印度农民最大的敌人是谁，印度网贴

The farmer’s biggest enemy? The Indian state

印度农民最大的敌人是谁?印度政府

 

The late farmer leader Sharad Joshi used to recite a poem that described the Indian farmer’s plight perfectly. It addresses the non-farmer from the farmer’s point of view, and it goes: “Marte hum bhi hain, marte tum bhi ho./ Marte hum bhi hain, marte tum bhi ho./ Hum sasta bech ke marte hain,/Tum mahanga khareedke marte ho.”

I would translate it thus: “I die, my friend, and so do you./ I die, my friend, and so do you./ I sell my produce cheap, and die./ You pay so much that you die too.”

已故农民领袖沙拉德•乔希曾作过一首诗，很好地描述了印度农民的困境，从农民的角度对非农民群体发声，诗文大致意思如下:“我死了，我的朋友，你也死了。我因廉价出售农产品而死，你因支付过高的价格而死。”

This beautiful shair expresses an old truth that many journalists wrote about anew this week, as protesting farmers congregated on Delhi: the gap between what farmers get for their produce, and what the consumer pays. One report revealed that a farmer sold tomatoes at Rs 2 per kg, and consumers bought them for Rs 20. Too little; and too much. Both the farmers and consumers were getting killed by this, just like in the poem.

这首诗表达了一条亘古真理，在抗议农民聚集在德里之际，很多记者也重新报道了这个真理：农民从农产品中获得的收入与消费者支付的价格之间的存在差价。一份报告显示，一位农民以每公斤2卢比的价格出售西红柿，而消费者却要以20卢比的价格购买。农民获得的收入太低，而消费者支付的价格太高。农民和消费者都因此而丧生，就像诗里写的那样。

Joshi’s insight in the late 1970s was that this was caused not by the greed of middlemen, but the interference of the Indian state. The state had set forth rules that the farmer could not sell his produce in an open market, responding to supply and demand, but only to a government-appointed body called the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC). Because the farmers are not allowed to sell to anyone else, they are forced to take the price offered to them. And because all produce comes through the APMC, buyers also have no bargaining power.

上世纪70年代末，乔希的观点是，造成这种现象的原因不是中间商的贪婪，而是国家的干预。国家规定，农民不能在公开市场上出售农产品，只能向政府指定的机构-农产品市场委员会(APMC)出售。因为不允许农民卖给其他人，农民被迫接受他们定的价格。所有产品都由农产品市场委员会经销，所以买家也没有讨价还价的能力。

Now imagine what would happen if the free market was allowed to operate. Middlemen would compete to buy goods from farmers, and that competition would ensure that farmers would get a better price. They would also compete for customers, thus ensuring that customers would pay less. Instead of farmers selling for Rs 2 and the consumer buying for Rs 20, you could have the farmer selling for Rs 10 and the consumer buying for Rs 12. Both farmer and consumer would benefit by Rs 8 per kg. But the government does not allow this, and both farmers and consumers get hurt.

现在想象一下，如果允许自由市场运作，会发生什么。中间商将竞相从农民手中购买农产品，这种竞争将确保农民得到更好的价格。中间商还会争夺客户，从而确保客户能得到更优惠的价格。以前是农民以2卢比的价格出售，消费者以20卢比的价格购买，取而代之的将是农民以10卢比的价格出售，消费者以12卢比的价格购买。每出售一公斤，农民将多得8卢比，而消费者也将省下8卢比。但是政府不允许这样做，所以农民和消费者都会受到伤害。

Joshi referred to this notional cost paid by the farmer as a ‘negative subsidy’. He viewed it, correctly, as theft. The state, he asserted, is responsible for the poverty of the farmer. And this is not the only way in which the government is crippling our farmers.

