档案披露，美国对印尼反共大清洗知根知底 [英国媒体]

Files reveal US had detailed knowledge of Indonesia's anti-communist purge

档案披露，美国对印尼反共大清洗知根知底



Members of the youth wing of the Indonesian Communist party are watched by soldiers as they are taken to prison in Jakarta on 30 October 1965. Photograph: AP

1965年10月30日，雅加达，印共青团成员被士兵押送至监狱

Declassified files have revealed new details of US government knowledge of and support for an Indonesian army extermination campaign that killed several hundred thousand civilians during anti-communist hysteria in the mid-1960s.

上世纪60年代中期，印尼爆发反共狂潮，解密文件揭露的一些新细节显示，美国政府对印尼军队杀害数十万平民的灭绝行动是知情的，且提供了帮助。

The thousands of files from the US embassy in Jakarta covering 1963-66 were made public on Tuesday after a declassification review that began under the Obama administration.

美国驻雅加达大使馆的数千份文件——涵盖1963年至1966年——于周二公布，解密流程是在奥巴马政府时期开始。

The files fill out the picture of a devastating reign of terror by the Indonesian army and Muslim groups that has been sketched by historians and in a US state department volume that was declassified in 2001 despite a last-minute CIA effort to block its distribution.

这些文件清晰地刻画了印尼军队和穆斯林组织的恐怖的、毁灭性的统治画面，之前历史学家对其的描述是十分模糊的，2001年这些文件被解除保密级别——尽管中央情报局一直试图阻挠其发布。

In 1965, Indonesia had the world’s third-largest communist party after China and the Soviet Union, with several million members, and the country’s president, the charismatic Sukarno, was vociferously socialist and anti-American.

1965年，印度尼西亚拥有世界上第三大的GCD，仅次于中国和苏联，拥有数百万成员，而该国的总统——富有魅力的苏加诺，是一个坚定的社会主义者和反美主义者。

US officials were ecstatic when conservative generals imposed martial law in Jakarta, seized state radio and set out to annihilate the country’s communist party on the pretext that it had tried to overthrow the government. Within months, the army would prevail, shifting Indonesia’s political orientation to the US and opening its huge market to American companies.

当保守派将军在雅加达实施戒严令、查封国家电台、开始以阴谋推翻政府为借口消灭该国GCD时，美国官员欣喜若狂——因为他们认为几个月内，印尼军队将会获胜，从而使印尼政治倾向转向美国，并向美国公司开放其巨大的市场。

The newly released files underline the US embassy’s and state department’s early, detailed and ongoing knowledge of the killings and eagerness to avoid doing anything that would hinder the Indonesian army. Historians had already established that the US provided lists of senior communist party officials, radio equipment and money as part of active support for the army.

这些新公布的文件突显了，美国大使馆和美国国务院对杀戮事件有充分的了解——他们的情报是第一手的、详细的、连续不断的，以及他们热衷于坐视不管，避免采取任何可能阻碍印尼军队行动的措施。历史学家已经确定，美国(向印尼军方)提供了GCD高级官员名单、无线电设备和金钱，作为对军队的积极支持。

The documents specifically mention mass killings ordered by Suharto, a general who within months would seize total power and rule Indonesia for more than three decades, and the pivotal role in carrying out the massacres by groups that today remain Indonesia’s biggest mainstream Muslim organizations: Nahdlatul Ulama, its youth wing Ansor and Muhammadiyah.

文件特别提及了下达大规模屠杀命令的苏哈托——这个将军在接下来几个月里大权在握，并在之后30多年统治着印尼——以及在实施屠杀中起关键作用的团体——至今仍然是印尼最大的主流穆斯林组织：伊斯兰教士联合会(Nahdlatul Ulama)，及其下属青年团：安梭(Ansor)和穆罕默德协会(Muhammadiyah)。

A 21 December 1965 cable from the embassy’s first secretary, Mary Vance Trent, to the state department referred to events as a “fantastic switch which has occurred over 10 short weeks”. It also included an estimate that 100,000 people had been slaughtered.

美国大使馆一等参赞Mary Vance Trent 在1965年12月21日发给美国国务院的一封电报中将这些事件称作“在短短10周内发生的精彩转变”。电报中还估计有10万人被屠杀。

In Bali alone, some 10,000 people had been killed by mid-December, including the parents and distant relatives of the island’s pro-communist governor, and the slaughter was continuing, the cable said. Two months later, another embassy cable cited estimates that the killings in Bali had swelled to 80,000.

