美版知乎：为何印度至今尚未登月，美国和俄罗斯等国近50年前就成功了

Why couldn't India make it to the moon while countries like the USA and Russia succeeded almost 50 years ago? Does that mean India's science and technology is 50 years behind the developed countries like USA?

为什么印度至今还未能成功登月，而美国和俄罗斯等国家在近50年前就成功了?这是不是意味着印度的科学技术比美国等发达国家落后50年?

QUORA网站读者评论：

Ankit Singh, Knows a little something about space exploration

We couldn't and are not going to any time soon because we lack the technology to do so. Robert Frost's answer regarding the technology required to go to the moon is pretty insightful, so give it a read. Here's the link: How did we lose the technology to go to the Moon? If it has been built, it can be built again, can't it? What exactly is the problem? Also, we have had other priorities that needed immediate attention. And, since India is a developing country, ISRO never really had the budget to compete with NASA.

我们没能力也不会在近期这么做，因为我们缺乏技术。罗伯特·弗罗斯特关于登月所需技术的回答非常有见地，不妨读一读。链接：我们是如何失去登月技术的?如果飞行器建成过，还可以再建，不是吗?到底有什么问题?此外，我们还有其他需要马上优先解决的事。而且，由于印度是发展中国家，ISRO从来没有足够的预算与NASA竞争。

Benefit of manned missions

载人飞行的好处

 

Source: www.nasa.gov

As one of the answer in the feed notes "It is useless to send a person to the moon", this is an ignorant statement to make, and nothing can be more further from the truth.

For one, robots cannot compete with humans because they are not autonomous. Understand this, they are manually controlled and are provided with a set of instructions to do even the most menial tasks.

Just look at the mars mission, the curiosity rover landed on mars on August 6, 2012, and it reached the 10 km milestone on April 16, 2015. A manned mission any given day would be much more efficient and will  yield much better results.

来源:www.nasa.gov

正如某个回答中说的“把人送上月球并没有用”，这是很无知的说法，没有比这更离谱的了。

首先，机器人不能与人类竞争，因为它们没有自主性。必须理解这一点，它们是人类手动控制的，就算是最简单的事，也需要人类提供一组指令才能完成。

看看火星任务，好奇号探测器于2012年8月6日登陆火星，并于2015年4月16日实现10公里的里程碑记录。任何时候的载人任务都会更有效率，也会带来更好的结果。

 

Soumadeep Mazumdar, I (used to) write long answers.

So, after solving our problems of widespread corruption, mass poverty, public hygiene, discrimination based on caste and creed, female foeticide, frequent rapes and unemployment, we Indians are now judging our development based on our capability to send men to the moon?

Let me tell you a little story which might be analogous to the scenario.

There are three kids at school, USA, Russia and India. USA and Russia are both rich brats who have accomplished quite a lot in their respective fields of academics and sports. The come to school everyday via their dad's limousine and bring fancy food for lunch to avoid the school cafeteria. One fine day, both these superkids decide that they already have a lot in life and it's now time for a girlfriend. So Russia goes ahead and asks out Sputnik. This makes the USA furious, since they were supposed to be brothers and now Russia seems to be winning the contest by leaps and bounds. So, the ever overcompensating USA decides to take it a step further, and does something which would gather a lot of media coverage and appraisal, although being totally useless from a strategic point of view. He asks out a teacher, Mrs. Moon. After years of trying, spending lavishly on her, she finally agrees, and satisfies USA's desperate need to stay at the top of everything, every time.

所以，在解决了普遍存在的腐败、大规模贫困、公共卫生、基于种姓和宗教的歧视、杀害女性胎儿、经常曝出的强奸案和失业等问题之后，我们印度人现在又要根据我们能不能把人送上月球对我们的发展评头论足了?

