玄奘？法显？第一个到印度的中国人是谁

Who was the first Chinese traveller to India?

第一个到印度的中国人是谁?

Quora评论翻译：

Rohit Singh, Founder at Law Jugaad (2017-present)

Originally Answered: Who was first Chinese traveller to India?

If you have ever gone through the ancient history of India, you must have come across the name of the Chinese Buddhist monk Hsuan Tsang (var. Hiuen Tsiang) who visited India through the Silk Route between AD 627-643. He was a great traveler, scholar and translator. Till date his work on India is very significant.

如果你读过印度古代史，你一定知道在公元627年至643年，中国高僧玄奘经丝绸之路西行到印度的事迹。他是一个伟大的旅行家、学者和翻译家。

Hsuan Tsang was born in AD 602 at present day’s Henan province, China. Since childhood Hsuan Tsang used to read Chinese religious books and traveled all across China in search of good books on Buddhism. After finding some contradictions in the text books on Buddhism, he decided to travel to India in search of true explanations, as India was the birthplace of Buddha. After reaching India, he spent 17 years of his life here. During his entire stay Hsuan Tsang was traveling, exploring, imbibing and learning. Hsuan Tsang recorded his travel details in the Chinese text the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions.

玄奘生于公元602年，出生地为今天的河南省。玄奘从小阅读中国的宗教书籍，游遍中国各地寻找佛教典籍。在佛经中发现了一些矛盾之后，他决定去印度寻找真释，因为印度是佛陀的诞生地。到达印度后，他在这里生活了17年。在整个逗留期间，玄奘一直在游历、探索和学习。在《大唐西域记》中，玄奘记载了他的游历见闻。

Hsuan Tsang left Ssu-ch’uan without a travel permit in 627. His left this place very secretively as it was against law to travel abroad in China. Though he was on the main route but after his experience at first outpost where Hsuan Tsang was stopped he made a detour. Now he was into a place where there were no signs of life. All along his way, Hsuan Tsang faced many challenges and crossed deserts and mountains, passed through the central Asiatic regions of Turfan, Karashahr, Tashkent, Samarkand, and Bactria. But this didn’t stop him from visiting India. After traveling about 34 kingdoms he finally entered India in 631 through Hindu Kush. He spent near about two years in northwest India and then went to Ganges region for visiting sacred Buddhist place. His travel included Kapilavastu (birthplace of Buddha), Benares; Sarnath (places where Budhha delivered lectures), Bodhgaya (Buddha accomplished Nirvana at this place) and then to Nalanda (Buddhist learning center in India). For 15 months Hsuan Tsang studied at Nalanda to learn Sanskrit. He even studied Indian philosophy, grammar and logic.

627年，玄奘在没有旅行许可的情况下秘密离开长安，当时出国旅行在中国是违法的。在第一个关卡被阻拦后，玄奘便绕道而行，途经中亚地区的吐鲁番、焉耆、塔什干、撒马尔罕和大夏。一路历尽千辛万苦，穿越沙漠和高山，但这并没有阻止他前往印度。在游历了34个王国之后，他终于在631年经兴都库什进入印度。他在印度西北部呆了大约两年，然后去恒河地区参观佛教圣地，其足迹遍布迦毗罗卫(佛陀的出生地)、贝拿勒斯、鹿野苑（佛陀开坛讲经的地方）、菩提伽耶(佛陀在此涅槃)、那烂陀寺(印度佛教学习中心)。玄奘在那烂陀学习梵语15个月。还学习了印度哲学、语法和逻辑。

He was a great scholar and King Harsa of Northern India came to know about him while he was going back to his country. The king made his travel back to China much easier. Hsuan Tsang left India in 643 and reached Ch’ang-an in 645. Back home he was offered a ministerial position but he refused it, as he wanted to complete his religious work. He started translating Sanskrit texts that he brought from India and successfully completed the translation of more than 600 Buddhist texts. Hsuan Tsang’s translations contained some of the most important Mahayana writings.

玄奘是一位伟大的学者，在其准备回国前，北印度戒日王会见了他。戒日王使其归国之旅方便了许多。643年，玄奘离开印度，于645年抵达长安。回国后，玄奘受邀入阁，但他拒绝了，因为他想完成其宗教工作。他开始翻译从印度带来的梵文文献，成功翻译了600多部佛教文献。玄奘的译本包含了一些最重要的大乘佛教著作。

All through his journey, he kept a journal of his exceptional travel, observations and experiences that later known as the Hsi-yü Chi or Great Tang Records on the Western Regions. At present, this is a single written record of conditions of India and other Western countries at that time. Hsuan Tsang was indeed a great traveler and scholar whose travel to India is still helping historians to find out many answers about Indian civilization then.

在整个西行途中，玄奘把自己的旅行、观察和经历记录下来，编纂成《大唐西域记》。目前，这是关于印度和其他西方国家当时情况的唯一书面记载。玄奘的确是一位伟大的旅行家和学者，他的印度之旅至今仍有助于历史学家们找到许多有关当时印度文明的答案。

 

Manohar AM, Presently retired from services and living contentedly.