电报称，仅在(印尼)巴厘岛，12月中旬就有近1万人被杀死，其中包括亲共政府官员的父母和远亲，而屠杀还在继续。两个月后，另一封电报援引估计数据，巴厘岛屠杀死亡人数已暴增至8万人。

The release of the documents coincides with an upsurge in anti-communist rhetoric in Indonesia, where communism remains a frequently invoked bogeyman for conservatives despite the collapse of the Soviet Union nearly three decades ago and China’s embrace of global capitalism.

这些文件的公布恰逢印尼反共言论高涨之际，尽管苏联已经解体将近30年、中国拥抱了全球资本主义，但在印度尼西亚，gczy仍然是一个经常被保守派提及的“妖怪”。

Discussion of the 1965-66 period that departs from the Suharto era’s partly fictional account of a heroic national uprising against communism is still discouraged. A landmark symposium last year that brought together ageing survivors of the bloodbath and government ministers sparked a furious backlash.

对1965~1966年时期的讨论依然是受阻的——苏哈托时代这场“英雄主义的”、全国范围的反共起义，其理由是部分虚假的。去年，一场具有划时代意义的座谈会将年迈的大屠杀幸存者和政府官员们聚集在一起，但该会议引发了强烈抵制。

“The mass killings of 1965-66 are among the world’s worst crimes against humanity, and our country’s darkest secret,” said Veronica Koman, an Indonesian human rights lawyer. “The 1965-66 survivors are all very old now, and I’m afraid that they will not see justice before they die. Hopefully with these cables coming to light, the truth can emerge and perpetrators can be held accountable.”

印尼人权律师Veronica Koman表示:“1965~66年的大规模杀戮是世界最严重的反人类罪行之一，也是我们国家最黑暗的秘密。幸存者都很老了，我担心他们无法活到正义到来那一天。希望随着这些电文的曝光，真相能浮出水面、行凶者能够被追究责任。

Indonesia’s Muslim mass organizations are among those reluctant to face scrutiny for their role, which in the fevered atmosphere of 1965 was characterized by Islamic leaders as a holy war against atheists.

印尼的穆斯林群众组织不愿意接受对其的审查——在1965年的狂热气氛中，伊斯兰领导人将其视为一场针对无神论者的圣战。

Under the direction of the army, the Muslim organizations Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah were enthusiastic participants in mass murder, carrying out indiscriminate killings as well as organized executions, according to the documents. They also mention the army’s recruiting of Catholics to help with its extermination campaign in central Java.

文件显示，在军队的指挥下，穆斯林组织伊斯兰教士联合会和穆罕默德协会是大屠杀的狂热参与者，他们不分青红皂白地谋杀、执行死刑。文件中同时提到，军队还招募天主教徒协助其在中瓜哇省的消灭运动。

A December 1965 cable from the US consulate in Medan, Indonesia, reported that preachers in Muhammadiyah mosques were telling congregations that all who joined the communist party must be killed, saying they are the “lowest order of infidel, the shedding of whose blood is comparable to killing chicken”.

1965年12月，美国驻印尼棉兰领事馆的一份电报报告称，穆罕默德协会清真寺的传教士们告诉会众，所有加入GCD的人都必须被杀死，称他们(GCD员)是“最低贱的异教徒，杀他们和杀鸡一般”。

A detailed four-page report covering mid- to late November 1965 by the US embassy’s political affairs officer, Edward E Masters, discussed the spread of mass executions to several provinces and the role of youth groups in helping to solve the “main problem” of where to house and what to feed PKI prisoners. PKI is the Indonesian acronym for the country’s communist party.

美国大使馆政治事务干事Edward E Masters 曾在1965年11月发过一份四页的详细报告，讨论了大规模处决在一些省份的传播，以及青年团体所起的作用——帮助解决“主要问题”，包括在哪里关押印共(印尼GCD)囚犯以及囚犯食物问题。

“Many provinces appear to be successfully meeting this problem by executing their PKI prisoners, or killing them before they are captured, a task in which Moslem youth groups are providing assistance,” the report said. A cable from earlier in the month mentions an estimated 62,000 prisoners in the province of Central Java alone.