我来给你们讲一个类似的小故事。

学校里有三个孩子，美国，俄罗斯和印度。美国和俄罗斯都是富家子弟，各自在学业和体育领域都取得了相当大的成就。他们每天乘坐爸爸的豪华轿车来学校，带着精美的午餐，看不上学校的自助餐厅。在一个风和日丽的日子里，这两个牛娃决定了，既然他们生活中啥也不缺了，该找个女朋友了。所以俄罗斯开始跟人造卫星约会了。这让美国怒不可遏，因为他们本应是兄弟，而现在俄罗斯似乎正神速地赢得了这场竞赛。所以，美国决定要超过俄罗斯，做点吸引大量媒体报道和评价的事情，尽管从战略角度来说这样做完全没用。他约了一位老师，月亮夫人。经过多年的努力，在她身上一掷千金，她最终同意了，并满足了美国在任何时候、任何事情上保持领先的迫切需要。

All the while, Russia and USA were searching for a girl, India could barely, deliver newspapers in the morning to pay for his school, cook for his unemployed, drug addicted father, mourn for his long lost mother, and then walk to school. When he reaches there, he hasn't got the time or energy to gather any interest about what USA and Russia are fighting about. He is too busy running to the school cafeteria to fetch the last morsel of food.

Now the background story to this analogy.

USA and Russia had already proved to the world that they were capable, that they were the superpowers. They surpassed most other countries in technological, social and almost every other aspect. Communication satellites were crucial for development. Russia made an attempt, succeeded. But that was that. It was absolutely unnecessary for anyone to go to the moon, except for proving USA's point that they are better than the Russians. USA took this one way to far ahead to be useful to any end. Just to prove a point, they used their surplus of resources on a project that had no humanitarian value. Just because, "they can".

与此同时，在俄罗斯和美国寻找女友的时候，印度只能在早上送报纸付学费，为他失业、吸毒的父亲做饭，追忆很早就过世的母亲，然后步行上学。当他到了学校，他已经没有时间和精力去关注美国和俄罗斯正在为什么而战。他得赶到学校的自助餐厅吃点残羹冷炙。

这就跟登月相似。

美国和俄罗斯已经向世界证明了他们的能力，他们是超级大国。他们在技术、社会和几乎所有领域都超过了绝大多数国家。通信卫星对发展至关重要。俄罗斯做了一次尝试，成功了。但也仅此而已。对任何国家而言，除了证明美国认为自己比俄罗斯更优秀之外，登月都是完全没有必要的。美国在这条单行道上领先了很多。为了证明这一点，他们把多余的资源用在了一件没有人道主义价值的事情上。只为了证明“他们有能力”。

To sum up,

Recreation comes later. Only when the basic amenities are available. You breathe first, smoke later. Eat first, dine later. Live first, enjoy later.

No, we Indians aren't incapable of sending men to the moon, or in that case to any other planet. There are team members at NASA from India who are still sending men to the moon. Indian physicists worked on the CERN supercollider. There are Indians working at Facebook, Amazon and Google who are just as capable of starting a new company of their own. But we are too tired. After struggling 20 years for an engineering or equivalent degree and trying to keep ourselves in the sun with a population of 1.2 billion, we Indians prefer to enjoy a little of our time cherishing the position we scratched and clawed to achieve. We don't see a point of sending men to the moon just to fulfil our surreal need for approval, when people at home are dying everyday. So, we read some story about some guy who quit his job and created a startup which is now a multi-billion dollar company and wonder, whether Indians are incapable of doing so. That's not the case. We worked too hard to get that job, and we just can't take the risk of quitting and finding another if our startup doesn't work out. We are incapable by force, not by choice.

