印网民热议：为什么中国的发展速度比印度快得多

Why has China developed so much faster than India?

为什么中国的发展速度比印度快得多？

以下是Quora读者的评论：

Sam Karthik

Having lived in China for over two years, I have to admit that, in terms of growth and development, China has overtaken many many countries. Well, both India and China have their own issues, strengths and weaknesses. However, when it comes to the infrastructure development, I would agree that India still has miles to go.

在中国生活了两年多后，我不得不承认，就增长和发展而言，中国已经远远超过了许多国家。好吧，印度和中国都有各自的问题、各有优势和劣势。然而，说到基础设施建设，我认为印度还有很长的路要走。

In fact, for many economic parameters, China is much ahead of most of the developed countries, including USA, Australia, New Zealand.

事实上，在许多经济指标上，中国远远领先于美国、澳大利亚、新西兰等大多数发达国家。

For example, what's the highest speed of any train in India in the year 2020? Well, about 160km/hrs. Slower speeds in Australia. In China, however, it's above 300km/hrs. USA still don't have the high-speed trains.

例如，2020年印度列车的最高速度是多少？大约160公里。澳大利亚更慢。然而在中国，列车时速超过了300公里。美国至今仍然没有高速列车。

How about the safety issues? Well, no gun violence in China. Crime against women and children are often unheard of. No wonder, for a foreigner like me, China is one of the safest countries to live in.

安全问题呢？嗯，中国没有枪支暴力。针对妇女和儿童的犯罪基本上闻所未闻。难怪，对我这样的外国人来说，中国是最安全的国家之一。

India still don't have enough medical colleges, and many Indian students come to China to study medicine and become doctors. This is another reason for the brain drain in India.

印度至今仍然没有足够的医学院，许多印度学生到中国学医并成为医生。这是印度人才外流的另一个原因。

There are so many factors behind the mind blowing success stories of China. However, one of the most important reasons is: A very strong government delivering decisive governance. That is to say, Chinese government makes decisions, and the decision are follows in letter and spirit. This is somehow missing in a good number of countries. For example, look at Vietnam, they don't even has an operating subway line in 2020. This is really worrisome given that they started construction of subway lines in early 2000s.

中国巨大的成功故事背后有很多因素。然而，其中一个最重要的原因是：中国拥有一个非常强大的政府，推行坚定的治理手段。也就是说，中国做出决策后，在公文和精神上都得到了贯彻执行。这在很多国家都是缺失的。例如越南，他们在2020年还没有运行的地铁线路。考虑到他们在21世纪初就已开始修建地铁，这确实令人担忧。

 

Pratyush Pandey

Because human beings in general are rational, and usually act in their self-interest.

因为总的来说人类是理性的，做什么事基本都是为了自身利益。

In China, there’s a high degree of alignment between the individual’s self-interest and the collective good of the nation.

在中国，个人的私利和国家的集体利益高度一致。

If you’re a mayor in a town, and you don’t meet your targets (growth, infrastructure, electricity etc), and simply pocket the funds for yourself, you’ll lose your job, and be lucky if that’s all that happens to you.

如果你是一个镇长，而你没有达到政绩目标（经济增长、基础设施、电力等），而只是把资金据为己有，你就会丢掉工作，如果上述一切都实现了，那你就幸运了。

Now come to India.

现在看看印度。

What’s the first thing you see when any decision has to be taken? Vested interests.

当你必须做出决定时，你首先关注的是什么？利益。

Consider an issue like reducing the role of the state in business - privatizing state firms, updating regulatory laws, or increasing foreign competition.

思考一下这个问题，比如减少国家在企业中的作用——国有企业私有化，更新监管法律，或者增加外国竞争。

First you’ll run into the employees unions - it’s in their interest that their jobs are protected, and a private employer won’t ever offer the same security as the state.

