历史学家质疑耶稣是否存在 [英国媒体]

Whatever you think about him being the Son of God, the fact that Jesus existed as a historical figure has rarely been disputed.

不论你是否认为他是上帝之子，耶稣作为一位历史人物几乎毫无争议。

After all, he is referenced across Christian, Jewish and Roman texts. Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, written around AD 93–94, mentions the biblical Jesus in books 18 and 20. Meanwhile the Roman historian Tacitus, in his Annals, written around AD 116, referred both to 'Christus' and his execution by Pontius Pilate.

毕竟，他在基督教，犹太教和罗马文献中都曾被引用。约瑟夫斯的着作《犹太古事记》，写于公元93-94年左右，就提到了圣经第18和20卷中的耶稣。同时，罗马历史学家塔西佗在他的编年史（约公元116）中既提到了“基督”，也提到了他被彼拉多（当时的犹太总督）下令处死。

However, historians and bloggers are now increasingly questioning whether the man called Jesus actually existed at all. He may be no more a historical figure than Hercules or Oedipus. 

然而，历史学家和博客作者们现在越来越多地对名叫耶稣的人物是否真实存在过发出疑问。比起历史人物，他也许更类似海格力斯或者俄狄浦斯。

Today, several books explore the subject from a fresh angle, including Zealot by Reza Aslan, Nailed: Ten Christian Myths That Show Jesus Never Existed at All by David Fitzgerald, and How Jesus Became God by Bart Ehrman. 

今天，一些书籍从一个新的角度探索了这一命题，包括雷萨阿斯兰的着作《狂热者》，大卫·费茨杰拉德的《揭秘：10个说明耶稣并不存在的基督教神话》，和巴特埃尔曼的《耶稣如何成神》。

Historians point out the lack of reliable historical sources. Most of the accounts of Jesus of course come from Christian sources – and even these are largely third party narratives written years after his death. 

历史学家指出了可信的历史资料相当缺乏。关于耶稣的多数描述当然来自基督教——然而甚至这些也几乎都是第三方叙述，写于他死以后数年。

In the Bible, there is no mention at all of Jesus’ life between the ages of 12 and 30 – a pretty glaring omission for a man who only lived to be 33.

在《圣经》中，没有任何文字提到耶稣12至30岁的生活，对于一个只活到33岁的人来说，这是一个相当明显的疏漏。

A further problem is that few of the biblical accounts have a real name attached to them – rather an apostle who “signs off” the manuscript. 

另一个问题是，圣经的记载中几乎没有一个真实的人物与之对应，甚至也没有一卷手稿在最后有使徒的签名。

Where non-Christian sources exist, even these are problematic. 

而这往往在其他非基督教文献中存在，这也是疑点的一部分。

Fitzgerald argued that for centuries all serious scholars of Christianity were Christians themselves, and so even secular accounts rely heavily on the religious texts that did the groundwork. They therefore cannot be considered independent sources.

菲茨杰拉德指出，许多世纪以来，所有重要的基督教学者都是基督徒，即使是世俗的文献，也很大程度依赖于以此为基础的宗教文本。因此，它们不能被视为是独立来源。

Historian Richard Carrier wrote that even references to Jesus in the work of Josephus were additions done by Christian scribes. He points out that one particular passage, the execution of Jesus under Pilate, was obviously lifted from the Gospel of Luke.

历史学家理查德写道，甚至在约瑟夫斯的着作中提到的耶稣也都是基督教抄写者所做的补充。他指出一个特别的段落，耶稣被彼拉多处死的段落明显来自路加福音。

Carrier believes that the character of Christ may have derived from earlier semi-divine beings from Near East mythology. These myths would develop over time into the gospels, he argues.

卡里尔相信，基督的人物形象也许来源于近东神话中的半神。他认为，这些神话有可能随着时间流逝发展成了福音书。

Of course, there may well have been a Jewish preacher called Yeshua ben Yosef, who inspired a great many people with his teachings. Most historians believe a real person existed and became mythicized. But even of this we cannot be certain.

