日本的年轻人怎么看二战中的神风特攻队 [英国媒体]

During World War Two, thousands of Japanese pilots volunteered to bekamikaze, suicidally crashing their planes in the name of their emperor. Morethan 70 years on, the BBC's Mariko Oi asks what these once revered men mean toJapan's youth.

第二次世界大战期间，日本数千名飞行员自愿成为神风特攻队的成员，以他们天皇的名义进行自杀式的飞机袭击，70多年过去了，BBC的Mariko 试图了解这些曾经受人尊敬的男人对日本年轻人意味着什么。

Irrational, heroicand stupid: this was what three young people in Tokyo said when I asked themabout their views on the kamikaze.


荒谬、英勇无畏以及愚蠢的：这是在我问他们对神风队员的看法时，三个东京的年轻人说的。

"Heroic?"queried Shunpei, of his younger brother Sho's choice of word. "I didn'trealise you were so right wing?"

“英勇？”他的弟弟选择质疑江俊平的话：“我没想到你是如此的右倾”

It is difficult toverify the figures but it is believed that 3-4,000 Japanese pilots crashedtheir planes into an enemy target on purpose.

很难核实数据，但可以相信的是，有3000——4000名日本飞行员将飞机撞向敌机。

Only 10% of missionswere believed to be successful but they sank some 50 Allied vessels.

只有10%的任务被认为是成功的，但他们击沉了大约50艘盟军船只。

Decades after the war, opinions on the kamikaze pilotsremain divided, partly because their legacy has been used repeatedly as apolitical tool.

战争结束后的几十年里，关于神风敢死队飞行员的意见仍然存在分歧，部分原因是他们的遗产被反复被作为一种政治工具使用。

"During the seven years of the Allied occupationof Japan, the kamikaze reputation was one of the first things that they wentafter," Prof MG Sheftall from Shizuoka University explained.

“在盟军占领日本的七年里，敢死队的名声是他们追求的首要目标之一，”来自静冈县大学的MG教授解释道。

The suicidal tactic was portrayed as"insanity".

自杀战术被描述为“疯狂”。

"But when the Allies left in 1952, the right wingnationalists came out strongly and they have carried out multi-generationalefforts to seize back control of the narrative," he says.

他说:“但是，当盟军在1952年离开时，强烈的右翼民族主义者站出来，他们进行了几代人的努力，以夺回对叙事的控制权。”

"Even in the 1970s and 80s, the vast majority ofJapanese people thought of the kamikaze as something shameful, a crimecommitted by the state against their family members.

“即使在上世纪七八十年代，绝大多数的日本人都认为神风敢死队是可耻的，是国家对其家庭成员犯下的罪行。”

"But in the 1990s, the nationalists startedtesting the water, seeing whether they could get away with calling the kamikazepilots heroes. When they didn't get much push back, they got bolder andbolder," he added.

但在20世纪90年代，民族主义者开始试水，看他们是否能成功地把“敢死队”的飞行员称为英雄。当他们没有得到多大的反击时，他们变得越来越大胆。”他补充道。

Wouldyou fight for your country?

你愿意为国家而战吗？

A survey of several countries in 2015 by Win/Gallupfound that 11% of Japanese people would be prepared to fight for their country.
§  Pakistan:89%
§  India:75%
§  Turkey:73%
§  China:71%
§  Russia:59%
§  US:44%
§  UK:27%
§  Japan:11%

2015年度对几个国家的调查发现，11%的日本人愿意为自己的国家而战。
巴基斯坦：89%
印度：75%
土耳其：73%
中国：71%
俄罗斯：59%
美国：44%
英国：27%
日本：11%

In the 2000s, films such as For Those We Love and TheEternal Zero were released, portraying the kamikaze as just that - heroes.

在本世纪初，《我们爱的人》和《永恒的零》这样的电影上映，把神风特攻队描绘成英雄。

But even Sho, the teenager who said they were heroic,admitted that his views had been affected by films and said that if Japan wentto war tomorrow, he wouldn't be prepared to die for his country.