Chinese traveler Fa-hsien was the first Chinese Monk to visit India (395-414) and is said to have been the first significant Chinese traveler as per most authoritative historians.

据最权威的历史学家的说法，中国旅行家法显是第一个访问印度(公元395-414)的中国僧人，他是第一位杰出的中国旅行家。

Much of our knowledge of ancient and medieval Indian history comes from the accounts of foreigners who as pilgrims, travellers and traders crossed the seas and difficult land routes crossing high mountains to reach India. In their writings on their observations and experiences of a country new and strange to them, they left valuable contributions to the historical understanding of early Indian society. As outsiders, they found worthy of mention facets and facts about the country that our native writers missed, or often simply took for granted and hence ignored. They acted, often unwittingly, as agents of civilization contact and exchange, bringing with them new ideas, skills and technologies, and returning, in turn, armed with new knowledge as the harbingers of cultural and intellectual change.

我们对古代和中世纪印度历史的大部分了解都来自于外国人的记载，他们或是朝圣者、或是旅行者，或是商人，穿越海洋和艰难的陆路，越过高山到达印度。他们的著作记录了他们在一个陌生国家的见闻和经历，对早期印度社会的历史认识作出了宝贵的贡献。作为外国人，他们发现有必要提及我们本土作家所忽略的、或往往被视为理所当然因而被忽视的有关这个国家的方方面面。他们常常在无意中充当文明接触和交流的媒介，带来新的思想、技能和技术，反过来，又以新知识武装自己，充当文化和知识变革的先驱。。

Chinese pilgrims played a key role in the exchanges between ancient India and ancient China. They introduced new texts and doctrines to the Chinese clergy, carried Buddhist paraphernalia for the performance of rituals and ceremonies, and provided detailed accounts of their spiritual journeys to India. Records of Indian society and its virtuous rulers, accounts of the flourishing monastic institutions, and stories about the magical and miraculous prowess of the Buddha and his disciples often accompanied the descriptions of the pilgrimage sites in their travel records.

中国朝圣者在古印度和古中国的交流中发挥了关键作用。他们向中国僧人介绍了新的经文和教义，带回了用于举行仪式的佛教用具，并详细讲述了他们前往印度的旅程。在他们的游记中，关于印度社会及其贤德统治者的记录，关于繁荣的寺院制度的记述，以及佛陀及其弟子神奇力量的故事，常常伴随着对朝圣地点的记录。

Chinese traveler Fa-hsien's pilgrimage to India (395-414) is said to have been the first significant Chinese monk as per most authoritative historians. He left along the Silk Road in search of great Buddhist scriptures, stayed 6 years in India, and then returned by the sea route. Tens of Chinese monks, possibly hundreds of them, visited India during that period and Fa-hsien was the first Chinese monk to travel to India. At the age of sixty-five, he travelled, mostly on foot, from Central China taking the southern route through Shenshen, Dunhuang, Khotan, and then over the Himalayas, to Gandhara and Peshawar. Fa-hsien was about 77 years old when he reached back home. In AD 414 he recorded his travels in ‘Record of Buddhist Countries’ today known as the ‘Travels of Fa-Hien’. It is an excellent geographic account of his journey along the Silk Route and the first comprehensive eyewitness account of the history and customs of Central Asia and India. His account includes the description of local Buddhist monasteries, the approximate number of Buddhist monks in the region, the teachings and rituals practiced by them, and the Buddhist legends associated with some of these sites.

在最权威的历史学家看来，中国旅行家法显是第一位访问印度的重要僧人。他沿着丝绸之路去寻找佛经，在印度呆了6年，然后从海路回来。在此期间，可能有数十名甚至数百名中国僧人前往印度，但法显是第一个前往印度的中国僧人。当时法显已经65岁，主要靠徒步旅行，从中国中部沿南线穿过敦煌、和田，然后越过喜马拉雅山脉，到达犍陀罗和白沙瓦。归国之时法显大约77岁。公元414年，他把自己的游历记录在《佛国记》中，又名《法显传》。这是关于其沿丝绸之路旅行的优秀地理记述，也是中亚和印度历史和习俗的第一个全面的亲历者记述。他的记述包括对当地佛教寺庙的描述，该地区佛教僧侣的大致数量，他们的教义和仪式，以及与这些地点有关的佛教传说。

It will be criminal not to remember the other most famous of the early Chinese pilgrims is Xuanzang, (Hsuan-Tsang) (629-644). One of Xuanzang’s primary reasons to undertake the arduous journey to India was to visit its sacred Buddhist sites. Dissatisfied with the translations of Indian Buddhist texts available in China, he also wanted to procure original works and learn the doctrines directly from Indian teachers. Thus resulted his large and precise translation work defines a “new translation period,” in China in contrast with older Central Asian works. He also left a detailed account of his travels in Central Asia and India.

