澳洲貌似否认贫穷邻居东帝汶与生俱来的权利 [英国媒体]

-------------译者：lun2000-审核者： 喜欢寂寞 ------------

On Timor, Australia looks like it's denying an impoverished neighbour its birthright

在帝汶，澳大利亚好像要否认一个贫穷邻居与生俱来的权利

Ben Saul

本·索尔



“目前的争端掩盖了澳大利亚对东帝汶积极的贡献。”图为2006年，东帝汶开始处理安全问题澳大利亚军队在东帝汶首都街头恢复秩序。法新社摄影。



2016年3月在澳大利亚大使馆外抗议的人群。美联社摄影。

Australia and Timor-Leste start conciliation talks in The Hague on Monday in an effort to resolve their bitter legal dispute over maritime boundaries – and $40bn of petroleum rights. Timor argues that Australia refuses to recognise its rights under international law.

澳大利亚和东帝汶周一在海牙开始调解谈判以试图去解决他们激烈的法律纠纷，该纠纷关于海洋边界和400亿美元的石油权利。帝汶提出澳大利亚拒绝在国际法下认可他的权利。

The conciliation is compulsory under the UN law of the sea convention, but it will not produce a binding decision. The independent conciliators may nonetheless help both countries to clarify the legal issues and reflect on their claims – and adjust them to reach a fair solution.

该调解在联合国海洋公约下是强制的，但是它不能产生一个有约束力的判决。尽管如此该独立的调解人会帮助两国理清法律问题并且仔细考虑他们的要求，调整他们去达到一个公平的解决方案。

Lately Australia has been on the nose in Timor-Leste. Anti-Australia graffiti is sprinkled around the capital, Dili. Thousands of Timorese protested outside the Australian embassy earlier this year. The dispute threatens the goodwill from Australia’s support for Timor’s independence since 1999. Things are not helped by espionage claims that paint Australia as the neighbourhood cheat and bully.

最近澳大利亚在东帝汶令人讨厌。反对澳大利亚的涂鸦在首都帝力各处喷涂。今年早些时候许多东帝汶人在澳大利亚大使馆外抗议。抗议挑战着了自1999年以来澳大利亚支持东帝汶独立所表现出来的善意。东帝汶还称澳洲对其进行间谍活动，称澳洲是骗子和土霸邻居，而这根本无益于两国关系的缓和。

Australia denies breaching international law. The legal issues are not clear cut. Timor and Australia agreed on three treaties from 2002 and 2006 to share resources in adjacent maritime areas and to suspend maritime boundary claims for 50 years. Timor has amassed a $16bn Petroleum Fund as a result.

澳大利亚否认违反国际法。该法律问题不明确。东帝汶和澳大利亚从2002年到2006年期间签订了三个条约，在临近海洋区域分享资源并且推迟海洋边界声明50年。结果东帝汶已经积聚了160亿美元石油基金。

Australia may be right to argue that it is lawful to manage disputes in this way. In practice, however, Timor had little choice but to cut a deal. In 2002, Australia cunningly withdrew its consent to the compulsory settlement of maritime boundary disputes at the international court of justice and under the UN law of the sea convention.

澳洲认为通过这种方式来管理争端是合法的，这种看法或许是正确的。然而，在实践中，东帝汶别无选择只好达成协议。在2002年，澳大利亚在国际法院根据联合国海洋公约巧妙地撤销了它同意的海洋边界争端的强制协议。

This was technically legal. Countries may give or withhold their consent in advance to international adjudication. Timor was thus prevented from suing Australia in an independent court – even if its substantive legal claims to maritime boundaries were correct.

这个在技术上是合法的。对于国际判决国家可以提前接受或者拒绝他们的协议。因此导致东帝汶无法在独立法庭上起诉澳洲---即使它大量关于海洋边界的法律要求是正确的。

Australia prefers negotiation on boundary disputes to adjudication. Negotiation has some advantages. But it also often benefits a country with more bargaining power, as in the huge imbalance between Australia and Timor. China similarly prefers negotiation over courts in the South China Sea because it has more leverage over its neighbours.