综上所述,

必须先有基础条件，才能有娱乐声马。你要先能呼吸，再考虑抽烟。先有吃的，再谈宴席。先活下来，再来享受生活。

不，我们印度人并不是没有能力把人送上月球，或者其他任何星球。美国国家航空和宇宙航行局的一些团队成员来自印度，他们仍在向月球运送宇航员。印度物理学家在欧洲核子研究中心的超级对撞机上工作。在Facebook、亚马逊和谷歌工作的印度人也有能力创办自己的新公司。但是我们太累了。印度有12亿人口，我们拼命读书20年才能拿到工程学或同等学位，并努力让自己生活无忧。如今，我们印度人更愿意花一点时间好好享受，珍惜自己努力争取到的地位。我们不认为把人类送上月球仅仅是为了满足我们对世人认可的超现实需求，因为我们每天都有同胞逝去。所以，我们能看到有些人会辞掉工作，创建初创公司，如今市值达到数十亿美元，我们想知道，印度人是否有能力做到这一点。可那不一样。为了得到那份工作，我们太过努力了。我们不能冒险辞职，万一创业失败，还得再另一份工作。

Kshitij Salgunan, Indian Internet activist

It is basically USELESS to send a person to moon. By useless, I hearby mean that we don't get any new knowledge or new sample or anything useful. The same is the case of sending a person to mars.

We can instead send robots which can collect samples, test them and they can work endlessly there.

Sending a human will also require development in various other technologies like 'life supporting space vehicle' which can be extremely costly.

The cost of sending a single human to moon under current circumstances will be 100times the cost of sending the mars probe (manglayaan). The Govt. of India allocates only a tiny budget for space research, so tiny that it is unbelievable that they were able to make, plan and send a probe to mars!

Read this descriptive answer to know more abut Mangalyaan mission:- What is the breakdown of cost for a space mission like India's Mars mission?

把人送上月球，基本上没什么实际用处。所谓无用，我指的是我们并不能从中任何新知识或新样本或任何有用的东西。把人送到火星上也一样。

我们可以把机器人送去收集样本，测试样本，它们可以在那里不眠不休地工作。

而载人航空需要研发其他技术，比如“可维持生命的航天器”，造价可能会非常昂贵。

在目前情况下，将人送上月球的成本将是将发射火星探测器的100倍。印度政府对太空研究的预算拨款极少，少到他们能够制造、筹划以及向火星发射探测器都变成了一场天方夜谭!

大家可以读一读这个回答，了解更多关于曼加里安发射任务的细节：太空发射任务，以印度的火星任务为例，各项成本是多少?

 

 

Balaji Viswanathan, Indian by Birth. Indian by Thought.

In the 1960s, the US put all its heart into NASA and the moon mission. There was a big fear that US would lose out to Soviet Union (Russia) in the space race. Such an urgency is the best incentive for scientific development. Resources were poured in and it was the national priority. US spent around $35b in today's dollars year after year.

To put that in context, India spent $1.1 billion on ISRO last year in a year it sent the MARS mission. It has a fraction of the resources that NASA got. However, even NASA has to rely on the Russians to get to the space these days, as the older priorities have gone and the gap between NASA and ISRO is slowly reducing.

20世纪60年代，美国把所有精力都投入在NASA和登月任务上。人们非常担心美国在太空竞赛中会输给苏联(俄罗斯)。这种紧迫性是科学发展的最佳动力。资源大量注入，这是国家的当务之急。以今天的美元价值计算，美国那些年花费了大约350亿美元。

去年，印度在发射火星任务的一年中，为ISRO花费了11亿美元。它的资源只占到了NASA的一小部分。然而，即使是NASA现在也不得不依靠俄罗斯人进入太空，因为历史上的当务之急不复存在，NASA和ISRO之间的差距正在慢慢缩小。

Besides that the US had historically imposed plenty of restrictions on ISRO and we had to bootstrap a lot of it without outside help. U.S. SANCTIONS IMPOSED ON RUSSIAN, INDIAN SPACE GROUPS (1992 news). NASA, in comparison, had the best of talent from all over the world.

