度是一个敏煮国家。

这解释了一切。

 

Gadiraju Venkata Padma Raju, works at Sagi Ramakrishnam Raju Engineering College

Freedom beyond limits makes us lazy, irresponsible.

超越界限的自由使我们懒惰、不负责任。

 

Mehul Narang

First of All difference between the gdp of India and China is of 8 trillion dollars i.e China 's gdp is 10 trillion dollars and India has just crossed 2 trillion dollar mark this year, I find this reason to be enough why China is richer than India. China has foreign exchange of 2 trillion dollars where as India only have 300 billion dollar approx

首先，印度和中国的GDP相差8万亿美元。中国的GDP是10万亿美元，而印度今年刚刚超过2万亿美元，我觉得这足够解释中国比印度富有了。中国有2万亿美元的外汇，而印度只有3000亿美元

 

Sk Singhal, former Employee at Central PSU

Our productivity is required to be improved upon. More over they have rich resources of natural gas more than 100 billion US dollar . They opened there economy in 1981. Of usa withdraws from china, china will not be able to pay back of there investments.

我们的生产力需要提高。此外，他们拥有丰富的天然气资源，超过1000亿美元。他们于1981年实行改革开放。如果美国撤出中国，中国将无力偿还这些投资。

 

Rounak Biswas, lived in India

The resolve and determination of the Chinese bureaucracy , the vast demography of Chinese people , the natural resources of a vast country helped in its uninterrupted double digit growth for nearly 3 decades. Therefor China which had a slightly less GDP than India in 1980 has 4 times our GDP now ( circa 2015).

中国官僚机构的决定和决心、庞大的人口结构、幅员辽阔的国家的自然资源，帮助中国实现了近30年来连续两位数的增长。因此，1980年GDP略低于印度的中国，现在GDP是印度的4倍(大约在2015年)。

 

Ranjam Arora, My nation

A simple reason, British exploited us and took us back from the world's largest economy to an underdeveloped state. But China was never really annexed in modern history and never was such an exploit. This is the reason China is better developed than India. After that the development spurge came much earlier in China (1970's) than India (2000's) thus leading to the higher development rate of China.

原因很简单，英国人剥削了我们，把我们从世界上最大的经济体变回一个欠发达的国家。但中国在现代历史上从未真正被吞并过，也从未被如此利用过。这就是中国比印度更发达的原因。在此之后，中国(20世纪70年代)的发展速度比印度(2000年)的发展速度要快得多，因此中国的发展速度更快。

May it had helped

但愿这个回答有用

 

Anonymous

It isn't, really.

中国并不比印度富裕，真的。

Wealth is merely the flow of value and productivity, and societies aren't simply richer or poorer than others in terms of assets - but merely in how differently they are able to use them to be productive.

财富仅仅是价值和生产力的流动，而社会并不是简单地在资产方面比其他国家更富有或更贫穷，而仅仅在于它们能够以多么不同的方式利用它们来提高生产力。

So India's assets are tied up as non-productive assets owned by its society and not its government, like land, precious metals or hydro-potential (for example) etc. China's assets were not fully owned by the people, but by its government and it was able to use then without blow back, because of martial diktat/law.

所以印度的资产被束缚住，作为非生产性资产属于社会，而不是政府，就比如土地、贵金属或水利资源等。中国的资产并不完全属于人民，而是属于政府，它能够加以利用，也能因为军事读才/法律而炸毁。

For the most part their income levels were very similar till early 1990s, and India isn't actually standing still either. But India's growth is definitely demand-based and its growth is slower because several hundred million people are not so productive. Nothing can be said for certain until China transitions to a free-market model, either.

在上世纪90年代初之前，他们的收入水平大体相当，而印度实际上也没有停滞不前。但印度的增长肯定是以需求为基础的，而且增长速度较慢，因为数亿人的生产效率不高。在中国向自由市场模式转型之前，什么都说不准。

 

Rahul

Even the greatest fool can accomplish a task if it were after his or her heart. But the intelligent ones are those who can convert every work into one that suits their taste.

