为什么美国的大规模枪击事件总是归咎于精神疾病？ [英国媒体]

-------------译者：龙腾翻译总管-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------



Attempts to blame mass shootings in the US like the recent one in a Texas church that killed at least 26 people on mental illness casually propagates wrong-headed connections between extreme violence and mental illness. This has a tendency to drown out the voices of those who correctly point out that people with mental health problems are far more likely to be victims of violence than to perpetrate it. It also cements ugly stereotypes perpetuates the stigma that people with serious mental health problems frequently encounter and serves as a distraction from the dearth of care and treatment for people who need it most.

正如最近在德克萨斯州某教堂内发生的一起造成至少26人死亡的（大规模枪击）事件一样，这种试图将美国发生大规模枪击事件的责任归咎于精神疾病的行为随意地传播了极端暴力和精神疾病之间有关联的错误认知。这造成那些正确指出患有精神健康问题的人比起成为实施暴力的一方更有可能被当成受害方的声音被掩盖的趋势。这也加深了（人们对精神疾病患者）的丑陋刻板印象，使得那些患有严重精神疾病的患者更常遭受侮辱，干扰人们在给最需要护理和治疗的人提供帮助时分心。

People with mental health problems have long borne the brunt of America’s deficient healthcare system. In Britain meanwhile the consequences of long-term underfunding and lack of parity with physical health in the NHS continues to take a huge toll. Even after reforms ushered in by Obamacare with the Affordable Care Act and expansion of the federal insurance programme Medicaid which finally made it easier to access insurance and vital treatments millions remain uninsured – including many with serious mental health conditions. And as the blizzard of attacks on Obamacare have continued there are genuine worries about what the implications for access to mental health services might be.

长期以来，患有精神健康问题的人们一直是美国不健全医疗体系的主要受害者。与此同时在英国，长期资金不足和国民健康保险制度缺乏身体健康的平价医疗保障，英国将继续为此付出巨大的代价。即使在奥巴马推行“平价医疗法案”和扩大联邦保险计划“医疗补助计划”的改革后，终于使得人们更容易获得（医疗）保险和重要的治疗，但仍有数百万人没有保险——其中包括许多患有严重精神疾病的患者。然而随着对奥巴马推行的医改的抨击如暴风雪般持续不断，人们担忧获得精神健康服务的（隐含条件或后果）会是什么。

This month Mental Health America an advocacy group that campaigns to improve access to care published its latest annual Mental Health in America report. It concludes that while the evidence shows that reforms under Obama improved insurance coverage for people with mental health problems (rates of uninsured adults with a mental illness fell by 5%) most of the estimated 43 million citizens with a mental health condition (56% of them) don’t receive the treatment they need.

美国心理健康协会（Mental Health America，一个致力于改善医疗服务获取的倡导团体）于本月发布了最新的“年度美国心理健康调查报告”。它的结论是，虽然有证据表明，奥巴马的医改改善了精神健康问题人群的（医疗）保险覆盖率（精神疾病成人患者的比例下降了5％），但大多数估计有4300万的精神病患者（他们当中有56%的人）没有得到他们需要的治疗。

 -------------译者：lee9237-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Meanwhile more than 1.7 million young people who experience major episodes of depression are not getting treated according to the report. This echoes concerns in the UK about young people’s mental health and lack of access to speedy appropriate treatment despite the latest pledge of a four-week waiting time cap. The report concluded that youth mental health was worsening while access to care is limited. For example it says rates of serious depression among young people went up from 6% in 2012 to 8% in 2015. This is against a backdrop where: “on average it takes 10 years between the onset of symptoms and when individuals receive treatment”.

