印媒: 从佛教经文到东印度公司再到如今，“达利特”已经走过了很长的路

From Buddhist texts to East India Company to now, ‘Dalit’ has come a long way

从佛教经文到东印度公司再到如今，“达利特”已经走过了很长的路

NEW DELHI: Like the much-discussed symbol of their martial triumph over caste Hindus — Bhima Koregaon — even the word ‘Dalit’ has a British link.

新德里：就像众人热议的印度人对种姓印度教徒的军事胜利的象征——比玛·科瑞冈一样，“达利特”这个词也与英国有关。

It was an army officer of the East India Company, J J Molesworth, who mentioned the word Dalit in a Marathi-English dictionary way back in 1831. It was also used by radical reformer Jyotiba Phule and recorded for contemporary use and for posterity by the British.

1831年，东印度公司的一名军官J J Molesworth在一本马拉地英语词典中提到了达利特这个词。它也被激进的改革家Jyotiba Phule使用，并被英国人记录下来供当代和后世使用。

JNU sociologist Vivek Kumar traced the roots of the word to further back in history. “Dalit is found in Buddhist text Culluvagga Vinaya Pittaka,” he said.

尼赫鲁大学的社会学家Vivek Kumar追溯了这个词的历史渊源。他说:“达利特这个词是在佛教经文Culluvagga Vinaya Pittaka中发现的。”

To many Indians, the word Dalit is inextricably linked to Bahujan Samaj Party. Its founder Kanshi Ram travelled the length and breadth of the country using the term to mobilise the caste base and to unify the community in its struggle for self-respect. Younger observers identify the word with the volatile debates of the 1990s, when BSP burst on to the national scene in a political assertion, accompanied by harsh attacks on Mahatma Gandhi and his coinage ‘Harijan’.

对许多印度人来说，达利特这个词与社会党有着千丝万缕的联系。社会党的创始人Kanshi Ram走遍了印度各地，用这个词来动员种姓群体，团结社会力量，争取自尊。年轻的观察人士将这个词与上世纪90年代激烈的辩论联系在一起。当时，社会党以一种政治主张突然出现在全国舞台上，同时对圣雄甘地及其造词“哈里发”（神的子民，也即贱民）进行了猛烈抨击。

What Kanshi Ram did was to pit ‘Dalit’ against ‘Harijan’ and dub the latter as patronizing and humiliating. “If we are god’s children, are caste Hindus the children of the devil?” he, and his protege Mayawati would repeatedly ask. The message did the trick and Dalits rallied around the blue banner.

Kanshi Ram所做的就是让“达利特”对抗“哈里发”，并称后者是傲慢和羞辱的。“如果我们是神的子民，种姓印度教徒是魔鬼的孩子吗?”他和他的门徒马雅瓦蒂不断地问。消息奏效了，达利特聚集在蓝色横幅周围。

To greying heads, though, this was familiar trope from earlier decades when Dalit Panthers first emerged. In 1972, Namdeo Dhasal and his colleagues formed the outfit and the Maharashtra-based group consecrated Dalit in the subaltern discourse.

不过，对于那些头发灰白的老人来说，这是几十年前达利特黑豹党首次出现时人们就熟悉的说辞。1972年，Namdeo Dhasal和他的同事们成立了总部位于马哈拉施特拉邦的这个组织。

However, Dalit Panthers and BSP borrowed from over 200 years of history during which the ‘untouchables’ moved from accepting discrimination as fate to fighting for equality. It started with a search for identity away from the one ordained by religious tradition. The community was variously referred to as “asprashya” (untouchable), “antaj” (last born), “antwaseen” (residing last).

然而，达利特黑豹党和社会党借鉴了200多年的历史，在这段历史中，“贱民”从接受歧视变成了为平等而战。它开始于对脱离宗教传统的身份的寻求。这个社区被称为“不可触碰的”(贱民)，“antaj”(最后出生)，“antwaseen”(最后居住)。

The 19th century revolutionary reformer Jyotiba Phule used “shudras and ati-shudras”, and “Dalit and pat-Dalit” to refer to backwards and ‘untouchables’.