此外，美国历史上曾对ISRO施加过大量限制，我们不得不在没有外援的情况下自力更生。美国对俄罗斯、印度航天集团实施制裁(1992年的新闻)。相比之下，NASA拥有来自世界各地最优秀的人才。

 

I must study politics and war, that our sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy. Our sons ought to study mathematics and philosophy, geography, natural history and naval architecture, navigation, commerce and agriculture in order to give their children a right to study painting, poetry, music, architecture, statuary, tapestry and porcelain.

-- John Adams (Second American President)

Gandhi, Patel, Netaji, Nehru, Rajaji, Shastri and Prasad studied politics and war, so that we have the liberty to pursue mathematics, commerce and engineering. We have started to see the positive effects. If we keep walking that path and do our duty well, our children could study poetry and music.

我必须学习政治和战争，这样我们的后代就可以自由地学习数学和哲学。我们的后代应该学习数学和哲学、地理、自然史、造船、航海、商业和农业，以便给他们的孩子学习绘画、诗歌、音乐、建筑、雕塑、挂毯和瓷器的权利。

——约翰·亚当斯(美国第二任总统)

甘地、帕特尔、尼塔吉、尼赫鲁、拉贾吉、沙斯特里和普拉萨德学习政治和战争，这样我们就有学习数学、商业和工程学的自由。我们已经开始看到了积极的影响。如果我们继续沿着这条路前进，好好履行我们的职责，我们的孩子就能学习诗歌和音乐了。

 

Hrishikesh Kamat, Indian by Heart

Is going to the moon the only way to infer about some country's technological progress ??

• India came up with their own Cryogenic Engine when it was refused help.
• The Agni missile family are devastating and accurate
• We have nuclear research
• Majority of the programmers and research people overseas are Indian in origin.
• The Mangal Yaan was built within a budget less than that of the movie GRAVITY !
• Indian Engineers are highly demanded in the Industry

登陆月球时判断某个国家技术进步的唯一方法吗？？

• 当求助无门时，印度独力研发了低温发动机。
• 火神导弹系列拥有极高的毁灭性和精确性
• 我们有核武器研究
• 大多数海外程序员和研究人员都是印度人。
• 曼加尔的建造预算比电影《地心引力》的预算还要低！
• 印度工程师在行业中非常紧俏。

I don't think its justifiable to conclude someone's technological progress depending upon moon missions.

There are better ways to spend the same amout of money

Moon missions were taken to explore the moon and not to show technological advancement. Since we already know what is up there. We don't find it reasonable to go up there :P Better let the money stay in Swiss Banks

我认为用登月任务来评判某个国家的技术是否发达是不合理的。

我们可以把同样的钱用在更好的地方。

登月是为了探索月球，而非炫耀技术的进步。既然我们已经知道月球上面是什么样了。我们觉得登月不合理，最好把钱留在瑞士银行。

 

 

Nishant Jain, studied at Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak

first question should come in mind why usa is able to send man into moon in 1950 and 1960 but after that it fail to send  what is responsibe for ussr and usa becoming so powerful  in 1950 and 1960 in space scientific reserach and but after that it becom weak  reasons for usa and ussr capability to send man into moon in 1950 and 1960 are :-

1 german expertise in rocket : germans are expert in rocket engineering in 1940 germans created powerful rockets in 1940. their roce ket expertise is best in world due to large reserach experience.after germans got defeated ,usa and ussr  take german rocket scientists to their countries to develop powerful weapons .russia and usa was able to develop weapons quickly due to expertise of german scientist . than question come into mind " why usa is able to send man into moon " reason is von braun who is architect of saturn v rocket and most genius german . usa got most capable rocket scientist in world.