早期中国朝圣者中另一位最著名的是玄奘(访问时间：公元629-644)。玄奘长途跋涉到印度的主要目的之一就是参观那里的佛教圣地。他对当时的印度佛教文献译本不满意，想直接从印度大师那里获得原作和教义。其大量而精确的译作与中亚旧译本形成鲜明对比。他还详细叙述了他在中亚和印度的游历见闻。

PS: According to Chinese sources, the first Chinese to be ordained was Zhu Zixing, after he went to Central Asia in 260 to seek out Buddhism. It is only from the 4th century CE that Chinese Buddhist monks started to travel to India to discover Buddhism first-hand.

据中国资料记载，第一位西行取经求法的僧人是朱士行，他于260年前往中亚寻求佛经原本。从公元4世纪起，中国佛教僧侣才开始前往印度，寻求佛教的第一手资料。

 

Lakshmikant Tyagi, studies Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering at Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Kat...

Fa-hien or Faxian (AD 399 – 413):

Fa-Hien was the first Chinese monk to travel to India in search of great Buddhist scriptures. At the age of sixty-five, he travelled, mostly on foot, from Central China taking the southern route through Shenshen, Dunhuang, Khotan, and then over the Himalayas, to Gandhara and Peshawar.

Fa-Hien was about 77 years old when he reached back home. In AD 414 he recorded his travels in ‘Record of Buddhist Countries’ today known as the ‘Travels of Fa-Hien’. It is an excellent geographic account of his journey along the Silk Route and the first comprehensive eyewitness account of the history and customs of Central Asia and India. His account includes the description of local Buddhist monasteries, the approximate number of Buddhist monks in the region, the teachings and rituals practiced by them, and the Buddhist legends associated with some of these sites.

法显(公元399 - 413):

法显是第一位到印度取经的中国僧人。65岁时，他靠徒步旅行，从中国中部沿南线穿过敦煌、和田，然后越过喜马拉雅山脉，到达犍陀罗和白沙瓦。

法显归国时，约77岁。公元414年，他把自己的游历记录在《佛国记》中，又名《法显传》。这是有关其沿丝绸之路旅行的优秀地理记述，也是中亚和印度历史和习俗的第一个全面的亲历者记述。他的记述包括对当地佛教寺庙的描述，该地区佛教僧侣的大致数量，他们的教义和仪式，以及与这些地点有关的佛教传说。

 

Arya Tah, History buff

As the legends tell, Faxian was the first to visit India. Between CE 399-412 he visited India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Pakistan and Bangladesh. Driven by an intense urge to visit Lumbini in person, (and its this pilgrimage to Lumbini that made him all so renowned) he visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II. His books not only serve as an excellent source of knowledge for primordial Buddhism but also serve as an excellent account of contemporary history of the numerous countries along Silk Roads

相传法显是第一个访问印度的中国人。在公元399-412年间，他访问了印度、斯里兰卡、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦和孟加拉国。他非常渴望到蓝毗尼朝圣，受这种强烈愿望的驱使(正是这次到蓝毗尼的朝圣之旅让他如此出名)，他在旃陀罗笈多二世统治时期访问了印度。他的著作不仅是原始佛教知识的极好来源，同时也对丝绸之路沿线众多国家近代史进行了很好的记述。

 

Shivam Sharma(शिवम् शर्मा), Data Analyst at Global Logic (2016-present)

It’s Fa-Hien (405–411AD) who visited india at the time of chandrgupta 2(Gupta dynasty) , known as vikramaditya. Fa-hein was a monk who travelled to india in search of great buddhist scriptures. From central china taking the silk route through Dunhuang , khotan and then over the himalayas to gandhara and peshawar.

Thanks…….

法显(公元405 - 411年)在旃陀罗笈多二世(笈多王朝的“超日王”)时期访问印度。法显是一位到印度寻求佛经的僧人。从中国中部沿丝绸之路途经敦煌、和田，然后越过喜马拉雅山脉，到达犍陀罗和白沙瓦。

 

Pawan Prasad, works at Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Fa-hein was the first Chinese who travelled to India and he was a Buddhists monk.

法显是第一个到印度的中国人，他是一个佛教徒。

 

Neha Anand, BA history hons from University of Delhi (2018)

Fa -hein

法显

 

Shyam Pramanik

Hiu-en-sung

玄奘

 

Shreyans Kale, Laptop Engineer (2010-present)

Faxian

法显

 

Bollywood Updates

Xuanzang

玄奘

 

Aryan Jangid, B. Sc. Bachelor of Science in Chemistry & Government High School, JNVU, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (2019)

Fahhan

法显

 

Ramanamma Masada

Markpolo

马可波罗

 

Subodh Biswas, former Teacher

Hiuen Tsang.

玄奘

外文：https://www.quora.com/Who-was-the-first-Chinese-traveller-to-India