在边界争端上，对于裁决澳大利亚更愿意谈判。谈判有一定优势。由于澳大利亚和东帝汶之间存在巨大的悬殊，所以谈判常常有利于一个有着更大议价能力的国家。在南中国海问题上中国同样倾向于谈判而不是法院，因为中国对他的邻居有着更多影响力。

When negotiation breaks down, there is then no independent court to apply international law, which provides the underlying rules on where boundaries should be drawn. An obstructive country can simply refuse to reach agreement or to recognise another country’s rights

当谈判破裂，此时没有一个独立法庭可以通过国际法来进行争议领土的划分。一个阻碍性的国家可以简单地拒绝达成的协议或者拒绝承认另一个国家的权利。

Timor now argues that the 2006 treaty is invalid because Australia spied on its treaty negotiators, thus gaining an unfair advantage. While spying alone does not invalidate a treaty, fraud can. It is untested whether espionage constitutes fraud.

帝汶现在提出2006年的协议是无效的，因为澳大利亚暗中监视他的条约谈判代表，因此获得了不公平的有利条件。虽然仅暗中监视不能使协议无效，但是欺骗可以。但是还不知道这种暗中监视活动是否构成欺骗。

That claim is being tested in another case, a binding arbitration between Australia and Timor – itself tarnished by Australia’s seizure of documents from Timor’s lawyer in Canberra, Bernard Collaery. In 2014, the international court of justice ordered Australia not to interfere with Timor’s legal communications, since doing so may undermine the equality of parties to a dispute under the United Nations Charter.

这种说法正在另一个案子得到检验，在澳大利亚和帝汶之间的一项有约束力的仲裁——这项仲裁因为澳大利亚在堪培拉没收帝汶律师伯纳德·柯拉瑞的文件而变得不光彩。在2014年，国际法庭法官命令澳大利亚不能干扰帝汶的合法通信，因为这样做会损害在联合国宪章下争端各方的平等。

Australia illegally occupying maritime territory of Timor-Leste, protesters say
If the treaty is invalid it would reopen the boundary and resource issues. Timor claims that determining the maritime boundary in accordance with international law would give it exclusive ownership over certain resources currently shared with Australia.

澳大利亚非法占领东帝汶的海洋领土，示威者说，如果该协议是无效的，这将重启边界和资源问题。帝汶声称按照国际法决定海洋边界，这将让东帝汶在目前的某些资源上获得独有的所有权而不是与澳大利亚分享。

Experts differ on where the boundary might actually be drawn, including if Indonesia could extend its boundary at Timor’s expense. There are practical concerns too about the economic and environmental feasibility of Timor’s ambitious development plans.

专家对边界应该实际上在哪划分持不同的意见，包括印尼是否会牺牲东帝汶的利益来扩大自己的边界。关于帝汶雄心勃勃发展计划的经济和环境可行性，人们也有很多实际的担忧。

Timor’s boundary claims are nonetheless strong. Australia’s last minute, peremptory removal of international judicial oversight in 2002 may well indicate that it privately agrees.

帝汶的边界要求依然强烈。澳大利亚在2002年断然移除了国际法庭监督，这表明澳大利亚很可能表明他私下认同这些担忧的合理性。

Ultimately, what is technically legal may not necessarily be wise, just, or ethical foreign policy. There is an inescapable perception that Australia is denying its tiny, impoverished neighbour its sovereign birthright to determine its boundaries, control its own resources, and shape its own destiny.

归根到底，技术上合法的可能不一定是明智的、公正的、合乎道德的外交政策。所以人们不免认为澳大利亚正否认其弱小、贫穷的邻居决定自己边界、控制自己资源并塑造自己命运的主权权利。

This dynamic contaminates the wider bilateral relationship. The dispute cannot be viewed in isolation but is part of a long history of bad faith by Australia that continues to poison relations and corrode trust.