19世纪的革命改革家Jyotiba Phule使用了“shudras and ati-shudras”和“Dalit and pat-Dalit”等字眼来指代“贱民”。

Like Phule, it again took a radical emancipator, B R Ambedkar, to put the word Dalit in currency. In 1935, Ambedkar used the term in a pamphlet to organise a congregation of ‘untouchables’. However, Ambedkar himself preferred to call his community “Depressed Classes” — that he used regularly during his lobbying with the English for the community.

和Phule一样，达利特这个词也被激进的解放者B R Ambedkar所用。1935年，Ambedkar在一本小册子中使用了这个词来组织一个“贱民”集会。然而，Ambedkar自己更愿意称他的社区为“最下层人民”——他在与英国人为社区游说时经常使用这个称呼。

The 1920s reflected a stress on indigenous roots — ati-Hindu, ati-Dravida, ati-Andhra, ati-Karnataka. A rebellious Manguram Walia in Punjab called the untouchables ‘ad-dharma’. There was also an adi-Hindu movement in Uttar Pradesh.

20世纪20年代反映了对本土根源的强调——印度教、德拉维达、阿提安德拉、阿提卡纳塔克邦。旁遮普邦一名反叛的曼古拉姆·瓦利亚(Manguram Walia)称“贱民”是“达尔玛”(ad-dharma)。北方邦还发生了一场印度教联盟运动。

The dramatic emergence of two national platforms — Mahatma Gandhi and Congress — ensured the Dalit movement changed course. After Gandhi brought out ‘Harijan’ newspaper, Congress became the vehicle to spread the term. At the same time, the 1935 India Act clubbed ‘untouchables’ under a Schedule — and thus was born the label, “Scheduled Castes”.

圣雄甘地和国大党这两大全国性运动平台的戏剧性出现，确保了达利特运动改弦更张。在甘地出版《神的子民》之后，国大党成为传播这个词的工具。与此同时，1935年的《印度法》在一个目录下增加了“贱民”——因此诞生了“表列种姓”的标签。

The term SCs stuck, and spread. But it was officialese, impersonal, bereft of the punch a subaltern identity seeks. But it proved a long wait as Congress went about co-opting Dalit platforms and blunting the radical edge of the movement. Till the militant-intellectual Dalit Panthers movement arrived in 1970.

表列种姓这个术语自此存在并传播开来。但这是公文用语，一点人情味都没有。但事实证明，这是一场漫长的等待，因为国大党开始选择达利特的政纲，并削弱该运动的激进边缘势力。直到军事知识分子达利特黑豹运动在1970年出现。

As the Panthers splintered, Dalit movements disappeared. But the irreversible activism in the community sustained the word itself. And then came the BSP and its militant tone.

随着黑豹党分裂，达利特运动消失了。但社区内不可逆转的激进主义让这个词本身维持了热度。接下来社会党及其好战的语气。

印度时报读者评论：

来源：三泰虎     http://www.santaihu.com/45990.html      译者：Joyceliu

外文链接：https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-buddhist-texts-to-east-india-company-to-now-dalit-has-come-a-long-way/articleshow/65678182.cms

BM

"Congress went about co-opting Dalit platforms", instead of killing off caste system, Congress divided Hindus in 5000 castes, sub-castes etc, today, Muslims are the majority community in India.

“国大党为了达利特平台而努力”，而不是消灭种姓制度，国大党把印度教徒分成了5000个种姓，现在，是印度的主要群体。

 

S C Visveshwar Balaji

Dalits are misused by alien religions, Dr. Ambedkar showed the way out and got converted into Desi religion, but alien religion use Ambedkar photos and word Dalit to attract and converting. And this alien religions are fuelling hatreism in upper castes against Dalits ( reason is showing jobs And promotions in government jobs to Dalits) .

达利特被外来宗教利用，安贝德卡博士指明了出路并皈依了德西教，但外来宗教使用安贝德卡的照片和达利特这个词来吸引信徒皈依。这种外来的宗教正在助长上层种姓对达利人的仇恨主义(原因是向达利人展示政府工作岗位和晋升机会)。

 

Jay

Hinduism is a concept cult of brahmins . The dalits and tribals were nature worshipping or animist by religion before brahmins came and forcefully converted them to Hinduism using them as a slave for several decades. And I am one of that victim. I am not even joking!

