经济学人：图说贫富差距 [英国媒体]

Daily chart

每日图表

Household income inequality: ladders toclimb

家庭收入不均衡：道阻且长



↑ 图1


  
↑ 图2


  
↑ 图3


  
↑ 图4

其实四张图主要的部分是完全一样的，不过是依据不同标准对国家进行了排序。从低到高的九条线分别为收入排名在前90%里最低的人，前80%里最低的人一直到前10%里最低的人的平均收入变化。比如说一个国家10亿人，那就依次是收入排第9亿名的人的收入一直到排第1亿名的人的收入。前两张国家下面的数字是中位收入，也就是第5亿名的收入。第三张国家下面的数字是1980-2015年中位收入的年均增长率，第四张则是第1亿名与第9亿名的收入之比，比例越高贫富差距越大。
（第一张图是十条线，加入了收入前1%的人群平均收入变化。）
本来是互动图表，但是被墙了所以弄不过来，只能截图了。
根据图中的数据，中国2015年各阶层的年收入分别为美元721—1243—1813—2453—3204（中位收入）—4133—5382—7304—11245—33085（前1%）

IN 1980 livingstandards in China were the lowest among the G20 countries. Since then, medianincome in China has grown at an average pace of nearly 12% a year: twicethe rate of a fast-growing economy like South Korea and three times faster thanIndia. As a result, China’s middle class is richer today than Brazil’s,according to data from theGlobal Consumption and Income Project, whichcompares disposable incomes across countries.

在1980年，中国的生活水准是G20国家中最低的。从那时开始，中国的中位收入就以近12%的平均年增速持续增长：两倍于像韩国这样高速增长的经济体，三倍于印度。因此，根据全球消费与收入计划（GCIP）比较国家间可支配收入的数据，今天的中国中产阶级比巴西的中产阶级更富有。

America’s position on the income ladder, meanwhile, has beenslipping. Middle incomes in America have grown barely 1% a year: one of thelowest rates in the G20, and less than half the rate of Australia or Britain.Today it is Canada’s middle class, rather than America’s, that is the richestin the G20. Further down the income spectrum, where growth has been even lesspronounced, America has been surpassed by Western European countries such asFrance and Germany. The bottom 10% of American households are now level withSouth Korea and Japan.

同时，美国在收入阶梯的位置出现了下滑。美国的中等收入每年勉强增长1%：是G20中最低的国家之一，不及澳大利亚和英国的一半。今天在20国集团中收入最高的是加拿大的中产阶级，而不再是美国的。美国的中下收入阶层收入增长更不显着，已经被诸如法德等西欧国家超越。而最底层的10%家庭收入水平和韩、日相仿。

Faster-growing incomes in the developing world, particularlysince 2000, have contributed to a convergence with incomes in rich countries.According to the GCIP authors, inequality within countries has increased since1980, but between countries it has decreased. Assuming the growth rates of thepast 35 years continue in the future (a big if), and adjusting for differencesin purchasing power, median incomes in South Korea will catch up with those inAmerica in ten years. For China, that would take 25 years. But growth at thetop in China has been so turbo-charged that catch-up with the top 1% ofhouseholds in other countries will be much quicker than for the medianhousehold: just six years for Britain or Germany, and just over ten forAmerica. The cost of this top-heavy income-surge is that China has become thesecond-most unequal country in the G20 after South Africa.

发展中国家快速增长的收入，尤其是自2000年以来，已经开始逼近富裕国家。根据GCIP的描述，国家内部的不平等自1980年以来增加了，而国家间的不平等减少了。如果假设过去35年间的增长率在未来持续下去（很可能），并进行购买力平价的调整，韩国的收入中位数将在10年内赶上美国。而对于中国来说则需要25年。但中国最富有的1%家庭收入飞速增长，他们赶超其他国家的速度远快于中产家庭：只需六年就能赶上英、德，十几年便能赶上美国。这种头重脚轻的快速增长的代价，就是中国成为了20国集团中仅次于南非的收入最不均等的国家。

In other developing countries such as India and Brazil, incomeshave grown much more inclusively than in China. But when it comes to catchingup with the rich world, the picture for such countries is considerably lessupbeat. While incomes are growing faster than America in percentage terms, theyare growing from a much lower base, meaning that in absolute terms the gap isstill increasing. According to Gregor Semieniuk, of Sussex University inBritain, and Sanjay Reddy of the GCIP team, middle incomes in India won’t evenstart closing in on those in America for another 100 years, while for Brazilthe gap won’t start to close for another 60 years. In the uncertain world ofeconomic forecasting, Mr Semieniuk notes, one might as well say that it willnever happen.

