印度和中国的边界争端为何如此难以解决? [印度媒体]

Why India and China’s border disputes are so difficult to resolve？

印度和中国的边界争端为何如此难以解决?



PUBLISHED : Sunday, 17 December, 2017, 10:02am
Mohan Guruswamy is a Distinguished Fellow at the United Service Institution of India in New Delhi

Mohan Guruswamy，新德里联合服务机构杰出研究员

（译注：本文来自2017.12.17日的南华早报 South China Morning Post 国际版网站，作者是一位印度的研究员）

Although the frontiers in question date back to the British colonial era, the modern phenomenon of social media-fuelled nationalism is a major barrier to progress

尽管问题的前因可以追溯到英国殖民时代，但现代社交媒体推动的民族主义是进步的主要障碍。

What is commonly referred to as the “border dispute” between India and China manifests itself in two distinct and separate areas of contention.

印度和中国之间所谓的“边界争端”，体现在关于两个不同的、分离的地区之间争论。

One is Aksai Chin, a virtually uninhabited high-altitude desert expanse of about 37,000 square kilometres.

其中一个是阿克赛钦地区，一个几乎无人居住的高海拔沙漠，大约有37000平方公里的面积。



The other is what is now the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, a diversely populated hill region with a population of around 1.4 million people spread out over 84,000 square kilometres, much of which China claims as Lower Tibet.

另一个是现在的印度阿鲁纳恰尔邦，这个人口密集的山区人口约有140万，分布在84,000平方公里的土地上，其中大部分都是中国宣称的下西藏地区。

Aksai Chin lies between the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, and China’s Xinjiang province, both regions that are also riven by separatist conflicts as well as India’s long-running dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir.

阿克赛钦位于印度的查谟和克什米尔邦，以及中国的新疆之间，这两个地区也因分裂主义冲突而分裂，以及印度与巴基斯坦在克什米尔问题上的长期争端

China builds up troop numbers close to Indian border flashpoint as soldiers prepare for first winter near Doklam

中国在靠近印度边境的洞朗地区建立了军队营地，士兵正准备迎接第一个冬季的临近。

Arunachal Pradesh borders Tibet, which has its own separatist movement. India claims that these borders were agreed between British India and the independent or semi-independent authorities in Xinjiang and Tibet in the early days of the last century.

阿鲁纳恰尔邦与西藏接壤，那里有独立的分离主义运动。印度声称，在上个世纪早期，印度与独立或半独立的XJ和XZ当局达成了这些边界协议。

China does not agree with this argument.

中国不同意这种说法。

Both countries agree that these are legacies of history and cannot be solved in the short or medium term and are best left for the future.

但两国都赞同，这是历史遗留问题，不能在短期或中期解决，最好留给未来。

But what causes friction between the two is that they do not have agreed a Line of Actual Control (LAC) to separate the jurisdictions under the control of their armies. The perceptions of the LAC differ at many places. In some places it might be by just a few metres, and elsewhere by tens of kilometres.

但是，两国之间的摩擦是，他们没有达成一致的实际控制线(LAC)，以便在他们的军队控制下将管辖权分开。在许多地方，人们对这一地区的实际控制线(LAC)看法有所不同。在某些地方可能只有几米，而其他地方则有几十公里。

To minimise the risk of tensions caused by regular patrols by the two sides’ security forces, they have a Border Defence Cooperation Agreement that sets out the norms of behaviour for both sides.

为了尽量减少由双方安全部队定期巡逻造成的紧张局势，双方签署了一份边防防务合作协议，为双方的行为设定了规范。

The most important elements are that nothing of a permanent nature will be built on these disputed areas, and that the patrols take every precaution to ensure they do not confront each other.

最重要的因素是，在这些有争议的地区，不会有任何永久性的设施建造，巡逻人员会采取一切预防措施，以确保他们不会相互对抗。

This means that if they come face to face they will both withdraw. The corollary to this is that the patrols will not follow each other.

这意味着，如果他们面对面，他们都将退出。这样做的必然结果是，巡逻人员不会彼此跟踪。

The agreement also requires local commanders to frequently meet and exchange views and sort out their local differences.

该协议还要求当地指挥官经常会面并交换意见，解决本地分歧。

In letter to Tibetan herders, Xi sends message on China’s border row with India

在致西藏牧民的信中，中国主席就中国与印度的边境争端发出了信息。

Despite the adverse geographical and climatic conditions, and the overarching tensions between Asia’s biggest economies, the troops on the ground are able to show surprising bonhomie and friendliness towards each other.

尽管地理和气候条件恶劣，亚洲最大经济体之间的关系也很紧张，但地面部队却表现出令人惊讶的温和和友善。

But periodically, either due to a misunderstanding or local posturing by either side, there are frictions that threaten to erupt into conflict.

不过有时，由于双方的误解或地方的姿态，双方的摩擦有可能爆发为冲突。

But it has not happened since 1967 when the two armies fought a fierce localised battle in the Sikkim sector, quite close to where the recent Doklam stand-off took place.