报告说：“许多省份应对这个问题(关押场所和食物问题)的方式似乎是处死印共囚犯或不经逮捕直接杀死，穆斯林青年组织对该任务提供了协助。”而该月早些时候的一份电报显示，据估计，仅在中爪哇省就有62000名囚犯。

【相关阅读】

Beware the red peril: Indonesia still fighting ghosts of communism

当心gczy红色浪潮：印尼仍在与gczy的幽魂作战



Protest outside parliament in Jakarta coinciding with the anniversary of a failed coup that was blamed on communists. Photograph: Mast Irham/EPA
雅加达国会外的抗议活动与印共政变失败年度纪念日相吻合

Beware the evil communists, warn fearful hoax messages spreading on WhatsApp. Should people come to your village offering free blood tests, they are really trying to infect you with HIV.

“提防邪恶的GCD员“——这是在WhatsApp(一款通讯软件，类似微信)上传播的可怕的欺骗信息——如果人们到你的村庄提供免费的血液检测，他们的真正目的是想用HIV感染你。

In some circles in Indonesia it is like the cold war never ended. Even the military is on board with a paranoid campaign against the old red peril.

在印尼的一些圈子里，冷战好像从未结束一样。就连军方也加入了反对“红色危险”的近乎偏执狂的运动。

This month the Indonesian army announced the Suharto-era propaganda film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, or “Betrayal of the Communists”, would be screened across the country.

本月，印尼军方宣布，苏哈托时代的宣传片《Pengkhianatan G30S/ PKI》，又名《gczy者的背叛》将在全国范围内上映。

In the lead-up to 30 September, the anniversary of a failed 1965 coup that was blamed on Indonesia’s then communist party, the army said the screenings were crucial to ensure people understood the “correct” version of history.

为纪念1965年那次怪罪到印共头上的失败政变，9月30日被定位周年纪念日，军方表示，这些放映物对于确保人们理解“正确”版本的历史是至关重要的。

The epic 1984 propaganda film, which depicts communists as violent savages, is being played in villages, mosques and to the military. During the Suharto era it was mandatory viewing – aired on state television every 30 September until his downfall in 1998.

这部将GCD员描绘成暴力的野蛮人的1984年的宣传片，在村庄、清真寺和军队中都会上映。在苏哈托时代，观看是强制性的——每年9月30日在国家电视台播出，直到1998年他下台为止。

As part of this latest offensive the military has also issued an internal memo to its troops to restrict screenings of Joshua Oppenheimer’s 2014 documentary film The Look of Silence. That film depicts a rather different version of events – one that explores the violence of the Indonesian state.

作为最新攻势的一部分，军方还向部队下发了一份内部备忘录，以限制放映Joshua Oppenheimer 2014年的纪录片《沉默之像》(the Look of Silence)。该电影描述了该事件的“不同版本”——探讨了印尼国家层面的暴力。

According to historians, in 1965-1966 Islamic youth and paramilitary groups with military backing massacred between 500,000 and one million suspected communists across the country.

根据历史学家的看法，1965至1966年间，在军方支持下，伊斯兰青年准军事组织在全国范围内屠杀了50万至100万GCD员。

More than half a century later that bloody purge remains deeply sensitive. No one has ever been held to account. It is why the military is attempting to limit Oppenheimer’s film, and why the ghosts of communism continue to be dredged up even though the ideology has been outlawed here since 1966.

半个多世纪后，这次血腥清洗依然高度敏感。从没有人被追究责任。这就是为何军方试图限制Oppenheimer的电影，以及为何gczy的“幽魂”不断重提——尽管gczy在印尼自1966年起就被取缔了。

“It is this peculiar situation in that communism has been exterminated, has been extinct in Indonesia since 1965, and yet it is a country in which communism never really died,” says Oppenheimer of recent events. “They are stuck in evoking or conjuring the spectre of communism to keep people silent and afraid.”

Oppenheimer 谈及最近发生的事情时说：“这种一种特殊的情况，gczy已经被消灭了——自1965年以来在印尼就已经灭绝了，但这个国家的gczy从未真正消亡，为了让人们保持沉默和恐惧，他们不断重提gczy魔鬼。”

Back in 1965, a time when the “domino theory” on the global spread of communism loomed large, Indonesia’s Communist party (PKI) was the third-largest of its kind in the world. This time 52 years ago, a group calling themselves the 30th September Movement kidnapped and murdered six generals. Blamed on the communists, the event led to the rise of Indonesia’s strongman ruler Suharto and the mass bloodletting that ensued.

回到1965年，在gczy全球扩张的“多米诺骨牌效应”中，印尼GCD成为了是世界上第三大GCD。52年前的这个时候，一个自称“九月三十日运动”的组织绑架并杀害了6名将军。该事件导致了印尼铁腕统治者苏哈托的崛起，以及随之而来的大规模流血事件。

Each year there are incidents that expose Indonesia’s ongoing communist phobia – the arrest, for example, of unaware tourists detained for wearing T-shirts with the hammer and sickle logo.