即使是最愚蠢的人，只要用心去做，也能完成任务。但聪明的人是那些能把每一项工作都转换成适合他们口味的工作的人。

 

Kancheepuram Narasimhan, former Engineer Technical Operations at Kuwait Airways (2005-2010)

A Chinese worker puts hard work 12 hours a day while in India where substantial industries were/ are in government hands ( like steel mills/ refineries/ transport in toto, coal mines), seldom a worker works more than 3 hours a day. In China- there is no BUNDH, Gherao- here in a state called TN and even in Kerala- every day- every day- there is strike, agitation, Road roko ( blocking roads), total closure of indusries ( Bandh) ; if a statue of Ambedkar is damaged, the whole state is paralyzed and all output from industries stop. how can this nation improve? Never.

中国工人每天工作12个小时，而在印度，大量的工业都掌握在政府手中(比如钢铁厂、炼油厂、运输业、煤矿)，很少有工人一天工作超过3个小时。在中国——这里没有邦德、盖劳——在一个叫做TN的邦，甚至喀拉拉邦也一样——每天——每天——都有罢工、动乱、道路阻塞、行业完全停工的情况；如果安贝德卡尔的雕像受损，整个国家就会陷入瘫痪，所有工业生产都会停止。这个国家怎样才能进步?永远不会。

India will NEVER learn any lesson.

印度永远学不会。

 

Akash Singh Parihar, worked at Larsen & Toubro Engineering

Because China started its economic reforms policies much before India.

因为中国早在印度之前就开始了经济改革政策。

India started allowing private players play a major role only after 1991 reforms and kept subsidiary supports going.Consequently spent much less on growth and development.

印度直到1991年改革后才开始允许私营企业发挥主要作用，并一直提供补贴支持。因此，花在增长和发展上的钱要少得多。

There are lot more reasons too.

还有更多的原因。

 

 

Animesh Jain, a student at IITD

After 1950’s the condition of China & India were much alike.then what happened in these 60 years that china is far richer than India today?

20世纪50年代以后，中国和印度的状况非常相似。那么，在这60年里，中国比印度富裕了多少?

Firstly, where we have to wait for years to pass a single bill. democracy no doubt has it’s own merits and demerits but it’s consequences in the present context is really alarming.world’s largest democracy means regular elections every few months in some or other part of the country.every year crores of rupees are spend in elections.the aim has shifted from development to just winning the elections fairly or unfairly!.

首先，在印度，我们要等上几年才能通过一项法案。敏煮无疑有它自己的优点和缺点，但它在目前情况下的后果确实令人担忧。这个世界上最大的敏煮国家意味着每隔几个月就会在这个国家的部分地区举行一次定期选举。每年在选举中要花费十亿卢比。目标已经从发展转变为公平或不公平地赢得选举!

Secondly our economy has always been agricultural driven.this sector employs more than 50% of working population and it’s contribution in GDP is less than 20%.whereas in china the economy is industry driven right from history of silk routes.today it is evident that export driven countries are far richer than import driven countries.

其次，我们的经济一直是农业驱动的。这个部门动用了超过50%的劳动人口，它对GDP的贡献不到20%。而在中国，经济是由丝绸之路的历史驱动的。今天，出口导向型国家明显比进口导向型国家富裕得多。

Thirdly,Indian education system,in India whether you call it social stigma or trend but engineering and medical are the major fields in education.right from primary schools our efforts has been to make students memorise formulas & equations without teaching it’s implications. In the matter of fact why is it that entrepreneurship is not taught & discussed in schools? someone has very well said that Indian education system can produce fantastic clerks but not leaders.Indians are capable of becoming the CEO’s of Microsoft,apple,Intel but why is it that we have not yet produced such big enterprises.why no one has taken the idea of selling samosas in international market when Mcdonald’s is selling it’s burgers!