但即使是称他们英勇的少年，也承认他的观点受到了电影的影响，他说，如果日本明天开战，他就不会为自己的国家而死。

"It's because I cannot do it, " he said. "Ifind them heroic and courageous."

“这是因为我做不到，”他说。“但我发现他们英勇无畏。”

In fact, only 11% of Japanese nationals would bewilling to fight for the country at all, according to a global survey byWIN/Gallup International. That places Japan at the bottom of the list.

事实上，根据盖洛普全球调查，只有11%的日本国民愿意为国家而战。日本排名垫底。

The result is hardly surprising given that Japan'spost-war generation was brought up under a pacifist constitution which bannedthe nation from having a military.

这一结果并不令人惊讶，因为日本战后的一代是在一个和平宪法的基础上发展起来的，该宪法禁止该国拥有军队。

'I didn'twant to die'
But is it true that all kamikaze pilots, who weremostly aged between 17 and 24, were wholly willing to die for their country?

“我不想死”
但是，大多数年龄在17岁到24岁之间的神风特攻队飞行员都愿意为自己的国家而死，这是真的吗?

When I spoke to two rare survivors, now in their 90s,the answer appeared to be no.

当我和两个罕见的幸存者交谈时，他们的回答似乎是否定的。

"I would say 60-70% of us were eager to sacrificeourselves for the emperor, but the rest probably questioned why they had togo," 94-year-old Osamu Yamada told me at his home in Nagoya. Before hecarried out his mission, the war ended.

94岁的OsamuYamada在他在名古屋的家中告诉我:“我想说，我们中有60- 70%的人渴望为天皇牺牲自己，但其他人可能会质疑他们为什么要走。”在他执行任务之前，战争结束了。

"I was single at that time and had nothingholding me back so I had one genuine thought in mind and that is I must givemyself up to defend Japan. But for those who had families, they must havethought very differently."

“当时我是单身，没有任何阻碍，所以我有一个真实的想法，那就是我必须为保卫日本而放弃自己。”但对于那些有家庭的人来说，他们的想法肯定是非常不同的。

Keiichi Kuwahara, 91, was one of those who couldn'tstop thinking about his family. He told me about the moment he was told to bepart of the kamikaze unit.

91岁的Kuwahara是那些无法停止想念他家庭的人之一。他告诉我，他被告知要成为神风特攻队的一员。

"I felt myself going pale." He was only 17."I was scared. I didn't want to die."


“我觉得自己脸色苍白。”他只有17岁。“我很害怕。我不想死。”

"I lost my father the year before, so it was onlymy mother and my older sister working to support the family. I was sendingmoney to them from my salary. I thought, what will happen if I die? How will myfamily eat?"

“前年我失去了父亲，所以只有我母亲和我的姐姐在努力养家。”我把工资寄给他们。我想，如果我死了会怎么样?我的家人会怎么糊口?”

So when his engines malfunctioned and he was forced tocome back, he was relieved.

所以当他的引擎出故障，他被迫回来时，他松了一口气。

But on paper, Mr Kuwahara was considered to havevolunteered. "Was I forced or did I volunteer? It is a difficult questionto answer if you don't understanding the essence of the military," hesaid.

但在名义上，Kuwahara被认为是自愿的。“我是被迫的还是自愿的?”如果你不理解军队的本质，这是一个很难回答的问题，”他说。

Prof Sheftall says the pilots were asked to put theirhand up in a big group if they didn't want to volunteer. Amid peer pressure,hardly anyone was able to say no to the mission.

谢夫高教授说，如果飞行员不想做志愿者，他们就会被要求把他们放在一个大的团队中。在同伴的压力下，几乎没有人能对任务说不。

Thekamikaze are often compared in modern time to terrorists who carry out suicidemissions, but Mr Kuwahara said that's not accurate.

