经济学人：南非的抗议为何常常变得暴力？ [英国媒体]

The Economist explains

经济学人解释

Why do South African protests often turn violent?

为什么南非的抗议经常变得暴力？


  
TO PROTEST the redrawing of municipal boundaries earlier this year, residents in apoor part of Limpopo province set fire to their schools. More than three dozen schools were damaged; many were burned to the ground. “Service delivery” protests over the shoddy provision of electricity and basic sanitation regularly see major highways barricaded with burning tyres. Inprotests at universities, where students are seeking free tuition, libraries and lecture halls have been torched. Why do South African protests readilydescend into violence?

为了抗议今年早些时候重新划定的市政边界，林波波省一个贫困地区的居民放火烧了他们的学校。共有三十余所学校受损；许多被毁为废墟。“服务交付”抗议——对质量低劣的电力和卫生基础设施的抗议经常在高速公路主干道焚烧轮胎堵塞道路。（译注：服务交付是南非常用语，用来描述对居民最基本需求的输送和交付，比如水，电，卫生基础设施，土地，住房等。问题是南非政府在这方面并不可靠，导致常会造成极大不便危及整个社区，所以对服务交付的抗议愈加频繁。现在，服务交付抗议现在已经可以形容各种类型的抗议了）。在大学中，学生们为了追求免学费而抗议，把图书馆和报告厅烧掉了。为什么南非的抗议经常变得暴力？

South Africans have plenty to feel angry about. Public services are patchy. Youth unemployment runs at around50%. The economy is both stagnant and lopsided. A majority of black SouthAfricans are still poor. Many feel frustrated with the lack of fundamentalchange in their lives, 22 years after the introduction of universal adultsuffrage. Researchers at the University of Johannesburg reckon there are onaverage 11 protests a day, many of them over labour issues. Other research hasfound an increasing number of “service delivery” protests in recent years. The vast majority of protestsare peaceful. Yet they are largely ignored by the government and media, and socitizens up the ante (“burn to beheard”, is one refrain). Moreover, some demonstrationsget co-opted by opportunistic looters, while others are fuelled by factionalpolitics. There is also a sense of impunity, caused by the rarity ofconvictions for burning buildings or stone-throwing.

南非人有很多理由感到愤怒。公共服务支离破碎。青年失业率徘徊在50%的高位。经济结构畸形，发展趋于停滞。大多数的南非黑人依旧贫穷。很多人对普选制度22年来依旧没能从根本上改变他们的生活感到沮丧。约翰内斯堡的研究人员估算每天平均有11个抗议活动，许多是关于劳工问题。其他研究发现，“服务提供”抗议近年来持续增长。其中绝大多数是和平的。然而，他们很大程度上被政府和媒体所忽略，所以居民们选择了加码（烧到让我们的声音被听到为止）。此外，一些示威混入了机会主义的抢劫者，还有一些被派系政治鼓动。还有一种不受惩罚的感觉，源于人们对放火扔石头没有负罪感。

The violence begets a vicious cycle.Thuggish protests draw heavy-handed responses by police. Tactical units, set upto deal with serious crimes such as car-jackings, have been dispatched touniversity campuses to quell student protests. Poorly trained private securityguards are often deployed as well. Students throw stones at security guards,who hurl them right back. Last week police shot one student leader 13 timeswith rubber bullets. A broader worry is that legitimate complaints are tarredas thuggish disorder. And arson and looting cause billions of rand in damage—something South Africa can ill afford.

暴力造成了恶性循环。暴力抗议引发了警察的重拳回应。战术小分队被派出解决劫车等严重犯罪事件，并派往大学校园以弹压学生抗议活动。没有受过严格训练的私人保安也经常被安排以应对抗议。学生们对着保安扔石块，保安再扔回去。上周，警察用橡皮子弹射中了一个学生领袖13次。更广泛的担忧是，合法的投诉被视为混乱无序。纵火和抢劫造成了数十亿兰特的损失（译注：南非兰特兑人民币大概2:1）----这是南非难以承受的。

Even by the standards of Africa’s blood-soaked colonial history, SouthAfrica has an especially brutal past. The apartheid regime metdissent with live fire. The African National Congress eventually resorted toviolent tactics in its struggle. In the early 1990s South Africa stood on theverge of civil war. Today the country is plagued by a high rate of violentcrime. Yet recent local elections saw South Africans express their anger at theballot box rather than on the streets; the opposition Democratic Alliancegained power in several major cities. Whether this leads to improved publicservices remains to be seen. But if South Africans feel they are being heardand that democratic institutions are working for them, perhaps the cycle ofviolence can at last come to an end.