在其他的发展中国家，如巴西和印度，收入的增长比中国要均衡得多。但是当涉及到追赶富裕国家时，这些国家的局面却不容乐观。虽然收入增长率高于美国，但因为他们的基数低得多，所以和美国的绝对值差距还在不断增加。据英国苏克塞斯大学的格雷戈尔·塞米恩纽克和GCIP团队的桑杰·雷迪说，印度的中等收入甚至在100年内都不能缩小与美国的差距，而巴西则是60年。塞米恩纽克指出，在经济预测的不确定世界里，这样的预测还不如直接说（超越美国）永远不会发生。


guest-snmojen Apr 30th, 01:39
Something does not add up....
GNI
Russia $1.7933 Trillion USD
Brazil $2.3094 Trillion USD
Per Capita Income
Russia $12,735.92 USD
Brazil $11,384.62 USD
Disposable Income
Russia $7,641 USD
Brazil $3,022 USD
Other Indicators
Russia
"How did Vladimir Putin afford his ￡450,000 watchcollection worth six times his annual salary?
Russian president's watch collection includes
a ￡300,000 timepiece, opposition group claim
Putin has casually given away three ￡7,000 watches
Despite this his salary is listed as only ￡72,000<----
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2156794/How-did-Vladimir-Putin-a...
Brazil
"RIO DE JANEIRO—A former executive of Petróleo BrasileiroSA has begun to pay back the nearly $100 million he said he amassed throughbribery while at the Brazilian state oil company."
http://www.wsj.com/articles/former-petrobras-executive-to-return-100-mil...
No wonder the masses' eyes and hearts are focused on
Vodka and Carnaval respectively.

有些东西说不通啊。。。
国民总收入（GNI）
俄罗斯1.7933万亿美元
巴西2.3094万亿美元
人均收入
俄罗斯12735.92美元
巴西11384.62美元
可支配收入
俄罗斯7641美元
巴西3022美元
其他指标
俄罗斯
普京是怎么负担得起六倍于他的年薪，价值450000英镑的手表收藏的？
他的腕表收藏包括一块价值300000英镑的名表。
反对派团体声称普京曾随意地送出了三块价值7000英镑的手表，尽管他的年薪只有72000英镑。http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2156794/How-did-Vladimir-Putin-afford-450-000-watch-collection-worth-times-annual-salary.html
巴西
里约热内卢——一个巴西石油公司的前高管已经开始退回据他说在巴西国家石油公司期间收取的近一亿美元的贿赂。http://www.wsj.com/articles/former-petrobras-executive-to-return-100-million-in-corruption-probe-1417650924
难怪两国民众都各自沉迷在伏特加和狂欢节里。

Kenneth711 Apr 29th, 22:00
"Today it is Canada’s middle class, rather than America’s,that is the richest in the G20."
Looking at the charts, as soon as you get above the 50thpercentile, American household income exceeds Canadian household income. At the60th percentile it is only about $40 but grows to $5000 at the 90th percentile."Middle class" is a flexible definition but most Americans wouldconsider the middle class to end at about the 95th percentile. The OccupyMovement would peg it at 99th percentile. In the USA the 95th percentile wouldinclude doctors and lawyers, two very highly paid groups of people but they arestill people who have to work for their money and often they work well beyond 9to 5 hours.

So the conclusion of the article is suspect. What the chartsshows is the large income gap in the USA between the top and bottom halves ofthe income spectrum. OTOH in China, S. Africa and Brazil the charts indicate anever greater income gap than the USA. So these daily charts do not seem to supportany conclusion or alternatively any conclusion you want.

“今天在20国集团中收入最高的是加拿大的中产阶级，而不再是美国的。”
通过图表可以看出，只要你的收入达到了前50%，那么美国家庭的收入就超过了加拿大家庭。在前40%只超过了40美元，但在前10%差距增加到了5000美元。中产阶级是个灵活的定义，但大多数美国人认为中产阶级大约可以到收入前5%的人群为止，在占领华尔街运动的时候则上升到前1%为止。在美国，这95%的人群包括医生和律师，两个收入非常高的群体，但他们仍然是必须为了赚钱而工作，且工作时间常常远超过朝九晚五的人。
因此，本文的结论是值得怀疑的。图表展示的是美国上下层收入范围的巨大鸿沟差距。另一方面，图表也指出了在中国、南非和巴西更甚于美国的贫富收入差距。

AdentoAntarctica in reply to Cynical Hawk Apr 30th, 12:55
It is called an average.