同时，报告显示出了各州之间（医疗人员水平）的显着差异，超过170多万患过重度抑郁症的年轻患者却没有得到治疗。这引起了英国人对于年轻人心理健康问题以及无法获得快速适当的治疗的担忧。尽管官方有最新的等待时间上限为四周的承诺。报告指出，青少年的心理健康状况正在恶化且获得医疗护理的机会有限。例如，青少年严重抑郁的比例从2012年的6％上升到2015年的8％，这是在“从症状发作到个人接受治疗之间平均需要10年的背景下”。

The report also highlights how certain groups such as the poorest people are at higher risk of moderate or severe depression – yet for many care remains elusive. It concludes: “Those with greater need for treatment can’t afford it.”

该报告还强调了某些群体（如最贫穷的人群）正处于患中度或重度抑郁症的高风险情况中——这些群体被许多护理（人员或机构）所遗忘。报告得出的结论是：“那些更需要治疗的群体是负担不起医疗的。”

Another issue addressed is staffing levels within mental healthcare – something all too familiar in Britain amid disputes surrounding the government’s latest pledges to invest more in mental health including its promise of thousands of new posts to be created by 2021. The report shows marked differences between states but when it comes to staffing of mental healthcare nationally it found a “serious mental health workforce shortage” spanning psychologists psychiatrists counsellors nurses and social workers.

另一个问题是精神卫生保健中心的员工（医疗）水平——英国人对此很熟悉，因为政府最近承诺要加大在精神卫生方面的投入，包括承诺到2021年将创造数千个新的职位。报告显示，但当涉及到全国范围内精神卫生人力资源配置方面，（报告）发现“严重精神病相关的卫生人员短缺”的问题，其中包括心理学家、精神病学家、心理顾问、护士和社会工作者。

I have been writing long enough about mental health to see governments’ pledges to improve parity and access come and go and fall short while vital services are cut and welfare policies actively fuel mental distress. There have been some positive developments such as better access to talking therapies in the NHS but health systems and the political cultures that shape them all too often provide inadequate underfunded care. In doing so they send a signal that mental health is not as important as physical health which in turn reinforces the stigma that makes living with a mental illness even harder.

关于精神健康的文章我已经写了够长时间，看到政府承诺的改善（平价全民的医改）时有时无最终功亏一篑，至关重要的（医疗）服务保障被削减，福利政策不断加剧恶化人们的精神苦闷。其中有一些积极的发展，比如在国民健康保险体系下能更好地获取到医疗帮助，然而医疗体系和政治文化对它们的塑造使社会往往提供不了充足的资金（来维持疾病的医疗开销）。在这种情况下，他们发出一种信号（暗示）精神健康不如身体健康那么重要，这反而使精神病患者的生活更艰难屈辱。


-------------译者：lee9237-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

MikeHarold 15h ago 
probably depends on the background of the killer: if somehow Muslin then it is not mental illness but religious extremism if somehow white - well that is a bit awkward - hence lone wolf crazy - anything but draw attention to the armed to the teeth elephant in the room.
Sure "guns dont kill" but people pumping large numbers of bullets into people using readily available guns tends to lead to a fatality or two.

大概取决于凶手的背景：如果是穆斯林，那精神疾病就不是原因所在，而是因为凶手是一个宗教极端主义分子；如果是白人的话——那么就有点尴尬了——（会将原因归咎于）因为他们是“独狼”，是独来独往的疯子（所以才会那么做）——绝不让人们正视那被刻意忽视的棘手问题（枪支泛滥）。
诚然，“枪本身是不会杀人的”，但是当人们往枪里装上子弹拿它疯狂扫射人群时是会造成一两个人的死亡的。

sophiaxparker 10h ago
Yeah it's an insult to those with mental illness. As a person that used to have a severe one and still occasionally experiences bouts of it I'm offended that these mass murderers are compared to normal people like me who just so happen to struggle with our mental functioning.

没错，对精神病患者来说，这是一种侮辱。作为一个曾经患有严重精神疾病，偶尔还会发作的人来说，拿我这种只是因为心理功能暂时出现“故障”（问题）的普通人同大肆虐杀者相提并论让我非常生气。
 
TheGreatRonRafferty 15h ago
“Why is mental illness so often blamed for US mass shootings?”
Would it be because shooting lots of people with the intention of killing them is a sign of mental illness?