每年都有一些事件暴露印尼从未间断的“gczy恐惧症”——例如，不知情的游客因为身穿印有锤子和镰刀图案的T恤而被拘留。

But the anti-communist paranoia has surged significantly in the past month. Behind it, say analysts, is the military jockeying for political gain in the lead up to the 2019 presidential election.

但在过去一个月里，反共的偏执情绪明显高涨了。分析人士称，这是军方在为2019年总统大选造势。

“The military always tries to paint themselves as politically neutral,” explains Yohanes Sulaiman, a lecturer at General Achmad Yani University in Bandung of the decision to run the public screenings. “But now you have the head of the military basically politicising everything.”

“军方总是试图把自己装饰成政治中立的一方，”万隆市阿切德·亚尼大学讲师Yohanes Sulaiman 谈及公开放映(宣传电影)的决定时说，“但现在，军方领导人基本上把一切都政治化了。”

The public screenings this year have also coincided with attacks against purported communists. In the past month a planned seminar about 1965 at Jakarta’s Legal Aid Institute was met with violent protests by hardliners and rent-a-thugs. This week a group established to collect and share stories from 1965 was branded “communist” on social media sites.

今年的公开放映也与对GCD的攻击相吻合。上个月，雅加达法律援助研究所举行的一场关于1965年的研讨会遭到了强硬派和暴徒的暴力抗议。本周，一个以收集和分享1965年的故事为目的而建立的团体，在社交媒体上被贴上了“gczy者”的标签。

And at a rally in the capital on Friday thousands of protestors gathered at the gates of the parliament to decry a “communist revival”.

周五，数千名抗议者聚集在国会门口，谴责“gczy复辟”。

Evoking the threat of communism to instil fear has proven very effective in Indonesia in the past, notes Yosef Djakababa, a history lecturer and director of the Centre for Southeast Asian Studies Indonesia.

印尼东南亚研究中心的历史讲师兼主任Yosef Djakababa说，在过去，鼓动gczy的威胁以(向民众)灌输恐惧在印尼被证明是非常有效的。

“It forces citizens to seek protection from an institution that can be seen as capable of protecting them,” he argues. “In the past it was the military that has proven, through this narrative, that they are ones that are able to protect the country from communism.”

“它迫使公民们向一个可靠的机构寻求保护，”他强调，“通过这些宣传，军方证明他们过去能够保护国家免受gczy的危害。”

In Indonesia communist ties are still a kind of political kryptonite. A smear campaign that falsely branded then-candidate Joko Widodo as a communist and ethnic Chinese almost cost him the 2014 presidential election.

在印尼，“涉共”仍然是一个政治命门。2014年总统大选时，一场针对参选人Joko Widodo 的竞选活动污蔑他是gczy者和华裔，这差点使他在大选中落败。

Last year a government-organised symposium on the events of 1965 gave some hope the government might finally be ready to face its ugly past. But the momentum to officially acknowledge past rights abuses appears to have lost steam.

去年，一个政府组织的关于1965事件的研讨会让人看到了一些希望——政府最终可能正视自己的丑陋历史。但这种(正视历史的)势头似乎已经没有了。

Even when in recent weeks the president suggested the Suharto-era propaganda film be “updated” for millennials, he was quickly shot down. His coordinating security minister quickly clarified, saying the president did not mean the film’s overall message, the anti-communist narrative, should be changed.

甚至在最近几周，印尼总统建议针对千禧一代“校正”苏哈托时代的宣传片时，他很快遭到了批评。他的安全部长迅速澄清，总统的意思并不是说应该改变电影的核心思想——反共。

In any case it seems most Indonesian millennials – who have not been forced to watch the film every year – don’t think about communism much at all. Judging by his students, lecturer Djakababa says many in his class can’t understand why people would “kill each other over ideas”.

但无论如何，印尼大部分千禧一代似乎根本没把gczy放在心上——他们没有被强迫每年观看这部电影。讲师Djakababa说，从他的学生来看，他班上许多人都不明白为什么人们会“为了理念互相残杀”。

“They can understand that people can kill each other if they fight over resources, like oil for example, energy,” he says, “But for ideology, communism. What is communism?”

他说：“他们可以理解人们为了争夺资源而争斗，比如石油、能源，但为了意识形态，为了gczy？gczy又是什么？”