乔希将农民支付的名义成本称为“负补贴”，国家应对农民的贫困负责。然而，这并不是政府重创农民的唯一方式。

The state doesn’t allow free markets in inputs, because of which many of the inputs, from seeds to fertilisers to energy to even credit, are either hard to come by or of a low quality. And when farmers do manage to produce crops, they are not allowed to get the best price for it, as an open market would enable. By denying them freedom, the state effectively imprisons our farmers in what a friend of mine calls PPP: Perpetually Planned Poverty.

国家不允许投入方面的自由市场，正因如此，从种子到化肥，从能源到信贷，要么难以获得，要么质量低下。而且，当农民设法种植农作物时，他们不能像在开放市场一样得到最好的价格。通过剥夺他们的自由，国家实际上把我们的农民囚禁在PPP（Perpetually Planned Poverty.）中：有计划的永久贫困。

This extends not just to produce, but to their property. Farmers are not allowed to sell their land for non-agricultural purposes. This restricts their market to other farmers, and ensures that the price is so low that it becomes pointless to sell. It has been estimated that some farmland would be forty times as valuable if this law did not exist.

这不仅延伸到农业生产，而且还波及到农民的财产。农民不得将土地出售用作非农业用途。这就限制了他们只能出售给其他农民，价格势必非常低，以至于出售土地变得毫无意义。据估计，如果没有这项法律，一些农田的价值将是现在的40倍。

Indeed, a common scam is for a crony of the state to acquire land from farmers, through the state, at low prices, and then get the land-use certificate changed so that they can sell at many multiples of that price. All perfectly legal — and deeply unethical. This is how Robert Vadra was alleged to have made his money, in fact.

事实上，一个常见的骗局是和政府有裙带关系的人以低价从农民手中收购土地，然后获得土地使用权证书，这样他们就可以高出原价很多倍的价格出售这些土地。一切完全合法，但却非常不道德。事实上，罗伯特•瓦德拉（前国大党总理拉吉夫·甘地的女婿）被指控通过这种途径赚钱。

Every political party in our history has let our farmers down, but there is a reason things are coming to a head now. India is already facing a jobs crisis, made worse by the deepening of the agricultural crisis. With every generation, land holdings get smaller — one farmer’s land is split among multiple children — and more and more unsustainable. It is no coincidence that many recent popular uprisings have been around demand for jobs from land-owning castes like Jats, Patidars and Marathas

历史上的每一个政党都让我们的农民失望，但现在事态发展到了紧要关头是有原因的。印度已经面临着一场就业危机，而农业危机的加深使其雪上加霜。每一代人的土地持有量都在减少——一个农民的土地分给了多个孩子——而且越来越不可持续。最近许多民众起义都是围绕着贾特、帕蒂达和马拉地等拥有土地的种姓对工作岗位的需求展开的，这并非巧合。

Indian agriculture has been in crisis for decades. More than 50% of our country is in the agricultural sector, producing 14% of our GDP. In developing countries, less than 10% of the population works in agriculture. Here, we have trapped our farmers in poverty, and also not allowed the industrial revolution that would have provided an escape route. We pay lip service to farmers, but instead of making the necessary structural reforms, we give handouts like farm loan waivers that provide only temporary relief.

It is like handing aspirin to a burning man. “Here,” we say, “take this for the pain.” And everybody claps.

几十年来，印度农业一直处于危机之中。我国50%以上的人口从事农业生产，占国内生产总值的14%。在发展中国家，只有不到10%的人口从事农业。在印度，我们把农民困在了贫困之中，还不允许工业革命为他们提供一条出路。我们对农民作口头承诺，但没有进行必要的结构性改革，而是提供一些施舍，比如农业贷款减免，而且这些施舍只能带来暂时的缓解。这就像给一个烧着的人阿司匹林：“给，拿这个去止痛。”

 

印度时报读者评论：

外文：https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Amit - 3 hours ago -Follow

APMC is brain child of Congress to oblige it's people and purposes ,,,, this is called planned looting method ,