印度教是对婆罗门的一种概念崇拜。在婆罗门出现，强迫他们皈依印度教并将他们作为奴隶使用了几十年之前，达利特和部落因宗教信仰而崇拜大自然或万物有灵论者。我也是受害者之一。我不是在开玩笑!

 

Jim Corrigan

Casta system is real Caste System. Abandon Christianity natives of america and kill off the Christian monsters in Mexico and South America. They are already raping Children with their priests.

种姓制度是真正的种姓制度。狂热的美国的基督教本地人，杀光了墨西哥和南美洲的基督徒。他们和他们的牧师一起强奸了孩子。

 

selvarajc

Fooling people to get votes. 72 years looted India. See the corruption index, poverty index etc. 1% elite benefitted.

愚弄人们以获得选票。72年来一直掠夺印度。请看腐败指数、贫困指数等等，只有1%的精英受益。

 

Tigrdalit

Caste system was created by EVIL BRAHMINS

种姓制度是由邪恶的婆罗门创立的

 

bornagain100

Long history of caste system in Hinduism has brought us to a point where many things can be said about it: 1. That it is our shame. We should never have supported the caste system. 2) Indeed, in the modern times caste based borders are declining. 3) Throughout our history, our adversaries have used our caste-based divisions to harm us. 4). Though reservations are/were needed, now they have become a political football. Even non-Hindu politicians use caste system to extract votes. 5) It is to all hindu''s advantage to abolish the caste system as soon as possible. It is not a BJP-matter, it is not definitely a Congress matter. It is not a Government matter. It is a Hindu matter. So dear patriots if you are young and yet to be married, take a pledge that you will marry out of your caste.

印度教种姓制度的悠久历史使我们不得不说:1。这是我们的耻辱。我们不应该支持种姓制度。2.实际上，在现代社会，以种姓为基础的边界正在缩小。3.纵观我们的历史，我们的敌人利用基于种姓的分裂来伤害我们。4.虽然预留制是必要的，但现在它们已成为政治足球。甚至非印度教的政客也利用种姓制度来拉选票。尽快废除种姓制度对所有印度人都有利。这不是人民党的事，也不是国大党的事。这不是政府的事。这是印度的事情。所以，亲爱的爱国者们，如果你们还年轻，还没有结婚，发誓吧，和你们不同种姓的人结婚。

 

Regular Guy

Real Hindus dont believe in Caste System.

真正的印度教徒不相信种姓制度。

 

Madhukar

What nonsense happening in this country.every day same news with same caste.

这个国家发生了什么。每天都是重复的种姓的新闻。

 

Tigrdalit

Hindu religion dont divide people into castes but brahmins do and BRAHMINS WHO FOLLOW MANU ARE EVIL AND SHOULD BE THROWN OUT OF TEMPLES

印度教没有把人划分为种姓，但是婆罗门确实如此，追随摩奴的婆罗门是邪恶的，应该被赶出寺庙

 

Ajay

Dalit politics is nothing but a way to spread more hatred. It is possible that they have been part of the society for thousands of years. But, It is evident that they have lived through all the challenges. They have maintained their own culture and values. Majority of Hindu scriptures were written by dalit. Lord Ram visited Shabari a dalit instead of local Brahmans. Lord Krishna also stressed on seeing all living beings with equal vision. Dalit have supported our society by taking up dirty professions. Caste system exists in the entire subcontinent regardless of religion we follow.

达利特政治不过是传播更多仇恨的一种方式。他们可能已经成为社会的一部分几千年了。但是，很明显，他们经历了所有的挑战。他们保持着自己的文化和价值观。大多数印度教经文是达利特写的。罗摩拜访了莎巴利亚达利特，而不是当地的婆罗门。克里希纳勋爵也强调要以平等的眼光看待所有的生物。达利特通过从事肮脏的职业来支持我们的社会。不管我们信仰什么宗教，种姓制度存在于整个次大陆。

 

Sony

It was only on this "Dalit" word, the people of this community took more "RESERVATION''S" than they actually required. Even richmen from this community also took reservations

正式因为这个“达利特”字眼，这个社区的人们才获得了比实际需要更多的“预留席位”。甚至这个社区的富人也获得了预留席位

 

Sudharshan

Casteism is just another form of racism. In fact another type of racist tendency exists - to separate people based on the food they eat. All forms of discrimination should end. So I would vote for a common civil code in society but where everyone can practise their own religion without allowing them to try and impose it on others.