它被称为平均值。

Cynical Hawk in reply to canabana Apr 30th, 04:12
So you would expect a 1 year old to have the same income as a 25year old in the same household?

所以你会期望在一个家庭内，1岁的婴儿和25岁的成人挣的一样多？

Canabana in reply to Cynical Hawk Apr 29th, 21:51
"Annual disposable income per household member"
I think the charts show 'per household member'.

“平均每个家庭成员的年度可支配收入”
我认为图表显示的是“平均每个家庭成员”。

HarryBingham100 Apr 30th, 10:50
An awesome graphic. Thank you. Very interesting indeed.

一个很棒的图表。谢谢，真的很有意思。

AdentoAntarctica in reply to guest-snmojen Apr 30th, 02:55
It adds up because these are reported survey incomes, which aretypically lower, sometimes a lot lower, than GNI per capita.

这合乎情理，是因为这些是报告上的调查收入，通常会低于，有时甚至显着低于人均国民收入。

guest-simmllj 1 hour 3 mins ago
Is widening gap in income inequality an indication of a bleakerchance for vertical social mobility？

收入差距不断拉大是不是表示社会贫富阶层流动的机会将愈发渺茫？

Turkish live in china 1 hour 20 mins ago
They are good graphics, appreciate TE. Need to add Dept Ratiosalso, because, need to give idea also about future, what will be those numbersper country. Under recession like 2008, how they will be affected need to knowalso.

很好的图表，感谢经济学人。还需要加入债务率，因为要展望未来的话就需要这些数字。在像2008年那样的经济衰退中，它们如何受到影响也需要了解。

guest-lawelsj 1 hour 47 mins ago
Where is it written that disposable income should or must keeprising (above the rate of inflation), let alone at a given rate of increase?What is wrong with having the same purchasing power today that one had ten ortwenty years ago, provided it suffices to live at least at a middle classlevel? And except for bragging rights, what difference does it make whichcountry's families come out on top?

谁说了收入就应该或者必须持续增长（超过通胀率）了？ 何况还要在一个给定的速率上增长？假如能至少活在中产阶级水平上的话，购买力哪怕停留在十年前或者二十年前又怎么了？而除了获得吹牛的权利之外，哪个国家的家庭收入拔得头筹又有什么区别？

AdentoAntarctica in reply to Cynical Hawk Apr 30th, 12:55
It is called an average.

它叫做平均值。

Mr Lincoln Apr 30th, 08:37
The assumption of continual and constant growths is problematic,particularly in the context that catching up dynamics involve stages, growth isfaster in some stages and slower in other stages. It would be more interestingto explore more plausible assumptions based on observed more sophisticated pastpatterns.

持续和恒定增长的假设是有问题的，特别是涉及到有关于动态追赶的部分，有些阶段发展较快，有些阶段发展较慢。基于观察更多过去的复杂图表而探索出看起来更合理的假设将更加有趣。

Bampbs Apr 30th, 02:56
Don't forget that the name of the game is "Chutes andLadders".

不要忘了这个游戏的名字叫滑道梯子棋（儿童游戏，棋盘上有滑道和梯子的图案，棋子遇梯子往前走，遇滑道则往回走）

kevinahcc20 in reply to Kenneth711 Apr 29th, 23:04
My takeaway exactly...it appears that the bottom of the USA andCanada charts are quite similar (despite Canada's more generous welfare state)and that at each step the USA band is equal or wider implying that the broadconclusion of the article is at least dubious and arguably false.

和我的观点如出一辙。。。图表显示美国和加拿大的底部曲线相当近似（尽管加拿大是个更慷慨的福利国家）而且每一级美国都和加拿大等宽或宽一点，暗示文章得出的宽泛结论起码是值得怀疑的或者可以说是错误的。

Cynical Hawk Apr 29th, 21:15
We don't use household income as a metric, since household sizesvary over time, so we are always comparing abstract categories of people atdifferent stages of their lives, and who is working at their correspondinghousehold size. It would be interesting to know what our 'clever' liberalintelligencia believe is the arbitrary correct level of 'income inequality',unless they believe that no 'income inequality' is the most desirable.

我们不使用家庭收入作为指标，因为家庭的规模会随时间不断变化，所以我们就常常会和在人生不同阶段的抽象的人群，以及他们相应规模的家庭作比较。我很有兴趣了解一下我们“聪明”的自由派知识分子所认为的正确的贫富差距水平是多少，除非他们认为没有贫富差距才是坠好的。