即便以非洲沾满鲜血的殖民历史为标准，南非的过去依然显得相当残酷。种族隔离时期的政权直接将异见者烧死。非国大最终采取暴力来斗争。在20世纪90年代初，南非处在内战的边缘。今天，南非深受频繁的暴力犯罪困扰。然而，最近的地方选举使南非人在投票箱前而不是街道上表达愤怒；反对党民主联盟在几个主要城市获得了权力。不过这是否意味着公共服务将得到改善还有待观察。但如果南非人感到他们的声音正在被听到，民主的机构正在为他们工作，或许这个暴力的循环可以最终走向终结。


CaptainZ Oct 28th, 08:10
Itis such a pity to watch a country with such potentials as South Africa slowlydescents toward the pit like many of its peers.
Violencein South Africa is not comprehensible to someone living in a first worldcountry. Way too often one hears murders committed for robbing a cellphone orby jilted lovers. And the brutal ways these murders are committed chill thespine. Violence is a simple fact of life in South Africa.
Thereare endless discussions about the cause of such menace, apologists often pointto the violent past of Apartheid without offering any solution. Overworked,underpaid and corruptible police force means there is no first line of defense.
ForSouth Africa to move forward, it must first sort out the institutions- foremostthe current government which is far more incompetent and corrupt than any ofits predecessors, apartheid era government included.
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很遗憾看到南非这么有潜力的国家也像它的伙伴国一样慢慢地滑向深渊。
南非的暴力对于第一世界国家生活的一些人来说可能很难理解。听到为了抢手机或者被恋人抛弃而痛下杀手这种事极其频繁。而残忍的手段往往令人后背发凉。暴力就是南非生活的一个基本现实。
对于这类威胁的原因有着无休止的讨论，辩护者通常指出种族隔离时期暴力的过去却没有给出任何解决方案。工作过度，工资过低以及腐败的警察意味着第一道防线已经失效。南非要想继续发展，它必须先清洗自己的机构——关键是现在的政府比之前任何一届政府都要腐败无能得多，包括种族隔离时期的南非政府在内。

guest-ajammnjs Oct 28th, 11:47
Maybethey are working on their protest and fighting skills they will need when theymigrate to Europe?
NSFTL
Regards
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或许是他们在为今后移民到欧洲锻炼抗议和搏击的技巧？

cpxxpm5xaj in reply to guest-ajammnjsOct 28th, 14:18
really?south africans are migrating in large numbers to Europe?
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真的吗？南非人要大量移民到欧洲？

LukeC Oct 28th, 13:49
Protestsare not the answer, in a democratic society, voting is the answer. Stop playingidentity politics, vote out the ANC, vote out Zuma, or nothing will change.
Stopbeing children.
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抗议不是办法，在民主社会，投票才是解决方案。别玩身份政治（译注：也称认同政治，利用某些概念将人们划到一类争取支持，比如宗教，民族，妇女，性取向等）的游戏了，用投票赶走非国大，赶走祖玛，否则什么也不会改变。别再天真了。

R77wYfR8Qw Oct 28th, 16:39
1.Evenby the standards of Africa’s blood-soaked colonialhistory, South Africa has an especially brutal past. 2The apartheid regime metdissent with live fire.
Itis hard not to dispute the first sentence and forget how brutal the Boer Wars.After all concentration camp was invented during that war and some of the"refugees" interned in them look very much like they were from theNazi camps.
This brutal past did not make SA whites burn their schools and infrastructure.
Unfortunately TE descended to the Politically correct blaming all African illson colonial brutality.
Thesubtitle should be : Economist excuses not explains.
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1.即便以非洲沾满鲜血的殖民历史为标准，南非的过去依然显得相当残酷。2.种族隔离时期的政权直接将异见者烧死。
很难不争论第一点，忘记布尔战争的残酷。正是在那场战争期间集中营被发明出来，羁押在里面的“难民”看起来和纳粹集中营里面的人一样悲惨。即便是这样的残酷过去也没有让南非的白人（布尔人）烧掉他们的学校和基础设施。不幸的是，经济学人下降到政治正确的层面去将非洲所有问题都归咎于殖民统治的残酷。
其实标题应该改成：经济学人的借口，而不是经济学人的解释。