种姓制度只是种族主义的另一种形式。事实上，存在着另一种种族主义倾向——根据人们所吃的食物不同而将他们分开。一切形式的歧视都应该结束。因此，我将投票赞成全社会共用一部共同的民事法典，但每个人都可以自由信仰自己的宗教，而不允许任何人试图将宗教信仰强加于他人身上。

 

Jim Corrigan

Caste system has nothing to do with India''s social system. This Western word is meant to divide social classes into mythical races, where White Westerners and their Dhimmi Christian Slaves have right to rule over non-Christians. Christianity equals Genocide, even the historical philosopher admitted that.

种姓制度与印度的社会制度无关。这个西方词汇的意思是把社会阶层划分成神话般的种族，在那里，西方人白人和他们的基督教奴隶有权统治非基督徒。基督教等同于种族灭绝，甚至连历史哲学家都承认这一点。

 

Jim Corrigan

What a bunch of missionary fed nonsense. Slavery only came to ..lso, the concept of untouchability does exist is all Eastern

真是一群传教士在胡说八道。“贱民”的概念是完全东方的

 

Suresh Sankar

There shall be laws to criminalise usage of such words or grouping in the name of cast religion etc.

必须制定法律将这些词的使用或以种姓宗教的名义对人进行分组等行为进行定罪。

 

Manab

"DALIT" is a abusive word which reflects the worst mindset of Indian society.Indian great teachers always said Human being is above all,love them,serve them as per as u can.Nowhere in the Indian Text it is written to abuse,hate mankind.We should stop pronouncing the Word DALIT nd pass appropriate legislation to stop hating people by calling the downtrodden people by the name of caste.It is a great shame in Indian society that the Word DALIT still exists in INDIA.

“达利特”是一个骂人的词，反映了印度社会最糟糕的心态。印度伟大的老师总是说，人是最重要的，应该尽你所能爱他们，服务他们。在印度经文中，没有一个地方是用来辱骂、憎恨人类的。我们应该停止使用“达利特”这个词，并通过适当的立法，不再让某些人以种姓的名义来憎恨人民。在印度社会，达利特这个词仍然存在是一个很大的耻辱。

 

Tigrdalit

Hindu is best religion that dont divide people in castes but RSS like evil brahmin groups have always divided us HINDUS and wanted indians to fight eachother on religion

印度教是最好的宗教，它不会把人按种姓区分，但是印度极右翼党就像邪恶的婆罗门团体一样，总是把我们印度教徒分开，希望印度人在宗教问题上相互斗争

 

Sanjay

Every man is born a shudra - rigveda

每个人生来都是舒德拉·里格韦达

 

Sheik Mohamed

The plight of Dalits were remain same since ancient times and every political party use Dalits as their vote bank and nothing has been done to them for their upliftement in society, except to provide resedrvations to them in Govt. jobs which was also opposed by high caste people who burnt constitution''s copy in national capital in recent past, which was not viewed as anti national act by Government and no action against them.

自古以来达利人都一直处于相同的困境中，每个政党使用达利特作为票仓，除了为他们在政府部门提供预留席位，并没有对他们社会地位的提升做任何事情，但政府工作也被高种姓反对，他们在近代的首都燃烧了宪法副本，政府却不认为这是反国家的行为，也没有针对他们采取什么行动。

 

Dean

some interesting facts about Dalits:

9 who is exploiting the Dalits now? the same mayavatis whom you vote. one section of fit community who are rich gets govt. benefits again and again after generations after generations. mayabati herself rolling in riches. but still you shameless curse Brahmins. find me one super rich Brahmin. you will find none.