首先你会遇到雇员工会——保护他们的工作岗位符合他们的利益，私人雇主永远不会提供与国家同样的保障。

Next you’ll alienate the government departments that derive their power (and money) from the rigid laws that allow them to interfere in business. It’s in their interest these laws aren’t relaxed.

接着，你会疏远那些从严格的法律中获取权力（和金钱）的政府部门，这些法律允许他们插手商业活动。这些法律条款被他们紧抓不放符合他们的利益的。

Then you’ll come across those firms who’ve gamed the current system to their advantage, and don’t want to see it change to a level playing field. It’s in their interest to retain status quo.

然后你还会遇到一些公司，他们利用现有的系统来霸占自己的优势，不希望商业环境变成公平竞争的模样。保持现状才符合他们的利益。

After this, you’ll have to resist furious lobbying by smaller players who feel threatened by competition from abroad. It’s in their interest to prevent competitors from encroaching on their turf.

再有，你必须抵制来自国外的竞争对手的激烈游说。防止竞争者侵占他们的势力范围符合他们的利益。

You have almost no support.

你几乎找不到支持者。

The consumers would benefit probably - but they aren’t a single cohesive lobby, and it’s not a major rallying point for them to unite. So if you were the one making these changes, you wouldn’t find any support, barring a few intellectuals whose voice anyways wouldn’t be heard, and who are too small to matter in the game of numbers that is democracy.

消费者可能会从中受益，但他们不是团结一致的游说团体。所以，如果你是想要改变的人，除了少数知识分子，你找不到任何支持者，少数知识分子的声音太小了，没人能听到。

You’re alienating the business who probably donate for your campaigns, the bureaucrats you depend on to implement your schemes, the employees and small businesses who make up the bulk of your voters.

你疏远了那些可能为你的竞选捐款的企业，疏远了你所信赖的能施展你的政治抱负的官僚，那些占你选民大部分的雇员和小企业。

Do you think you’ll get re-elected?

你认为你能连任吗？

To make it worse, all your opponents will organize massive rallies, opposing you and obstructing your work. They’ll promise to undo all your changes to win over these groups, the same people who probably brought you to power.

更糟的是，你所有的对手都会组织大规模的集会来反对你，妨碍你的工作。他们会承诺将你所有的变革措施作废，赢得这些团体的支持，这些人可能就是把你送上权力宝座的人。

You have no interest to do any of this.

你没有兴趣做这些。

You have no interest to undertake any action that promises long term benefits. Why? Because you can only think in terms of 5 year cycles. If the results show up after that, whoever is in power will simply claim them as their achievements. They won’t help you get re-elected.

你没有动力来实施能带来长期收益的举措。为什么？因为你只有5年的周期来思考。如果结果在5年后才能出现，无论是谁掌权，都会简单地将其归为自己的政绩。对你的连任没有任何帮助。

Why undertake slow, complex, boring reforms that your voters won’t comprehend and will only resent? You have no interest to drastically alter the status quo., either or you’ll face a massive backlash. Much better to offer flashy schemes and doles, promising instant gratification. Because that’s how you’ll stay in power, and staying in power is probably in your interest if you’re in politics.

为什么要进行缓慢、复杂、无聊、选民无法理解、只会怨恨的改革？你没有兴趣彻底改变现状，否则你将面临强烈的抵制。为选民提供华而不实的计划和救济金，承诺快速解决问题。因为这就是你能够继续掌权的方式，如果你从政的话，持续掌权可能才符合你的利益。

So it’s in the interest of most Chinese to develop their nation, because it benefits them, and this has enabled China to develop rapidly. Whether it will continue to do is a topic for a separate question.

因此，发展自己的国家符合大多数中国人的利益，因为这对他们很有利，这使中国得以迅速发展。至于它能否持续发展又是另外一个问题了。

It’s not in a lot of Indian’s interests to develop their nation, because they risk losing a lot for an intangible “greater good”, which doesn’t benefit them. Their self-interest is directly conflicting with “development”.