这种行动毒害了更广泛的双边关系。我们不能孤立的看待这个争议，而应该看到这是澳洲长久以来的不诚实导致的，澳洲的不守信用连续地毒害关系并且损害信任。

From the late 1970s, successive Australian governments illegally recognised Indonesian sovereignty over Timor. Timor’s resistance museum displays an infamous photo of the then foreign ministers, Gareth Evans and Ali Alatas, toasting champagne in flight above the Timor Sea, after carving up the resource spoils far below in 1988.

从1970年代末，历届澳大利亚政府非法承认印尼的主权而不是帝汶。帝汶反抗博物馆成列一张臭名昭着的照片，照片上当时外交部长加雷思·埃文斯和阿里·阿拉塔斯飞行在帝汶海上举着香槟酒庆祝，这是在1988年瓜分了资源战利品之后的事情。

Australia also did little to protest Indonesian atrocities, which left up to 183,000 dead, including six Australian journalists murdered at Balibo and Dili in 1975.

澳大利亚也没有去抗议印尼暴行，这场暴行中有高达183000人死亡，其中包括在1975年在巴利博和帝力的6名澳大利亚新闻记者的谋杀。

This legacy and the present dispute overshadow Australia’s positive contributions. Australian military forces resisted the Japanese invasion of Timor in 1942 and led the UN intervention in 1999. Ever since, Australia has stabilised Timor by supporting democracy, development, nutrition, public health and security.

这些遗留问题和目前的争端使得澳大利亚的积极贡献黯然失色。澳大利亚军队在1942年反抗日本入侵帝汶并在1999年领导联合国介入。从那时到现在，澳大利亚通过支持民主、发展、营养、公共卫生和安全的方式使帝汶稳定。

Australia should be faithful to the spirit as well as the letter of the law – and be more generous. The modest benefits to Australia of the current arrangements are far outweighed by the diplomatic damage they inflict.

澳大利亚应该忠实于自己的内心和法律条文并且更应慷慨大方。澳洲目前做法所获得的好处和其所造成的外交破坏相比简直是小巫见大巫。

For Timor, determining its boundaries is about completing its sovereignty and ensuring its economic future. That has been a long, painful journey over 450 years, outlasting Portuguese colonialism and Indonesian occupation.

对于帝汶，确定他的边界是完成其主权并且确保其经济前景。这是超过450年漫长的、痛苦的历程，比葡萄牙的殖民主义和印尼的占领都更长久。

Australia should stop obstructing Timor and help it to secure its borders and its future. This week’s conciliation gives Australia a new chance to do the right thing.

澳大利亚应该停止阻碍帝汶并且帮助他以确保他的边界和他的未来。这周调解给澳大利亚一个新的机会去做正确的事情。

Ben Saul is Challis Chair of International Law at the University of Sydney. He recently visited Timor and was a barrister in the Balibo Five inquest in 2007.

本·索尔是悉尼大学国际法的查利斯·谢尔。他最近访问帝汶并且还是一位在2007年Balibo Five案件审讯律师。

（译注:查利斯·谢尔是悉尼大学着名教授，生物学家，作者可能表达意思类似于林丹是羽毛球届的乔丹。Balibo Five是澳大利亚的一群新闻记者，在1975年印尼入侵帝汶时被杀害。在2007年，澳大利亚验尸官裁定，他们已被印度尼西亚特种部队士兵蓄意杀害。）

（新闻相关：
因为被东帝汶告到海牙的常设仲裁庭，澳大利亚外交部长毕晓普和总检察长布兰迪斯8月29日发表联合声明，称东帝汶针对其与澳大利亚海上划界纠纷而提议成立的调解委员会不具有举行海上划界听证的法律权力，澳大利亚不会承认其法律效力。而就在7月，海牙临时仲裁庭就中国南海问题作出非法仲裁后，澳外长毕晓普要求中国“尊重这个具有法律约束力的裁决”。）


-------------译者：lun2000-审核者： 喜欢寂寞 ------------

CamboWambo
Australia looks like it's denying an impoverished neighbour its birthright
Australia is denying an impoverished neighbour its birthright - there, I've fixed the headline for you :-)

澳大利亚好像要否认一个贫困邻居与生俱来的权利
澳大利亚正在否认一个贫困邻居与生俱来的权利----这，我已经为你修改了标题:-)

——Scaryfuture→CamboWambo  
——No it isnt.
——East Timor wants part of the Australian Continental Shelf. The continental shelf is the recognised border in law.