关于达利特的一些有趣的事实:

现在是谁在剥削达利特?就是你投票推选的玛亚瓦提人。富有社区的一部分人一代代地得到政府的福利。玛亚瓦提本人也很富有。但你仍然无耻地诅咒婆罗门。找一个超级有钱的婆罗门给我瞧瞧。你绝对找不到的。

 

Aaaa

It seems paid articles have again started dividing Hindus based on caste. Congi blames Modi government for dilution of SC ST act which was actually done by Supreme Court. It was not even dilution but only safe guard was put in place to investigate before arrest by senior officers before putting someone behind bar. The reason being only allegation by someone shouldn’t be considered truth otherwise innocent people suffer and their rights are compromised. Congi lied to the nation saying government diluted the law as if government pass the order. They tried to instigate Dalits SC/ST people against government. Government amended the law to change the SC decision. But now, congi have started instigating upper caste people saying that Modi government is against upper caste using this amended law done by Modi government to safeguard SC/ST . This article also seems to be part of that. Many more articles will come out. This strategy is already being used in social media. So, one more attempt to divide the Hindus and treat them like third class citizen. Time has come for Hindus to unite shedding the caste barriers and stand firm Modi.

这感觉是付费文章，又开始以种姓为基础来划分印度教徒。国大党指责莫迪政府削弱了表列种姓和表列部落，但实际上这是最高法院干的。这也谈不上削弱，而是在高级官员逮捕前，设立了安全卫士进行调查。唯一的理由是某人的指控不应该被认为是事实，否则无辜的人会遭受痛苦，他们的权利会受到损害。国大党向全国撒谎说政府削弱了法律，就好像是政府下达了命令一样。他们试图煽动贱民。政府修改法律以改变最高法院的决定。但是现在，国大党已经开始煽动上层种姓的人，说莫迪政府反对上层种姓使用莫迪政府修改的法律来保护表列种姓和表列部落。本文似乎也是其中的一部分。后续可能还会有更多的文章发表。这种策略已经在社交媒体上使用了。所以，这是他们再次企图分裂印度教徒，把他们当作三等公民对待。现在是印度教徒团结起来，消除种姓障碍，坚定支持莫迪的时候了。

 

Manab Roy

One should not be biased on any community we have to move together to eradicate the shame from our society.

一个人不应该对任何社区有偏见，我们必须共同行动，从我们的社会中消除耻辱。

 

Pavan

so much politician refer to dalits,is ther any development of dalits since these decades??

dalits are still living in same condition ....

they are again poor and vulnerable living on government support.So all the literature politics over dalits have failed to uplift them.this question has to be seriously thought and worked out ,rather than blaming each other...

这么多政客提到达利特，达利特几十年来有什么发展吗?

....达利人的生活条件依然如故

他们依然贫穷和脆弱，生活在政府的支持下。因此，所有关于达利特的政治活动都未能提升他们的社会地位。这个问题需要认真思考和解决，而不是相互指责……

 

Rakesh

Secularism only exit in Hinduism for to cut Hindus legs but stupid hindu never put secularism in the cast system,you cannot see that much divided society in the world.

世俗主义呆在印度教中只是为了割断印度教徒的腿，但是愚蠢的印度教徒从不把世俗主义放在种族体系中，你在全世界都看不到那么多分裂的社会。

 

Dean

CHRISTIAN MISSONARIES DON'T COME TO CONVERT BRAHMINS WHY?

RATHER THEY RUN AWAY AFTER GETTING A GLIMPSE OF ME!! THEY WILL NEVER COME TO DISCUSSION TABLE WITH ME. COME CONVERT ME!!

基督教传教士们，不要试图皈依婆罗门教徒，为什么?

他们看到我一眼就跑掉了!!他们永远不会来和我讨论的。来啊，试着来皈依我吧! !

 

Rahul

stop reservation...

全面停止预留制…

 

Brahm Gaur

What is this rubbish? Some people here are generating anti Brahmins feelings. Not all Brahmins worked as priests. So why you guys classifying all Brahmins as the community dividers? Some Namazwadis are trying to further divide people of India. Shame on you guys.

这是什么垃圾文章?这里有些人产生了反婆罗门的情绪。并不是所有婆罗门都是祭司。那你们为什么把所有婆罗门都归为社会隔离者呢?一些Namazwadis试图进一步分裂印度人民。为你们这些人感到羞耻。

 

Ankit

Dalit word has been created by thugs like Congress and BSP to Divide Hindus for vote bank purpose

达利特这个词是由国大党和社会党这样的暴徒创造的，目的是为了分裂印度人，为了选票