第三，印度的教育系统，在印度不管你叫它社会耻辱还是趋势，但是工程和医学是教育的主要领域。从小学开始，我们就努力让学生记住公式和方程，而不教它背后的含义。事实上，为什么学校不教授和讨论创业精神?有人说得很好，印度的教育体系能培养出优秀的职员，却不能培养出领导者。印度人有能力成为微软、苹果和英特尔的CEO，但为什么我们还没有打造出这么伟大的企业呢?为什么麦当劳卖的是汉堡，却没有人想到在国际市场上卖咖喱角呢!

No doubt our exploitation by Britishers is one of the main reason behind our lagging in international market.

毫无疑问，英国人的剥削是我们在国际市场上落后的主要原因之一。

It’s time for the young India to wake up and realise it’s true potential.we are the son’s of swami Vivekanand according to whom-”ARISE,AWAKE AND STOP NOT TILL THE GOAL IS REACHED”.

年轻的印度是时候觉醒了，意识到这是真正的潜力。我们是斯瓦米·维韦卡南的儿子，按照斯瓦米·维韦卡南的说法——“起来，觉醒吧，不达目的决不罢休”。

 

Narayan Pannu, Social Services

People have mentioned various reasons but no one did this.

人们提到了各种各样的原因，但没有人提到这一点。

believe me or not but…….

信不信由你，但是……

The most strong factor I see is that, chinese people are atheists and they don't spent their money in temples like Indians do!!!

我认为最重要的因素是，中国人是无神论者，他们不像印度人那样把钱花在寺庙里!!!

In India there are many temples which witness more than 1 lakh visitors per day and their donations are worth more than 1 million INR per day in cash.

在印度，有许多寺庙每天接待超过10万名游客，他们的捐款每天价值超过100万印度卢比。

where that money will be used?

这笔钱将用于何处?

mostly building more temples or expanding it!.

主要是修建更多的寺庙或扩建寺庙!

and that does nothing for our economy. it's useless.

这对我们的经济没有任何帮助。这是无用的。

P.S- Stop donating money in the temples, start investing! you will see the change.

PS:别再为寺庙捐钱，开始投资吧!你会看到变化的。

 

Joyson Fernandes, studied at Indian School Bahrain

China used to be poorer than India back in the 70s. The causes of China’s present greater prosperity relative to India are as follows:

在70年代，中国曾经比印度更穷。中国目前比印度更繁荣的原因如下:

(1) Better government and more business-friendly bureaucracy.

(1)更好的政府和更有利于商业的官僚机构。

(2) Special Economic Zones which are free-market and free trade oriented.

(2)以自由市场和自由贸易为导向的经济特区。

That’s about it really!

这是真的!

But India shouldn’t compare itself against China. Chinese governance after all is not that great, and the average Chinese is still poor. China ranks low in personal freedoms.

但印度不应该拿自己和中国相比。中国的治理毕竟没有那么好，而且普通中国人仍然很穷。中国在个人自由方面排名较低。

Instead, we Indians should benchmark against the richest countries of the world such as the US, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc. We can definitely become much richer than the Chinese and even the Americans, if we were to fix our governance issues, become a free-market capitalist economy, and adopt a policy of unilateral free trade.

相反,我们印度人应该向世界上最富有的国家看齐,如美国,澳大利亚,加拿大,香港,新加坡等等。我们一定可以变得比中国人，甚至美国人都更加富有，如果我们要解决我们的治理问题，我们要成为一个自由市场的资本主义经济，采用单边自由贸易政策。

 

Bhushan Chaudhari, Indian Citizen

Just to give one example (I am just paraphrasing what Mr. Shashi Tharoor has said in the video[1] that I have mentioned below). China built 150000 Kms of six lane highway in just 10 years which is quite a big achievement and basically they did it by drawing a line on map and bulldozing everything that came in the way and created a magnificent infrastructure. Now if you compare it to the way it works in India; as soon as you just talk about changing a layout of a piece of a land, there will be thousands of protesters on the road blocking and protesting against the change. However when finally all parties agree on the change, everyone is brought on board. So in a dem-acy , the change always takes its due course of time. That is one of the reasons, why China is a running way ahead of India in many aspects.