——没有，他没有。
——东帝汶想要澳大利亚大陆架一部分。在法律上大陆架是被认可的边界。

moveonover
Conservative diplomacy in action. Take advantage of the poor and disadvantaged. Hide behind the Border Farce "Brandis confirmed he issued the warrants for the Asis raids, but denied they were intended to interfere in the case and said the matter was an issue of national security."

保守的外交行动。利用穷人和弱势群体。隐藏在边界后面的闹剧“布兰迪斯确认他下达了对Asis袭击的授权，但是拒绝他们意图在这个案子中干预并且说麻烦事是国家安全问题。”

——CrikeyWizard→moveonover
——Aah national security, there you go, the answer to everything in the modern world

——啊，国家安全问题，你又来这一套，这个回答适用于现代世界的所有事情。

——Adrian Esdaile→CrikeyWizard
——Yes, National Security - of course! The financial security of moneyed plutocracy we laughing believe is governing Australia for the collective good.

——是的，国家安全—当然！我们可笑地认为有钱的富豪统治集团的财政安全是为了澳洲人的集体利益。

getastick
Thankyou John Howard and Alexander Downer. Try to screw the poor.

谢谢约翰·霍华德和亚历山大·唐纳。试图压榨穷人。
（译注约翰·霍华德是澳大利亚历任总理，属于自由党，亚历山大·唐纳曾是澳大利亚外交部长，属于自由党。）

——westernswampfrog→getastick
——it was a Labor Government that did the original deal with the Indonesian's over the oil and gas. Howard stopped ratifying the Maritime Treaty we had been signatories to.

——是工党政府与印尼人在石油和天然气上做了原始的交易。霍德华停止批准我们已经签署过的海洋条约。

——LaoJiang→getastick
——They were just following their well honed Liberal instincts. Do you think that the current government is less inclined to screw the poor? Since the Conservatives took over the Liberal party that's what their ideology leads them to do.

——他们只是跟随他们很渴望的自由主义的本能。你认为当前政府不想要压榨穷人吗？自从保守党接管自由党那就是他们意识形态指引他们去做的。

——CrikeyWizard→LaoJiang
——At least they are consistent in screwing the poor both within and outside Australia

——至少他们一直压榨在澳大利亚国内和国外的穷人。

PeterOrmonde
This is a grubby shameful bit of business isn't it? These things that are done in the "national interest" ... done in our name ... on our behalf.
I'd like a plebiscite or two while we're at it: Should Australia steal Timor's Oil? Should Australia imprison innocent kids?
The people do not support these things - they are given no choices. This is how democracy fails. How it is nobbled actually.
When did Australia turn into this squalid place?

这是很肮脏可耻的交易，不是吗？以“国家利益”、以我们的名字、代表我们完成这些事。
我想要一次或者两次全民公决当我们面对这些议题时：澳大利亚应该偷帝汶的石油吗？澳大利亚应该关押无辜的人吗？
人民不支持这些事情--他们没有选择。这就是民主如何失败！事实上它是如何欺骗的。
什么时候澳大利亚变成这样肮脏的地方？

——StuCochrane→PeterOrmonde
——Electing John Howard as PM didn't help.

——选举约翰·霍华德作总理没有任何帮助。

——Jagera→PeterOrmonde
——There is at least a resolution in the conciliation process. The outcome will be advice about sovereignty over the sea for both countries. Should the advice favour Australia   then clearly there will not have been a "shameful bit of business".