ISEE Oct 28th, 18:29
Thedegree of violence/anger/hatred is depending on how much a person view othersresponsible for bad things in his/her life.
Forpeople who always look at themselves for any cause of failure,depression/suicide behavior is sadly common. But they turn their anger/violencetoward themselves instead of blaming others for failure in life. This kind ofpeople are always trying to find solution on themselves (education,entrepreneur, working harder ect). They truly believe nobody can save themexcept self. In a society, such people tend to become successful at end. Thecountries composed of such type people tend to become rich.
Thereis also type of people who never admit any mistake or fault in their life. Theybelieve any failure/poverty/mistake are somebody else fault. They never hatethemselves but others. They almost never suffer depression. They tend to havelower suicide rate since they never view themselves as cause of failure inlife. The genuinely believe others responsible for their misery. They arereally angry at others and think other people need to be punished for theirmisery. In a society, such kind of people tend to occupy at lower end of socialeconomical status. If a country is composed of mostly such characters, thiscountry tend to be poor.
Nowyou have ironic situation. Tough aggressive people form low class and poornations. Humble introverted people with higher suicide rate form upper socialclass and rich nations.
Well,it is called Dunning Kroger effect at international levels. You can not changesomeone's IQ since it is genetically determined.
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一个人暴力/愤怒/仇恨的程度取决于他认为别人要对没做好的事情负多少责任。
遗憾的是，对于那些把所有失败原因都归咎于自己的人来说，沮丧/自杀的行为是很普遍的。但是他们把他们的愤怒/暴力施加在了自己身上，而没有把自己生活中的失意归咎于他人。这种人通常从自己身上寻找解决办法（接受教育，创业，更努力工作等等）。他们相信天助不如自助。在一个社会里，这样的人最终往往更容易成功。由这样一个群体所组成的国家更容易变得富强。
还有一种人，从来不承认自己的过失和错误。他们相信失败/贫穷/错误都是其他人犯下的。他们从来不恨自己，只恨别人。他们甚至从来不会觉得沮丧。他们有更低的自杀率，因为他们从不认为自己应该为自己人生的挫折负责。他们固执地相信他人对自己的苦难负有责任。他们迁怒于他人，并认为他人应为自己的苦难而受到惩罚。在一个社会里，这样的人更容易滑落到社会经济的底层。如果一个国家由这样的人群组成，这个国家更有可能贫穷。
现在你遇到了一个讽刺的情形。底层人群和贫穷国家有更强的侵略性。上层人群和富裕国家却谦卑内向高自杀率。
好吧，这个叫做邓宁-克鲁格效应。你没办法改变一个人的IQ，因为它天生就已经确定了。【译注：也称达克效应，是一种认知偏差，能力欠缺的人有一种虚幻的自我优越感，错误地认为自己比真实情况更加优秀。邓宁和克鲁格认为这种效应是由于能力欠缺者的内在错觉和能干者对外界的错误认知：无能者的错误标度源自于对自我的错误认知，而极有才能者的错误标度源自于对他人的错误认知。虽然达克效应早在1999年就被邓宁和克鲁格两人提出来了，但他们把孔子（知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也）、查尔斯·达尔文（“无知比知识更容易招致自信”）和伯特兰·罗素（“我们这个时代让人困扰的事之一是: 那些对事确信无疑的人其实很蠢，而那些富有想象力和理解力的人却总是怀疑和优柔寡断”）也列为发现这个现象的人。】

ISEEin reply to ISEE Oct 28th, 18:46
Dunning–Krugereffect is correct word.
"low-ability individuals suffer from illusory superiority". So theycan not be responsible for any thing goes wrong.
EntrepreneurJack Ma had all the odd against him in life. But he never blame others forfailure (even though other judge against him based on his odd physicalfeature). He believe to find solution on his own. When he hiring potentialemployees, he always reject the candidates who blame others for any mistake. Heonly hire the person who always try to find solution to any problem withoutbothering other people - basically introverted people.
Whenyou think others responsible for problem, you have excuse not to do anything tosolve the problem. When you view yourselves as responsible party for anythingin world, you always try to find solution on your own without need to changethe others or the world. Actually it is easier to change yourselves than changethe world. Let yourselves adapt to the world instead of letting world adapt toyou.
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“低能力者受制于其虚幻的优越感”。所以他们不为任何出问题的事情负责。
企业家马云在他的生命中遇到了各种挫折。但是他从不在失败时责怪他人（即便别人用他奇怪的长相来攻击他的时候）。他相信他可以做到。当他招聘有潜力的员工时，他通常会把因任何错误责怪他人的候选者排除在外。他只雇用自己寻求解决方案，不轻易麻烦他人的员工——基本上是内向的人群。
当你认为他人对问题负有责任，你就有了不去找寻方法解决问题的理由。当你认为你自己是世界上一切事物的利益攸关方，你会试图靠自己来寻找解决方案而不是改变别人或者改变世界。事实上改变自己比改变世界更容易。应该去适应世界，而不要让世界去适应你。