举个例子(我只是转述Shashi Tharoor先生在视频[1]中所说的话，我在下面已经提到过)。在短短10年的时间里，中国就建成了6条车道的15万公里高速公路，这是一个相当大的成就，基本上他们就是在地图上画一条线，推倒一切挡道的东西，建立了宏伟的基础设施。如果你把印度的工作方式相比较；只要你一谈到改变一块土地的布局，就会有成千上万的抗议者在道路上阻挠和抗议这种改变。这就是为什么中国在很多方面都领先印度的原因之一。

 

Vijay Iyer

there are many good answers here, better in most aspects than I could provide. for this reason i’m going to provide factors which others have not provided.

这里有很多很好的答案，在很多方面都比我能提供的更好。出于这个原因，我将提供其他人没有提到过的因素。

1 difference in size of overseas community. I think China has 55 million people of Chinese origin overseas. India has only 20 million people maximum overseas. this huge gulf has enabled china to get more investment which is independent from western companies or governments. because indian daspora is a lot smaller, india is more depedent of foreign investment for improvements in infrastructure or increase in manufacturing

1海外社区规模差异。我认为中国有5500万华裔在海外。印度的海外人口最多只有2000万。这个巨大的差异使中国能够获得更多独立于西方公司或政府的投资。由于印度的达斯波拉小得多，印度在改善基础设施或增加制造业方面的外国投资少得多

2 China has been more succesful in reducing population growth than india. in China, although one child policy was harsh and authoritarian, Chinese society excepted it. This kind of policy could not have worked in India, because Indian people will not accept a rule which has such a strong impact on personal freedom. However, in my opinion, the central government and north indian states with high populataion growths could have taken over the state education policies of kerala, which emphaisied building rural schools, and tamil nadu, which started the then largest free school lunch programme. as a result, literacy rates have shot up in those states. there is a strong correlation between female literacy and population growth. the higher the female literacy rate, the more likely women are to take a conscious decision to have smaller families. as a result, population growth in kerala and tamil nadu is 1 percent, which is similar to china’s. population growth of India is 1.9%. the only thing politicians in Hindi speaking states tried was to enforce a policy of forced sterlisations in the late 1970’s. besides being unethical, the policy was also discriminatory because it specifically targeted muslim women. as a result, poor people in north india have a lot of distrust of people wanting to promote birth control, because they think that visiting healthworkers who want to promote really want to enforce forced sterilisations.

2 中国在减少人口增长方面比印度更成功。在中国，虽然独生子女政策是严厉和专职的，但中国社会接受了这个政策。这种政策不可能在印度奏效，因为印度人民不会接受这样一个对个人自由影响如此之大的法规。然而，在我看来，拥有高人口增长的中央政府和印度北部各邦本可以接管喀拉拉邦和泰米尔纳德邦的国家教育政策，前者致力于建设农村学校，后者则启动了当时规模最大的免费学校午餐项目。因此，这些邦的识字率迅速上升。妇女识字率与人口增长之间有很强的相关性。女性识字率越高，女性就越有可能有意识地决定要更小的家庭。因此，喀拉拉邦和泰米尔纳德邦的人口增长率为1%，与中国的人口增长率相似。印度人口增长1.9%。20世纪70年代末，印地语国家的政客们唯一尝试的事情就是强制推行强制移民政策。除了不道德外，这项政策还带有歧视性，因为它专门针对msl妇女。结果，印度北部的穷人对那些想要提倡节育的人有很多不信任，因为他们认为那些想要提倡节育的健康工作者想要强制绝育。