“为什么美国的大规模枪击事件总是归咎于精神疾病？”
这种有想要大肆虐杀人们的意图会不会就是他们患有精神病的征兆？

There are many forms and degrees of mental illness. The problem is that we don't wish to recognise that and so put it down to "naturally" violent and aggressive people rather than it being an illness.

精神疾病是有很多种形式类别和程度的。问题是我们不希望承认这一点，所以人们都将（大规模枪击事件的发生）归咎于那些“天生”暴力和具有攻击性的人身上，而不正视这其实是一种疾病是病态。

MikeHarold  TheGreatRonRafferty 15h ago
or a mentally ailing society and definitely crazy political system perhaps?

或许这只是因为社会“精神状况不佳”和政治制度太过疯狂的缘故？

 -------------译者：龙腾翻译总管-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

EternallyUnimpressed  TheGreatRonRafferty 15h ago
The constant raising of mental health when these things happens is a suggestion that those who suffer from mental health issue don't actually exercise free will. It also seems to be a refusal to accept that some people are happy to blow themselves and others to pieces for their cause. 
Anyone who screams "Britain first" something about their god or who has otherwise demonstrated political intent is someone who has acted on their politics. That's all I need to know. Beyond that I don't care if they're overweight diabetic or anything else about their medical history.

当这些事情发生时，心理健康的重要性不断提高，（反面提出了）饱受精神问题折磨的患者们实际上并没有自由意志。同时精神病患者们也很难接受那些喜欢打击他们的人和那些为了帮助他们而四处奔走的人们。
任何会因信仰而高喊“英国第一”或想表现其（不同于他人的）政治意图的人们，恰恰是那些会为之采取相应政治活动（彰显其政治立场）的人。这就是我所需要知道的。除此之外，我不在乎他们是否肥胖、有糖尿病或者他们的病史是什么。

TheGreatRonRafferty  MikeHarold 15h ago
I'd agree with you in many ways there Harold.

哈罗德，在很多方面上我都很同意你的看法。

There are many forms and causes of mental illness from being born with it to drugs traumatic experiences stress being in abusive relationships failure to develop into properly functioning young people and adults and lots more.

精神疾病有多种形式和（形成）原因，包括生来就如此、毒品、创伤经历、压力、处于一段虐待关系，或者是未能成长为健康正常的青年人和成年人等等（原因）。

As a society we need to address as many of these problems .... or at least not make them worse. That means dealing appropriately with children and adults in all situations.

我们作为一个社会需要解决许许多多这样的问题......或者至少不要让问题变得更糟。这意味着在任何情况下我们都要小心对待和关爱儿童和成年人们。

 -------------译者：风起云团-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

OhReallyFFS  TheGreatRonRafferty 15h ago
Women go to hospital men go to jail.

把（患有精神病的）女人送进医院，男人送进监狱。

A practicing NHS psychologist told me that.

一位持有NHS（National Health Service，英国国家医疗服务体系）执照的心理医生这么告诉我的。

Owlyrics  TheGreatRonRafferty 15h ago
Then all soldiers in wars would be called mentally ill? just being a mass murderer doesn't mean you are not just a mass murderer because you want to kill people.

所以我们就可以理所应当地认为所有上过战场的士兵都是脑子有问题的人？并不是所有脑子里有杀人想法的人就一定会变成疯狂杀人魔的。

AhBrightWings  TheGreatRonRafferty 14h ago
But her point an important one and one I've made on nearly every thread about gun violence is that this distracts from the real issue: the ready availability of semiautomatic weapons. A mentally ill person without a gun poses minimal threat to themselves and others.

但她道出了一个重要的问题，一个我们一直会忽视且很现实的问题，这是个十分重要且我一直都在关注的关于枪支暴力的问题——立即可用的半自动武器（的泛滥问题）。一个没有枪的精神病人对自己和他人的伤害都是最小的。

This is an insidious diversionary tactic trotted out by the NRA. Anything and everyone is to be blamed...except for the guns gun manufacturers and their lobby. Demonizing the mentally ill does double harm; it targets people who themselves suffer while letting the gun industry off the hook.