发展自己的国家不符合多数印度人的利益，因为他们会因此冒着失去“更大好处”的风险，这对他们没有好处。他们的私利与“发展”直接冲突。

 

Irwin Dsouza

Since there has been a lot of “misinformation” about Chinese development -I am setting the record straight the way I see it as under :

由于关于中国发展的“错误信息”很多，我的看法如下：

1.China is producing for the world at a Loss : Does it make sense to produce & then sell at a loss-China produces & destroys it's environment for Apple, Walmart, Staples etc and the same products that China produces -is sold by large EU, American, Japanese, Indian firms who have the brand at huge profit -in fact all business folks who deal with China are “laughing all the way to the bank at such Chinese Stupidity”

1.中国为全世界生产制造，其实得不偿失：为了苹果、沃尔玛、史泰博等企业生产，破坏环境，中国生产的产品被欧盟、美国、日本和印度的大公司进行销售，这些品牌企业攫取了巨额利润，这样做有意义吗——事实上，所有与中国打交道的商界人士都在“一路嘲笑中国人的愚蠢行为”。

2.Then China invests it's Reserves into US TREASURY bonds which are paying below 1% -these treasury bonds are over 2 Trillion US dollars & -Most countries with surplus income have “Sovereign Funds” & if sovereign fund managers deliver 1% returns & -ve returns would they keep their jobs?

2.然后，中国将其外汇储备投资购入美国国债，而美国国债的收益率还不足1%——这些国债规模已超过2万亿美元——大多数有盈余收入的国家都有“主权基金”；如果主权基金的经理只有1%的业绩回报，还能保住自己的饭碗吗？

3.USA orders China to purchase MORE uneconomic USA produce to balance trade & China like a lamb has to agree and then those countries like India which has no “ulterior motives” like India, Canada, Australia have to suffer bullying from a “stupid China” 

3.美国要求中国购买更多性价比不高的美国农产品来平衡贸易逆差；中国不得不接受，然后像印度这样“纯良”的国家，如印度、加拿大、澳大利亚，就不得不遭受中国的贸易欺凌。

 

Amit Bartwal

Ok so the question is What China did in the past which India doesn't. Now China & India were at same track & at the same speed, you can say India was little bit ahead. Then how china comes ahead of INDIA. The answer is leadership we don't have that powerful government in the past who thought of the country’s development. What China did was they have nothing but a huge access to land. Around 1970 or close to something, the Americans visited china for setting up their business & what china did was they granted them land free for their company to open in China. That was a jackpot for any company, right who don't want it, second thing china did was they provided them free labor to work in their industries & companies. After settlement China gain huge profit & when they saw profit they started inviting other companies to start their business & they will provide them funds & Cheap labor. CHINA becomes Disneyland for entrepreneurs. And they gained profit in huge numbers.

嗯，问题问的是，中国过去做了什么印度没有做到的事。中国和印度曾在同一条轨道上，以同样的速度发展，可以说印度还稍微领先了一点。那么中国是如何领先印度了呢。答案是领导力，我们过去没有那种会考虑国家发展前景的强大政府。中国做了什么？除了拥有大量的土地之外什么都没做。大约在1970年左右，美国人为了创建企业访问中国，中国所做的就是免费给他们提供土地，让他们的公司得以在中国开业。这对任何一家公司来说都是一笔头奖，谁会拒绝呢。中国做的第二件事就是提供了免费的劳动力，进入产业和公司工作。美国企业落地后，中国获得了巨大的利润，当中国看到真金白银的利润时，就开始邀请其他公司来中国开办企业，为企业提供资金和廉价劳动力。中国成为企业家的迪斯尼乐园。他们获得了大量利润。

Now comes the story of India, When LAL Bahadur Sastri was killed or died because of a heart attack( still a mystery) that was the moment when India started lacking behind china. Government that time in power always put themselves above the country. KGB WHICH WAS A SECRET SERVICE OF SOVIET UNION revealed in one of the book by one of their agents that at one time WE CAN BUY INDIA that's a huge statement. Their agents in India provide a briefcase of 10 lakh rupees to the prime minister of INDIA. SHOCKING But it's true. A country whose prime minister is taking a commission for running the whole country how that country can prosper. Not only the prime minister but the member of parliament around 25 or so are getting money from KGB. That's the region China comes ahead of India.