但自1967年以来两军在锡金地区-----这与最近的洞朗对峙发生的地点非常接近，进行了一场激烈的局部战争后，再没发生过冲突。

The two countries have been engaged in frequent talks at various levels since 1981. After then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to Beijing in 1988, both countries agreed to set up a task force to find a solution to the “border issue”.

1981年以来，两国一直在各个层次进行频繁的会谈。1988年，拉吉夫·甘地总统访问北京后，两国同意成立一个特别工作组，寻找解决“边界问题”的办法。

Deng Xiaoping, China’s paramount leader at the time, welcomed his “ young friend” and suggested they “forget the past” as they stood in the centre of the cavernous Great Hall of the People for a handshake the lasted three long minutes.

当时的中国最高领导人邓小平对他的“年轻朋友”表示欢迎，并建议他们“忘记过去”，他们站在人民大会堂大厅的中央握手，持续了三分钟。

Over the three decades since then the two countries have been meeting to discuss the border issue, but so far we have seen an unwillingness by both sides to forget the past.

自那以后的30年里，两国一直在讨论边界问题，但到目前为止，我们看到双方都不愿“忘记过去”。



Since 2003 these talks were elevated to a high-level political dialogue between special representatives.

自2003年以来，这些会谈被提升为特殊代表之间的高层政治对话。

We are now having the 20th round of this dialogue between India’s National Security Advisor, Ajit Doval, and China’s State Councillor, Yang Jiechi.

“我们现在正在进行第20轮对话”，这是印度国家安全顾问Ajit Doval和中国国务委员杨洁篪的对话。

A former Indian NSA once told me that the talks are high on style and hospitality, with the Indian side trying hard to match the Chinese, but there has been little traction.

一位前印度国家安全局官员曾告诉我，会谈的规格和热情都很高，印度方面正努力与中国进行配合，但几乎没有什么吸引力。

This is because the two competing territorial claims have been internalised by the public in both countries.

这是因为这两个国家的领土主张已被两国公众所接受。

The two countries are gripped by a strong nationalism, bordering on jingoism, which makes give and take, so vital in the resolution of such vexatious disputes, extremely difficult.

这两个国家被强烈的民族主义所笼罩，近乎沙文主义，在解决这些令人烦恼的争端时，给予和索取至关重要，极其困难。

But the Border Management and Cooperation Agreement is a major outcome of these talks and that has by and large worked. The next logical step of these talks should be to agree on an LAC. But unfortunately even that discussion is bedevilled by an aggressive nationalism driven by social media that equates “giving up” with a national loss of face.

但是，边界管理和合作协议是这些会谈的主要成果，而且已经取得了很大的成效。这些谈判的下一个逻辑步骤应该是在“实际控制线”上达成一致。但不幸的是，即便是这种讨论也被社交媒体所驱动的激进的民族主义所困扰，这种民族主义将“放弃”等同于国家颜面的损失。

This is something increasingly very important to both countries: we will not be seen as giving up anything, even our obduracy and historical short-sightedness.

这对两国来说都是越来越重要的事情：我们不会被视为放弃任何东西，哪怕是我们的执拗和历史短视。

So next week Ajit Doval and Yang Jiechi will meet, but both sides will not be giving away anything. We will have to wait for another time for that.

因此，下周Ajit Doval和杨洁篪将会会面，但双方都不会放弃任何东西，为此我们还得再等下一段时间。


Kalevi Ko
China already gave Arunachal Pradesh to India in early 1960s in the hope that a lasting peace could be achieved when India wasn't humiliated to no end. Fifty years later, India is yet to return the compliment.

上世纪60年代初，中国已经给了印度阿鲁纳恰尔邦，希望在印度没有被羞辱的情况下，能够实现持久的和平。50年过去了，印度还没有对这一善意举动做出回应。

Leon_Ma
Exactly, China captured a large part of Arunachal Pradesh in 1962 but gave them up as a good will gesture to the ungrateful cretins in India.

确切地说，1962年，中国占领了阿鲁纳恰尔邦的大部分地区，最后放弃了占领，向忘恩负义的印度人表达了善意。

Gakata
since when there was any so called "semi-independent authorities in Xinjiang and Tibet" allowed to sign any "agreement" with British India??? Also British India=India? Obviouslly the author is bit retarded if not dreaming too wet. lol

自那时起，“XJ和XZ的半独立当局” 允许与英属印度签署任何“ 协议” ???  英属印度也=印度? 很明显，作者有点弱智，如果不是梦遗的话。哈哈

     Gakata<<      Get out of CCP propaganda and then you would know.....

      摆脱中国的宣传，然后你就会知道。。。。

canmav
Because China thinks everything belongs to China

因为中国认为一切都属于中国

    Tak Teo>>>canmav
    belong people like u think this way....

    属于你这样的人吧..