这是RNA（National Rifle Association of America，全美步枪协会）所使用的用来扰乱舆论的卑劣手段。将问题通通归咎于别的事物和其他人身上.......模化（舆论焦点）将责任从枪支本身、枪支制造商和（鼓吹使用枪支）的游说议员身上撇得一干二净。而妖魔化精神病人是个一箭双雕的好办法，（不仅可以推卸责任）让枪支制业摆脱困境，还能让那些反对持枪的人感到难堪。

In a similar vein there is the truly deplorable impulse voiced constantly on threads about guns that "most of the deaths are suicides by gun" a cavalier attitude grounded in the glib self-serving belief that those deaths therefore don't count. Only the gun industry is so dismissive of lives. Every gun and bullet counts and is cause for hysteria by the "pry it from my cold dead hands" crowd. The maimed killed and bereaved? Not so much.

与之相类似的是，一些可悲的冲动使一些关于枪支的言论不断出现，比如“因枪支死亡的事件更多的是由自杀事件组成的”，这些傲慢的态度及自私的心理使他们认为这些（自杀事件）不应该被算作枪支致死事件。也只有枪支产业会如此轻视生命了。每把枪支和每颗子弹背后都是那群歇斯底里的，“除非我死了，否则休想拿走我的枪”的人的尸体。被残废、杀死和丧失亲人的那些人对他们来说一文不值。

-------------译者：龙腾翻译总管-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

Emptyskies  TheGreatRonRafferty 14h ago
The article is based on a wholly erroneous argument from the start:

这篇文章从一开始就以完全错误的论点论述全文：

Attempts to blame mass shootings in the US like the recent one in a Texas church that killed at least 26 people on mental illness casually propagates wrong-headed connections between extreme violence and mental illness.

“正如最近在德克萨斯州某教堂内发生的一起造成至少26人死亡的（大规模枪击）事件一样，这种试图将美国发生大规模枪击事件的责任归咎于精神疾病的行为随意地传播了极端暴力和精神疾病之间有关联的错误认知。”

Firstly the word 'blame' implies that one can morally condemn a medical condition. No one does this.

首先，“归咎”一词暗示着人们可以在道德层面上谴责一种医学症状。但没人会这样做。

Secondly it may be perfectly true that mentally ill people are more likely to be victims of violence than perpetrators. It does not logically follow from this that mass shootings are not connected to mental illness. That possible connection is in no way logically negated by the fact that the connection is stigmatising either.

其次，说精神病患者比起是犯罪者更有可能成为暴力的受害者这点可能是完全正确的。说大规模枪击事件与精神疾病并没有关系是不符合逻辑的。这种可能正确的关联也无法否认在逻辑上这种关联其实是种侮辱。

Something does not stop being true simply because it is inconvenient or problematic.

有些事情不会因为不方便或有问题而变得不真实。

CDKBM180715 15h ago
Because it is easier than admitting the uncomfortable truth that white people can be terrorists too.

因为这样总比承认白人也可能成为恐怖分子这一令人不安的真相要更容易让人接受。

Skepticsayer  CDKBM180715 15h ago
A person who kills for their own personal reason is different from a person who is acting in the service of an organised ideological movement.

一个为了个人原因而杀人的人和一个服务于有组织的意识形态运动的人不同。

 -------------译者：风起云团-审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

rodmclaughlin 15h ago 
"Why is mental illness so often blamed for US mass shootings?"

“为什么美国的大规模枪击事件总是归咎于精神疾病？”

Because if you randomly shoot completely innocent people for no reason ruining your life as well as theirs you are an extremely irrational person. This often correlates with mental illness.

因为如果你无缘无故的去射杀那些无辜的人，去摧毁你和他们的生命，那你彻头彻尾就是个不可理喻的人。这种人通常就被称为精神病人。

rule10b5  rodmclaughlin 15h ago 
Exactly. A sane mind doesn't do that sort of thing.