当然，也许真的曾经存在一个名为约书亚·本·约瑟夫的犹太传教士，他的教导鼓舞了相当一大批人们。大多数历史学家相信有这样一个人存在，并被神话了。但甚至这种观点也同样无法被确认。



183 Comments
9 days ago
Che Martiana
Alright, so we all need to forget about it, including the jihadists, and the world will be so much more peaceful and safe

很好，那我们最好都忘记这个，包括那些圣战者，那么世界就会和平和安全的多了。

11 days ago
G J
Stories like this about Jesus are just inexplicable. If 5 questionable "scientists" write books claiming that the earth is flat going to create a situation where anyone takes the idea seriously? A quick look at some authors creates a number of questions in my mind about their credibility and motivation. The existence of an actual Alexander the Great is much more questionable in terms of surviving documents, but, as much to  the point, the Greeks could have had many reasons to create a fictitious all conquering demigod, but no one, absolutely no one could point to the benefits to anyone in inventing a person like Jesus. Someone to murder unjustly because he told many people things they did not want to hear, a faith that went completely against the popular culture of the time and the religious system across the board. A faith that lead to the brutal deaths of many of those who followed this often deeply unpopular man. In hindsight someone with no sense of logic or real history could believe there was an incredible convoluted plan, but in the ground zero of the 1st century it is incredible to think that anyone would have had any reason at all to "invent" Jesus or his teachings.  The concept is ludicrous and bears no real scrutiny in fact or reason. I suppose I need to look out for a theory that believes we were all brainwashed by aliens and all we know is a construct? I suppose we can get a clue about how debased history can be now when we see "Ancient Aliens" on the "History" channel. These theories at at about that level, strictly for the faithful and uncritical.

像这类关于耶稣的故事是无法解释的。是否只要有5个可疑的科学家写了些书声明地球是平的就会产生一种所有人都认真对待这想法的错觉？快速扫视了一下这些作者，我脑海中对他们的可靠性和动机产生了一些疑问。从残留的资料来看，亚历山大大帝是否真的存在要可疑的多，并且，更值得怀疑的是，希腊人也许有相当多的理由去创造一个战无不胜的英雄，但没有人能指出，创造一个像耶稣一样的人对任何人有什么好处。某个被不公正处决的人，只因为他告诉许多人他们完全不想听的，一个与当时主流文化以及宗教相违背的信仰。一个经常给追随这个放逐者的人们带去野蛮死亡的信仰。事后来看，一些没有逻辑和真正历史思维的人或许会相信当时曾有一个令人惊奇的复杂的计划，但在1世纪末很难使人相信有人有理由去“发明”耶稣和他的事迹。这一观点很可笑，并且没有任何细节的事实或者理由支持。我想我有必要去发明一种理论来证明我们都被外星人洗脑了并且我们知道的一切都来自虚构。我认为我们现在明白了历史能有多低劣当我们在“历史”频道看到“远古外星人”。这理论完全是给那些信徒和盲目的人看的。

11 days ago
Edmund Bickford
Interesting notion. It seems a bit odd that St. Paul was taken in, and led to believe in the myth along with the apostles of whom many were the original disciples. Then there is Pentecost, surely a miraculous event in which the Apostles we are asked to believe, were filled with the Holy Spirit of God. They all with the exception of St John of the Revelation and St. Paul himself possibly died Martyrs' deaths evangelising that Jesus not only did exist but also that he rose from the dead. Why would so many people go to such lengths to convince others of a pure lie? Unimaginable to me that they would either intentionally or from ignorance. So I would infer the historical Jesus must have existed and that claims of his resurrection must also be taken seriously. The whole Christian religion hinges on this event and the theology expounded by St. Paul which the Apostles spread throughout the Roman and Greek worlds and further afield. How could such radicalised people have been taken in. Beyond me, I am afraid!

有趣的见解。圣保罗被传教，从此成为十二使徒之一的部分看起来是有些奇怪。还有圣灵降临节十二使徒被圣灵充满的事。这些使徒除了施洗者约翰和圣保罗以外全部殉教的传说证明耶稣不仅存在过，并且也死而复生。不然又为何有这么多人穷其一生向其他人以单纯的谎言布道呢？我不敢相信他们是有意为之或者仅仅出于愚昧。因此我断定历史上的耶稣确实存在，他的死而复生也应该被严肃对待。整个基督教的存在取决于这些事件以及圣保罗流传在古罗马和古希腊以及更远地区的论述。当时那些激进的人们是怎样被传教的。这恐怕超出我的理解。

Bloseph
If the pope says that creationism is not real and that evolution and the big bang are how we got here, then God did not create man in his own image. Therefore, Jesus is not the son of God and God, if he exists, is nothing like what is portrayed in the bible.

如果教皇说神创论不是真的，进化论和大爆炸是我们发展至今的源头，那么上帝并没有以他自己的形象造人。因此，耶稣也不是上帝之子，而上帝如果存在的话，也并不像圣经所描绘的那样。