2 strong economy of usa and russia : usa and russia economy is very strong at that time that why they were able to afford expensive reserach

第一个问题应该是，为什么美国能够在20世纪五六十年代把人送上月球，但后来又不行了？苏联和美国的太空科学研究在20世纪五六十年代那么强大，之后为何如此积弱？美国和苏联能在20世纪五六十年代将人送上月球的原因是什么？

1.火箭上的德国专家：德国人精通火箭工程，1940年德国人发明了威力强大的火箭。他们在火箭方面的专业知识是世界上最好的，因为他们有丰富的研究经验。德国战败后，美国和苏联把德国的火箭科学家带到各自的国家研制强大的武器，俄罗斯和美国凭借德国科学家的专业技术迅速研制出了武器。当我想到“为什么美国能把人送上月球”这个问题时，我想到了冯布劳恩，他是土星五号火箭的设计者，也是德国最富天才的人。美国获得了世界上实力最强的火箭科学家。

2.美国和俄罗斯的强劲经济：美国和俄罗斯的经济在那个时候非常强大，因此他们能够负担得起昂贵的科研费用

 

Ashish Jagani

Russians never went to the moon.

And US going to moon is still a debate. There are documentaries which proves that they never went to moon.

And does it matters if we send a guy to moon or not. Its not gonna change any thing.

Instead focus all efforts on getting better satellite systems, and sending robots to moon to find source of minerals and other research.

俄罗斯人从未登上过月球。

美国人的登月行动仍然存在争议。有一些纪录片证明他们从未去到过月球。

我们有没有把人送上月球真的很重要吗?这并不会改变任何事情。

相反，我们应该把所有的精力都集中在研发更优秀的卫星系统上，把机器人送上月球去寻找矿物资源和其他研究。

 

Himanshu Angolkar, Patriot

Because India has so many other issues

1. To fight against oppressed and backwards.
2. Religious issues - hindutva is the only solution for complete development of India.
3. Nationality. To be decided only by few handful people who believe killing of Gandhi was a patriotic act.
4. Corruption.
5. Blind faith, superstition, traditions, culture should not be forgotten.
6. Ram mandir. For development of India
7. Science is bulls***t because science is against religion. Though these people will use every and each gadget and products developed by science (phone, fan, car, plane, TV etc)

8.Any person or group who is against the above mentioned points should be called anti national.

因为印度还有很多其他问题

1. 反对压迫和逆行倒退。
2. 宗教问题—推行印度教是印度全面发展的唯一解决方案。
3. 民族。只有少数人认为刺杀甘地是爱国行为。
4. 腐败。
5. 盲目信仰、迷信、传统、文化不应被遗忘。
6. 为了印度的发展，打击寺庙。
7. 科学是狗屁，因为科学反对宗教。尽管这些人也离不开应用了各项科技的小玩意儿和商品(电话、风扇、汽车、飞机、电视等)
8. 任何反对上述观点的人或团体都应被称为反国家者。

 

Ravi Ranjan, Senior Consultant - Cyber Risk

USA has not gone back to moon in 50 years. Does that mean they have forgotten all their research?

And BTW when did someone from Russia went to moon?

美国已经50年没有重返月球了。这是否意味着他们忘记了所有的研究?

顺便问一下，俄罗斯人什么时候登月的?

 

Ansh Kathpalia, Bharat Petroleum | IIM Indore | NIT Jaipur

Why aim for the moon, when we can reach Mars in the first attempt????

当我们首次尝试就能到达火星时，为什么还要盯着月球不放呢?

 

 

Rohit Gulati, Football fanatic,Loving brother,aspiring engineer. Drunk with thoughts

Bro,we had independence about 67 years ago. America had independence 238 years ago. Our premier instituition,namely IIT Kharagpur was founded in 1951. MIT was founded in 1861. We are actually doing better than them in comparison on some points. We support 1.2 billion people here buddy

我说伙计，我们67年前才独立。而美国238年前就独立了。我们的第一学府，印度理工学院，1951年才成立。而麻省理工学院1861年就成立了。实际上，我们在某些方面做得比他们还好。我们养活了12亿人口，伙计。

 

Faisal Shafi, Interested in Indo-Pak relations

Because of the caste system

就因为我们的种姓制度啊

 

Mrigendra Chaubey, harry potter buff.