 

Abhishek Prabhakar, Working for social change at Non-Governmental Organizations

The first and foremost reason is china has become manufacturer. China continuously developing themselves as a manufacturing hub. They manufacture each and everything in their country. They manufacture products and hire other country people to provide services on their manufactured products. China tries to make a copy of anything whatever they see in other country. Instead of depending upon Google, he has developed his own search engine and servers

首先也是最重要的原因是中国已经成为了制造商。中国不断发展成为制造业中心。他们在他们的国家生产每一样东西。他们制造产品，雇佣其他国家的人为他们制造的产品提供服务。中国试图复制他们在其他国家看到的任何东西。他没有依赖于谷歌，而是开发了自己的搜索引擎和服务器

As we know that India is good in providing service. In India, all companies are nothing but a service provider. Very few are there who is product based but instead of carrying the tag of product based company, they are expanding their company as a service provider and losing their reputation as a product based company.

我们知道印度善于提供服务。在印度，所有的公司都是服务提供商。很少有人是以产品为基础的，但他们并没有打着以产品为基础的公司的标签，而是将公司扩大为服务提供商，并失去了以产品为基础的公司的声誉。

To become richer, we need to create job instead of outsourcing it. And to create a job, we need to become a manufacturer.

要变得更富有，我们需要创造就业机会，而不是将其外包。为了创造工作岗位，我们需要成为制造商。

 

Piyush Sain, The land of heritage, diversity and unity.

China is the second largest economy in the world and is economically better than India.

中国是世界第二大经济体，在经济上比印度好。

Chinese goods are sold all over the world, China is famous for manufacturing goods at very large scale and at very cheap price. While India is far behind China in manufacturing industry (mainly electrical and electronic items).

中国商品销往世界各地，中国以很便宜的价格大规模加工商品而闻名。而印度在制造业(主要是电气和电子产品)上远远落后于中国。

It is easier to setup and do business in China as compared to India where there are lot of paper work involved and lot of formalities to be done.

与印度相比，在中国创业和做生意更容易，印度有很多文书工作，很多手续要办理。

India imports more , China exports more.

印度进口更多,中国出口更多。

Government bodies in China are more desciplined and government policies and schemes are implemented effectively while in India most of the policies for the betterment of economy and its people are on the official papers only with no ground implementation.

中国的政府机构更守纪律，政策和计划实施很高效，而印度大部分改善经济和人民生活的政策只出现在官方文件中，从来没有具体落实。

At last it is always said "India promises but China deliver".

最后，人们总是说“印度承诺但中国履行”。

 

Harshajyoti Das, A serial entrepreneur with 10 years of experience.

A few days back, I was watching an Youtube video of Alibaba’s founder and chairman Jack Ma with his employees. The conversation went something like this:

几天前，我在Youtube上观看了阿里巴巴创始人兼董事长马云与其员工的视频。谈话内容是这样的:

“If you work 12 hours (8am to 8pm), you can never beat these American companies. We need to work harder and pull 15–16 hour shifts. If you can’t, Alibaba is not a place for you.”

“如果你工作12个小时(早上8点到晚上8点)，你永远无法打败这些美国公司。我们需要更加努力工作，实行15-16小时轮班制。如果你做不到，阿里巴巴不适合你。”

Compare that to an Indian company where official working hours are from 10–5 but they hardly work for 4 hours efficiently.

相比之下，印度公司的正式工作时间是早10晚5，但他们基本上没办法高效工作4小时。

India need more people like Abdul Kalam who even said, “Don't Declare Holiday On My Death, Instead Work An Extra Day, If You Love Me,"

印度需要更多像卡拉姆这样的人，他甚至说:“如果你爱我，不要因我去世而宣布休假，而是多工作一天。”

That’s just one micro-economical factor. Of course, there are a lot of other macro-economical factors as well.

这只是一个微观经济的因素。当然，还有很多其他的宏观经济的因素。