——在调解进程中至少会有一个决议。其结果将会对两国海洋主权上的建议。如果这次调节偏向澳大利亚，那么就不存在“肮脏的事情”。

itcatip
What's ours is ours and what's yours is ours too........

我们的东西是我们的并且你们的东西也是我们的….

ajogrady
What a disgraceful country Australia has become.

澳大利亚已经变成一个多么可耻的国家啊！

——Adrian Esdaile→ajogrady
——What do you mean 'become'? We've always been like this!

——你的意思是“变成”？我们一直都是这样的！

——CrikeyWizard→ajogrady  
——Australians are not just those in parliament, it also includes people who helped TL become independent, the lawyer fighting TL's case against his own government.. you   draw a very long bow mate

——澳大利亚人并不只是那些在议会中的人，也包括了那些帮助东帝汶实现独立的，也有为了东帝汶而与自己政府打官司的澳洲律师……你真是在吹牛。


——deltayankee→Adrian Esdaile
——Funny how millions of folk want to emigrate to Oz. Disgraceful, in fact...

——多么滑稽成千上万的人想要移民到澳大利亚。事实上，澳大利亚真可耻……

Adrian Esdaile
So Australia's noble move to support Timor's independence was just a dastardly move to get our hands on petroleum deposits then? How... Australian!

所以澳大利亚支持帝汶独立其实是为了无耻的获得东帝汶的石油？真是澳大利亚风格……


——David Jackson→Adrian Esdaile
——Yes, it is yet another very nasty and selfish archetypically Australian behaviour. Depressing to live in this country.

——是的，另一次非常典型肮脏而且自私的澳大利亚行为。生活在这个国家令人沮丧。

Paul Dyer
Australia only ever supported Timor Leste's independence bid in order to embezzle the world's poorest nation out of its sole international asset. Not enough has ever been made of Australia's shameful behaviour. I hope The Hague sinks a heavy boot in Australia's arse over this.

澳大利亚只是曾经支持东帝汶独立追求目的是侵占世界上最贫穷国家仅有的国际资产。澳洲的可耻行径真是没完没了。我希望海牙对这事在澳大利亚的屁股上重重地踢一脚。

——Kasey Cox→Paul Dye
——Agreed. It also in the face of their opposition to Chinas claims in the south china sea.

——同意。他同样也反对中国在南海的主张。

Gekkko
Another example of how Australia treats others in our region.
The world community needs to stand up and make a stand against Australia on issues of exploitation, asylum seekers and refugees.
The majority of Australian voters repeatedly have shown they only care about themselves by rewarding betrayal and treachery with high office.

另外一个澳大利亚在我们区域里如何对待其他人的例子。
国际社会需要站出来并且反对澳大利亚在开采、寻求庇护者和难民问题上的做法。
大部分的澳洲选民不断的表明他们只关心自己，用自己的选票让背叛者成为高官。

Ben Cantwell
War is also legal. Saying something is legal in international relations is very weak argument - especially if you have withdrawn yourself from the one legal legal process.
Anyone with half a brain and a skerrick of fairness can see that the current border is a joke by the law of the sea.
We should stop being complete hypocrites by criticising China while we commit the same kind of abuses - and just do the ethical thing.

战争也是合法的。在国际关系中说什么是合法是非常虚弱的论点---特别的是在你自己退出法律程序的情况下。
任何一个有着半个脑子和一点点公平性的人可以看出当前的边界在海洋法下是一个笑话。
我们一边批评中国一边又犯下同样的错误，这太虚伪了，我们应该做合乎道德的事情。

——Jagera→ Ben Cantwell
——China is claiming territory thousands of km from its land territory. The arbitration case was in favour of the Philippines not China. Australia is simply claiming its own  continental shelf. The conciliation case will advise whether Australia or Timor Leste has sovereignty over the disputed territory. It is more than likely you will not like the    advice proffered.

——中国正主张领土距离他的国土数千公里。这个仲裁案子是支持菲律宾而不是中国。澳大利亚仅仅是主张他自己的大陆架。这次调解将会就争端领土问题给出有利于其中一方（澳大利亚或者东帝汶）的结果。而这结果可能不是你喜欢的。

——Mygasheater→ Jagera
——So we'll be claiming New Guinea in its entirety then.