在现代，神风敢死队经常与执行自杀任务的恐怖分子进行比较，但Kuwahara称这并不准确。

"Ithink the two are completely different," said Mr Kuwahara. "Kamikazeactions were taken only because it was wartime. With the so-called IslamicState the attacks are unpredictable."

“我认为两者完全不同，”Kuwahara先生说。“Kamikaze的行动仅仅因为它是战时的。”但是所谓的“伊斯兰国”的袭击是不可预测的。

Mr Yamadathinks the word kamikaze, which means "divine wind" in Japanese, ismisunderstood and used inappropriately in English without understanding thehistorical context of what Japan was facing at the time.

Yamada先生认为，日本语中的“神风”这个词在英语中被误解和使用不当，而不理解当时日本所面临的历史背景。

"Ithurts me because kamikaze was my youth. It was an innocent thing. It really wassomething pure. It was much more sublime. But now it is being discussed as ifwe were induced," he said.

他说“这伤害了我，因为神风特攻队是我的青春。这是一件天真无邪的事。它真的是纯粹的东西。它更加崇高。但现在讨论的问题就好像我们被诱导了一样。”

After thewar Mr Kuwahara, who had been reluctant about his mission, said he feltliberated and that he needed to think about how to rebuild the country.

战争结束后，一直不愿执行任务的Kuwahara说，他感到解放了，他需要考虑如何重建这个国家。

But MrYamada took a while to adjust.

但Yamada先生花了很长一段时间来调整。

"Iwas disoriented, I felt powerless, I lost my sense of self, as if my soul waspulled out of me," he recalled.

“我迷失了方向，我感到无能为力，我失去了自我的感觉，就好像我的灵魂被从我身上拽出来一样，”他回忆道。

"Askamikaze pilots, we were all prepared to die, so when I heard that we weredefeated, I felt like the bottom had fallen out of my world."

“作为神风特攻队的飞行员，我们都做好了死亡的准备，所以当我听说我们被击败的时候，我感觉就像是重心已经从我的世界里消失了。”

It wasthe necessity to work, get food and survive in post-war Japan that kept himgoing.

在战后的日本，工作、获取食物和生存的必要性使他得以继续工作。

And thevery man he had been willing to die for, Emperor Hirohito, ultimately played arole in him moving on from the war because he set an example by shaking handswith the Americans.

他一直愿意的为他而死的那个人，仁裕天皇，最终在他的战争中扮演了一个角色，因为他通过与美国人握手树立了一个榜样。

"Theemperor, his majesty, was the heart of Japan. I think the presence of EmperorHirohito helped the Japanese to recover from the war," he said.

他说：“天皇陛下，就是日本的心脏。我认为裕仁天皇的出现帮助日本人从战争中恢复过来。

ForJapan's post-war generation, the experiences of former kamikaze pilots are unimaginable,even to their own family members.

对于战后的日本一代来说，前神风敢死队飞行员的经历是无法想象的，甚至连他们自己的家庭成员也无法想象。”

"Butwhen I think about his life, I notice that my life isn't mine alone," MrYamada's granddaughter Yoshiko Hasegawa told me. "I am obliged to live forthose who could have been born as the children and grandchildren of thesoldiers who died during the war."

“但当我想到他的生活时，我注意到我的生活并不是我一个人的，” Yamada的孙女Yoshiko Hasegawa告诉我。“我有义务为那些在战争中牺牲的士兵的子孙后代生活。”

MrKuwahara's grandson, meanwhile, is unaware of exactly what he went through as a17-year-old trainee pilot.

与此同时，Kuwahara的孙子也不知道他作为一名17岁的实习飞行员所经历的一切。

"Butthat's the peaceful Japan I wanted to create," he smiled. To him, hisgrandson's ignorance is proof that the country has moved on from its painfulpast.

“但这是我想创造的宁静的日本，”他微笑着说。对他来说，他孙子的不知情证明了这个国家已经从痛苦的过去中走出来了。