农产品市场委员会是国大党的杰作，为了满足他们的目的，这也被称为有计划的搜刮方式。

 

sr Mohanty - bhubaneshwar - 3 hours ago -Follow

Evry body knows this. Tell how to implement.

using word like indian state the biggest enemy sounds more communists propaganda

每个人都知道是这么回事，说说如何解决。

 

True - 3 hours ago -Follow

totally misleading information being spread in this article...Already Maharashtra govt Haryana govt led by bjp removed middleman by removing APMC act. i dont know about other states

这篇文章中传播的完全是误导性的信息……在人民党领导下的马哈拉施特拉邦政府已经通过了废除农产品市场委员会的法案，消除了中间商。但我不清楚其他邦的情况。

 

Why Support Antiindia - Others - 3 hours ago -Follow

These so called farmer leaders make fool of farmers...they enjoy all the money and power and talk about farmers doing nothing...their only job is to talk and protest about farmers crisis.

这些所谓的农民领袖只会愚弄农民。他们享受所有的金钱和权力，在那谈论农民，除此之外什么也不做。他们唯一的工作就是谈论和抗议农民危机。

 

Pcp - Haldwani-Kathgodam - 3 hours ago -Follow

This article in my opinion is misleading and half truth. APMCs are there to protect interest of farmers to provide them market to sell their produce as whole sale dealers used to exploit them

在我看来，这篇文章有误导性，半真半假。农产品市场委员会的存在是为了保护农民的利益，为他们提供市场，销售他们的产品，因为批发商过去常常剥削他们。

 

Ramesh Pai - 3 hours ago -Follow

No matter what, farming is no longer a profitable occupation. Over the generations, farms have been divided to small pieces of land and it is no surprise that a small piece of land does not support a farmer family. The state can only give freebies to the farmer to survive, BUT, on a long term state cannot support a farmer ad infinitum! That is the main reason that Modi wants to industrialize the nation so that country can move forward. BUT, congress keeps on giving freebies and handouts to farmers ...

无论如何，务农已不再是有利可图的职业。几代人以来，农田已被分割成小块，不足以养活一个农民家庭也就不足为奇了。国家只能给农民发放免费物品让他们得以生存，但是，从长远来看，国家无法一直养活农民!这也是莫迪想让国家实现工业化的主要原因，这样才能向前发展。但是，国大党确保继续向农民发放免费赠品和救济品……

 

Bare - 2 hours ago -Follow

Our Parliament is full of big landlords. How many have committed suicide till now. Something seriously wrong.

我们的议会里满是大地主。到目前为止有多少农民自杀了，某些环节出了严重的问题。

 

Godfather Senior - Mumbai - 2 hours ago -Follow

The main enemies are the politicians who control many of the markets of farm produce. Ando more, these politicians becoming themselves as farmers in the papers ! There need to a system in the loot game called APMC.

主要的敌人是控制着许多农产品市场的政客。更重要的是，这些政客在报纸上变成了农民!在这场掠夺游戏中，需要一个叫做农产品市场委员会的系统。

 

Bare - 2 hours ago -Follow

Rich man takes loan doesn't pay back he scoots. Farmer takes loan can't repay he commits suicide. IT'S PURE COWARDICE. So many people not associated with farming take loans , not all can pay back, very few commit suicide. There is something more to farmer suicides which the press rants and raves but never investigates properly.

富人贷款不还，人家逃了。农民贷款还不了，却自杀了，这是纯粹的懦弱。所以很多非务农人士都有贷款而且并不是都能偿还，但却很少有人自杀。对于农民自杀事件，媒体大肆宣扬，却从未进行过适当的调查。

 

V - 2 hours ago -Follow

I fully agree that farmers should be allowed to sale their produce in open market as well as in APMC market as per his choice.

Similarly Inter state movement should be permitted of food grains.

Government should provide incentive to farmers to export their produce.