ISEEin reply to ISEE Oct 28th, 19:03
Geographically,sun energy is high near equator and low in polar region. With low sun energy,there will be low density of plants and animals in polar region. Due to suchpoor nature condition, human density will be low also due to low supply foodper unit of land. Thus people in such region live in low density with vastdistance between neighbors. Basically you are on you own without any body elsehelp around. You have to solve all your problem on you own. With little chanceto talk to any one else, social skill is totally useless. If you can not solvethe problem, you die. So suicide rate tend to be high in this kind of placetoo. People in this region mostly become introverted in solitude. Finns areclassic example.
Yet,it is such character will help you success in today competitive society sinceyou always try to find solution on you own without blaming others.
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从地理上看，太阳的能量在靠近赤道的地方高，而在靠近极地的地方低。更低的太阳能量，意味着更低的动植物密度。由于这种较差的自然条件，单位土地提供的食物也较低，因而人的密度也较低。这些地方居住的人们与邻居的距离也更远。基本上来说你要靠自己，没有其他人的帮助。你必须靠自己解决所有问题。因为与其他人交谈的几率很小，社交技巧就变得毫无用处。如果你不能解决问题，你就会死。所以自杀率在这种地方变得更高。这类区域的人多数孤独内向，芬兰人就是例子。
然而，正是因为你靠自己寻找解决方案而不责备他人，这样的性格会帮助你在今天这个竞争激烈的社会取得成功。

Jose Wales Oct 28th, 21:34
TheEconomist asks "Why do South African protests often turn violent?"This is a rhetorical question, isn't it? I think everyone knows the answer.
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经济学人问：“为什么南非的抗议经常变得暴力？”这是一个修辞问题，不是吗？我相信每个人都知道答案。

mandinka1 Oct 28th, 23:15
OhhhhPlease just look at the protestors that answers the posed question
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哦哦哦哦只要看看这些抗议者，问题的答案就有了。

Suchindranath Oct 29th, 05:35
SouthAfrica is India in fast forward. They have adopted India' grotesque policy ofdiscrimination, in law, by race and birth in employment, promotion andeducational opportunities.
Thosethe Republic of South Africa favoured by law, thanks to the African NationalCongress' prolonged boycott of education, lacked even the very bare educationand skills of India's so called "backwards". India's"backwards" ran British India after 1921 to destroy Brahmanism inorder to eradicate Hinduism. They formed part of the Cambridge, Columbia,Elphinstone, St Stephen’s, Madras Christian,and Presidency educated elite of India who, without any knowledge at all ofIndian History, tradition and culture, step fathered the Indian Republic with a"Constitution" plagiarized from the Government of India Act (1935) towhich they added juicy elements borrowed from George Orwell's "AnimalFarm". They were favoured by the Periyar-Ambedkar-Nehru-Gandhi-Other(Alien) Religion-Communist (PANGOLIN*) Consensus after 1947 in line with the stronglyentrenched British mythology created to shatter India into a million pieces.
InSouth Africa, this "Social Engineering" disregard for competence andintegrity has resulted in institutions such as Courts, the Central Bank, thePolice and others that are corroding faster and are more incompetent andcorrupt than even India's.
Isaw this evolving with my own eyes during frequent visits to Johannesburg andPretoria from June 1995 to December 1999. Things were quite clean when I firstvisited. But I saw the pot holes and garbage appear on the N-1 and Jalopiesdriving in the wrong lane making the speeds at which I used to drive on the N-1(The autobahn betwixt Johannesburg and Pretoria) in 1995 impossible by 1997. Isaw young, smart, white officers saluting pot bellied, "heavily" overplaced blacks who either didn't know or couldn't be bothered to salute back.Simultaneously, violent crime began to sky rocket along with racial prejudicesbecoming accentuated by the unfairness of policy. Corruption became a sine quanon of public life. Something that was winked at as part of the great"equality" project. Forgiveness and Obamaesque, Nehruvian “tolerance”mandated by "political correctness". Just as in India.
Anotherof those Banana Republics thaumaturged with incessant regularly since 1947 tomake up the "British Commonwealth". But, South Africa was a latecomer, anxious and able, as I personally witnessed, to make up for India’sSeventy years of reservations (reverse discrimination), corruption (extortion)and misrule in just five.
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南非就像是多年以后的印度，它们都从法律上采用了歧视的怪异政策，以种族（种姓）作为依据，根植于就业，晋升，教育机会等多方面。
.................................
(最后那哥们说得太多了，有兴趣的自己看看吧，大意就是南非现在比印度还矬，第一次去的时候多好多好，几年之后再去就烂的不忍直视。）