正解。一个理智的人是不会做这种事的。

Paddy01  rule10b5 13h ago
Not all mentally ill are violent not all violence is mental illness.

不是所有精神病患者都有暴力倾向，也不是所有具有暴力倾向（的人）都是精神病。

rodmclaughlin  Paddy01 13h ago
True. I just said there is a correlation. It's a clear answer to the question in the title.

没错。我只是说这二者之间有点关联。它就是标题所提出问题的答案。

Sometimes mass murder isn't mental illness. For example the Norwegian mass murderer Anders Breivik was classified as sane by the court. His manifesto though horrific and shocking isn't irrational. It's not true that his actions could produce the results he wanted nor that these actions were ethical nor that these results would be a good thing but given his aims his actions were at least rational not insane.

有时候，疯狂杀人狂并不是精神病患者。例如，挪威杀人狂Anders Breivik就被法院判定其存在理智。他的宣言虽然可怕且令人震惊，但他并没有失去理智。并不是说他的行为会造成这种结果，或者是他的行为是道德的，或是（会爆发出）那样的结果是件好事，但是考虑到他的目的，他的行为，他至少是存在理智的，而不是疯子。
（注：Anders Breivik---安德斯·贝林·布雷维克，其在2011年7月22日实施了骇人听闻的屠杀，他先是在挪威首都奥斯陆的政府办公区引爆炸弹，炸死了8人。然后前往首都附近的一个小岛，枪杀了69名在岛上参加暑期夏令营的人，其中多数是青少年。代表作：《2083：欧洲独立宣言》）

 -------------译者：呼呼胖-审核者：赤兔------------

ursuppe 11h ago
“All murder or attempted murder is the result of insanity temporary or chronic.”
If killing was only a result of insanity there would be very little of it.
Instead people kill out of greed out of jealousy out of anger and for revenge. In war they kill because their superiors tell them to. In civil unrest they might kill their neighbours because they are from a different culture. They launch terrorist attacks to obtain some desired political…

“所有的谋杀，或企图谋杀（谋杀未遂），都是源于间歇性精神错乱或者长期慢性的精神错乱。”
如果杀人只是精神错乱导致的结果，那发生杀人事件的概率会很低。
相反，人们因贪婪、嫉妒、愤怒和报复而杀人的概率就高得多了。在战争中，他们会因为他们上级的命令而杀人；在内乱中，他们可能会因为大家来自不同于他们的文化而杀死邻居；他们会因为想实现政治意图而发动恐怖袭击......

Tessmadaboutmusic 11h ago
What we're actually talking about is stigma and prejudice. Propagating the idea either directly or indirectly that people with mental health problems are potentially mass murderers increases the possibility of discrimination. In the words of Sharon Salzberg 'people do outrageous things to one another every day of the week' whether they're mentally ill or not.

实际上我们此刻谈论的是耻辱和偏见。直接或间接地传播“精神健康问题的人是潜在的大屠杀者”增加了歧视精神疾病患者的可能性。用Sharon Salzberg的话说，“人们每周每天都会对他人做些令人发指的事情，不管他们是否患有精神疾病”。

dylan37 14h ago
We do need to move on quickly from the stigma and shame that can be associated with mental health. And that starts with language. Pejorative terms relating to mental illness are thrown about wantonly and carelessly with no consideration given to genuinely ill people or the inappropriateness and inaccuracy of the comment. I frequently read comments on these pages where politicians (and people who share their views) are called "nutcase" "bonkers

我们确实需要迅速从与心理健康有关的耻辱和羞愧中走出来，这就要从平时的语言开始。与精神疾病有关的贬义术语，人们是肆意说出和随意抛出嘴边的，压根没有顾虑到真正病人们（的心情），或者其评论是不恰当和不准确的。我经常在这些页面上看到政客们(以及分享他们观点的人)被称为“疯子”、“疯狂的人”（这些词汇无形中伤害到真正的精神疾病患者）。