These are the possibilities to address Farmers grievances

我完全同意应该允许农民在公开市场和APMC（农产品市场委员会）市场上销售他们的产品。同样，也应允许农场品在各邦流动。政府应该鼓励农民出口他们的产品。这些都有助于解决农民的不满。

 

rajneesh_osho - Location - 3 hours ago -Follow

If our government after independence had worked to curtail population growth farmers wouldn''t have been in trouble. I travel in uber for at least 15 days in Delhi and most drivers that I come across come from marginal farmer families. When asked the typical response on the farm size is less than 2 acres per family. The grandfather add more than 30 acres and with division in the family now they are left with two acres or so forth. How can government ensure 50000 rupees per month with a farm which is less than 2 acres. And this is the story of 90% of the farmers.

如果我们的政府在独立后采取措施遏制人口增长，那农民就不会陷入困境。我在德里乘优步旅行了至少15天，我遇到的大多数司机都来自贫困的农民家庭。当被问及这个问题时，典型的回答是每个家庭的农田面积都小于2英亩。祖父手上有30多英亩土地，随着一次次分家，到他们手里只剩下两英亩左右的土地。政府怎么能保证一个不到2英亩的农田每月能产生5万卢比的收入呢?90%的农民都是这种情况。

 

Prabhat - 3 hours ago -Follow

It is due to lack of political will. Media has a role to do, but not enough to highlight their problem. We always do a bargain in agriculture commodities if sold by a vendor, and not in mall. Better the farmer sell the product to mall under agreement and government should encourage.

如果农产品是由小贩出售，而不是在商场出售，那我们总能买到便宜货。农民最好把产品卖给商场，政府应该对此加以鼓励。

 

Bharath Reddy - 3 hours ago -Follow

Only BJP party workers are happy under Modi raj

在莫迪的领导下，只有人民党才过得幸福。

 

Bikash Sahoo - Cuttack - 26 mins ago -Follow

Can anyone recall sudden drop of onion price after a raid on a onion traders?? Perhaps in Thane or Nashik!!

有没有人记得，在洋葱交易员遭到突击检查后，洋葱价格突然下跌?好像是在塔那还是纳西克!!

 

Hridoy - 29 mins ago -Follow

It is a fact that subsequent Govt. has with proper planning neglecting the farming community of the country. All Govt. think that only industrial growth give boost to the economy not by agriculture. If BJP want to retain power in 2019 election they must forget all irrelevant issues like cow, jeneu, gotra, Hindu and Muslim issue. Concentrate sincerely on the welfare of the farmers and the poors. These are the people who go to polling booths to vote without fail.

政府有计划地忽视了这个国家的农业社会，这是事实。历届政府都认为只有工业才能促进经济发展，而非农业。如果印度人民党想在2019年大选中继续掌权，他们必须抛开所有无关紧要的问题，比如牛、种姓、印度教和问题。全心全意为农民和贫困人口谋福利，这些人会毫不犹豫地到投票站去为他们投票。

 

Virender Kumar Singla - 56 mins ago -Follow

All currupt practices were of previous Govts. But heading gives impression as if presently farmers face problems. Big reforms are required especially for small farmers removing middleman. Separate rules for rich farmers who also manipulate everything in their favour.

所有的腐败行为都是前任政府的干的。但标题给人的印象似乎是农民目前面临的问题。需要进行大改革，尤其是取消中间商。对富裕的农民实施单独的规定，他们也操纵一切有利于自己的事情。

 

Ragu - 1 hour ago -Follow

one sector where nobody will.come to help is agriculture sector.. not Gandhi family or MODI government whatever nobody helps even if they some good things it will.reach out to the FARMER

没人愿意帮助农业部门，甘地家族，莫迪政府都不愿意，即使能拉拢农民。

 

Jaihind - 1 hour ago -Follow

What is Ground Reality of BJP Govt. , it's reached Mr.Modi Government

人民党政府实现了什么，变成了莫迪的政府。