现在来说说印度，当拉尔·巴哈杜尔·萨斯特里死于心脏病发作（仍然是个未解之谜）的时候，印度就开始落后于中国了。当时掌权的政府总是把自己凌驾于国家之上。克格勃是苏联的一个特勤局，在他们的某个特工的书中透露“我们可以买下印度”。他们在印度的特工给了印度总理一个装了10万卢比的公文箱。令人震惊吧，但这是真事。一个国家，其首相居然收钱管理整个国家，这个国家怎么可能繁荣。不光总理，还有大概25个国会议员都从克格勃那里拿了钱。

 

Santhakumar V

There are multiple reasons but I am mentioning two.

1.Even today, nearly 50 percent of teenagers in India do not complete schooling. China has been ahead of India in ensuring school education to its population.

2.Only about 25 percent of adult females take up paid employment in India. This figure is around 70 in China. Though China was also a patriarchal society, social change there enabled to increase the female work participation rate.

3.These two factors together can create a significant difference in terms of economic and social development between China and India.

原因有很多，我要说两个。

时至今日，印度仍有近50%的青少年没有完成学业。在保障国民接受学校教育方面，中国一直领先于印度。

在印度，只有大约25%的成年女性从事有偿工作。这个数字在中国大约是70%。虽然中国也是一个父权制社会，但社会变革使女性的工作参与率大大提高了。

三是这两个因素的共同作用，使中印两国在经济和社会发展方面存在了显著差异。

 译文来源：三泰虎 http://www.santaihu.com/p/50303.html 译者：Joyceliu

 

Dipak Basu

Until 1987 India and China had similar rate of growth. Only since 1990 China surged ahead and India stagnated. That was due to privatization and corruption. Since privatization had started in 1993 because India took a loan of 2.5 billion dollars from the IMF , already at least 4600 billion Dollars were taken out of India by the corrupt private sector of India. Imagine if that money were invested in India. The private sector have borrowed heavily from all banks and refused to repay,instead they transferred these money to foreign countries to buy palaces or to build their palaces in India. As a result most banks have no money. The government made mistakes after mistakes. They privatized the most important industries and slowed down the growth without investing in the key industries and agriculture or irrigation. They also allowed free imports from China. Trade deficits with China is now more than 60 billion dollars. Private sector is allowed to import railway carriages, power turbines and telecom equipment from China although India has the public sector industries to produce these products.

China has definite plans but India has no plan. That is the basic reason why China is developed but India is stagnating.

在1987年前，印度和中国的经济增长率相似。但自1990年以来，中国一直领先，而印度停滞不前了。这全拜私有化和腐败所赐。由于印度从国际货币基金组织获得了25亿美元的贷款，自1993年开始私有化以来，已经有至少4.6万亿美元被腐败的印度私企从印度偷走了。想象一下如果这些钱投资在印度会是什么光景。私企向银行大量借款，拒不偿还，而是将这些钱转移到外国购买豪宅或在印度建造豪宅。结果大多数银行都囊中羞涩。印度政府犯了一个又一个错误。他们将最重要的工业私有化，不对重点工业、农业或灌溉投资，使得增长速度减缓了。他们还允许从中国自由进口。目前印度对中国的贸易逆差超过了600亿美元。私企可以从中国进口火车车厢、动力涡轮机和电信设备，尽管印度也有国有企业来生产这些产品。

中国有清晰的发展计划，但印度没有。这就是中国得以发展而印度停滞不前的根本原因。