First think why is there a need for India to go on moon.If that is really important , develop technologically or buy it.

首先想想为什么印度需要登月。如果这真的很重要，那就研发技术或者购买技术。

 

1. Ajit Gandhi, studied at Be in Ec (2011)

No one is going to the Moon now. Last man to step in was in 1972. Why?

All the Space organizations have realized that going to the Moon doesn’t worth the input it requires. The latest project was Constellation program (2005–09) but was again cancelled by Obama. Reason mentioned was financial.

We have so many conspiracy theories but we should ignore all of them and talk factual.

现在没有人要去月球。最后一个登月的人是在1972年去的。为什么?

所有的太空组织都意识到，不值得为登月投入这么多。最新的项目是星座计划(2005-09)，但又一次被奥巴马取消。取消的原因就在于经济方面的考虑。

我们听到许许多多阴谋论，但我们应该忽略它们，只讲事实。

 

Pratik Chatse, cogito ergo sum

Because Pakistan did not do it first. Or else we would have been on moon soon

因为巴基斯坦不是那个第一个登上月球的国家。不然我们早也紧跟着成功登月了。

 

Abhishek Batni, All those who wander are not lost.....

The US and Russia had a Cold War to deal with. They had to prove their respective superiorites, whereas we just don't need to send a probe or people to the moon, even though we did send Chandrayaan. As for the technology, we do have the tech as shown by the above mentioned Chandrayaan and are recent probe sent to Mars

美国和俄罗斯当时需要应对冷战。他们必须证明各自的实力，而我们不需要发射探测器或送人上月球，虽然我们确实也发射了月船号。至于技术，我们确实拥有如上所述的“月船号”和最近发射到火星的探测器所证明的技术实力。

 

Rama Raju Indukuri, Lived here all my life.. just under tropic of cancer

Its ethical to feed the hungry than send someone to moon

让挨饿的人吃饱饭比把人送上月球更合乎道德伦理

  

Vishvesh Tadsare

Well India must first fight sanitation, hygiene, waste management, human resource development, infant mortality, child abuse and poverty, patient care etc...... The list goes on and on....

Going to moon is a luxury that only countries that have solved its basic problems can afford!

印度必须首先与卫生、垃圾管理、人力资源开发、婴儿夭折、虐待儿童、贫困、病人护理等问题作斗争，林林总总不胜枚举....

登月是件奢侈的事，只有那些解决了基本社会问题的国家才负担得起!

 

Aswin Das, Philanthropist, Football enthusiast, Atheist, Car lover

It doesn't mean that India is lagging in science and technology. The only advantage of sending a person to moon is, that he will get a place in our Physics and History text books.

这并不意味着印度在科技方面落于人后。把人送上月球的唯一好处是，他会在我们的物理和历史教科书上占有一席之地。

 

Nita Agarwal, Knows about politics!

Yes we are behind in technology . We only copy and replicate things . R & D suffers due to lack of vision and corruption as a result brain drain of Indians happens

是的，我们在技术上落后了。我们只会山寨和复制。由于缺乏远见和贪污腐败，印度出现了人才流失，研发受到影响

 

Varesh Kumar

Russians hasn't been to moon. Only USA has. During cold war russians sent the first man to space so to counter it,  USA lied that they have been to moon.

There are many theories and valid points with proof to support this.  Go on youtube and check out the documentry - have we landed on moon

俄罗斯人还没去过月球。只有美国人去过。在冷战期间，俄罗斯人率先将人送入太空，为了反击，美国就谎称他们去过月球。

有许多理论和证据支持这个观点。登陆youtube看看纪录片——我们真的登上月球了吗？

 外文链接：https://www.quora.com/Why-couldnt-India-make-it-to-the-moon-while-countries-like-the-USA-and-Russia-succeeded-almost-50-years-ago-Does-that-mean-Indias-science-and-technology-is-50-years-behind-the-developed-countries-like-USA