——那么，我们然后会主张新几内亚的全部。
——（译注：新几内亚目前属于印尼和巴布亚新几内亚，澳大利亚曾经在一战中夺取该岛，并在1920年得到国际联盟的承认。）

——Jagera→ Mygasheater
——No chance. We respect international sovereignty.

——不可能。我们尊重国际主权。

——Mygasheater→Jagera
——Do we? Only when it suits Woodside, Chevron and the other looters.

——我们尊重国际主权了吗？只有当符合伍德赛德、雪佛龙和其他掠夺者的利益时我们才尊重。
——（译注：伍德赛德是澳大利亚第二大石油公司，雪佛龙是美国的大型石油公司之一。）

——New Guinea shares the same continent as us.

——新几内亚同我们一样共享同一大陆地。

——BaronR→Jagera
——Than what stop you from claiming right to East Timor doorstep.

——什么东西能阻止你从东帝汶家门口主张权利。

——Jagera→BaronR
——We can't claim the continental shelf they are on. I am also sure RI would take issue over that.

——我们不能在他们在的大陆架主张。我也确信对此问题罗德岛会反对的。
——（译注：罗德岛位于美国东北部。）

tempodulu
The Timorese are very poor; really really poor. Australia by comparison is one of the richest countries in the world. The honorable thing would be to give Timor much of the resources as long as they agree to external audits so the money isn't corrupted off.

帝汶是非常贫穷的，真的真的贫穷。相比之下澳大利亚是世界上最富裕的国家。如果他们同意采取独立审计保证资金不被贪污，那么澳洲给东帝汶提供足够多的资源是一件光荣的事情。

——Earl_Grey→tempodulu
——Our money is spent by corrupt officials, so insisting that Timor Leste should have higher standards than Australia before we give them what is rightfully theirs, seems pretty "Big Brother" to me.

——我们的钱被贪官污吏花掉了，因此在正式承认他们的合法权利之前，我们坚持东帝汶应该有着比澳大利亚更高的标准，在我看来，这真是“独裁者”的作风。

——Jagera→tempodulu
——If you believe that, why not also give the Northern Territory to Bangladesh because they are a nation of 157 million most of whom are in poverty and badly affected by climate change.

——如果你认为这样做，为什么不同样把北部领土给孟加拉国呢因为他们是一个15700万人绝大多数人处于贫困并且严重受到气候变化影响的国家。

——Mygasheater→tempodulu
——Australia has a long and proud history of disposing Indigenious people, here and abroad.

——澳大利亚在杀死土着居民上拥有悠久而自豪的历史，不管是本地还是国外。

——BaronR→Jagera
——That's a good idea.

——这是一个好主意。

hopeful0
So what's the difference between china's grab of the east china sea & Oz moving the sea boundaries to give us ozzes a bigger slice of billions of undersea gas?（译注:英文原为east，应该是打错了应该是south）

那么在中国霸占南海和澳大利亚移动海洋边界从而给我们澳大利亚一个更大部分数以亿计的水下天然气，这两者有什么区别？

——Darook523→hopeful0
——We're Americas little puppet buddy, so we are the good guys, Chinese don't bow down to US Navy, so they are the bad guys.

——我们是美国的小木偶好朋友，所以我们是好人，中国不屈服美国海军，所以他们是坏人。

——BaronR→ hopeful0
——We are are definitely displaying double standard here.        

——我们在这明确地展现双重标准。

——Jagera→hopeful0
——The difference is Australia has a valid claim to its continental shelf whereas Chinese claims are bogus.

——区别是澳大利亚对大陆架有合法的主张而中国主张是伪造的。

——Crayan→Jagera
——Who decides the claim is valid or not, and does the same logic apply to China's claim?

——谁决定主张是否合法？并且相同的逻辑能适用中国主张吗?